ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Tbilisi. 2011

irina gvelesiani

anderZismieri memkvidreobis evoluciuri gza

qarTuli saistorio wyaroebisa da samarTlis
Zeglebis mixedviT

saqarTvelos konstitucia adamianis ZiriTad ufle-

bad memkvidreobis uflebas aRiarebs1. am uflebis praq-
tikuli ganxorcielebis kerZo samarTlebriv meqanizms
ganamtkicebs memkvidreobis samarTali _ ,,im normaTa
erToblioba, romliTac mowesrigebulia gardacvlili
piris qonebis iuridiuli bedi~2.
memkvidreobis samarTali ar aris ganyenebulad ar-
sebuli zogadsamarTlebrivi instituti. is mWidro kav-
SirSia samarTlis sxva dargebTan. amasTanave, masze did
zegavlenas axdens mocemuli drois monakveTSi mocemu-
li saxelmwifos politikuri viTareba, ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis done da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wesi.
sadReisod, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ganasxva-
vebs memkvidreobis or ZiriTad saxes _ `kanonismier mem-

1 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. samarTali. Tb. 2000,

gv. 4.
2 b. zoiZe. Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali. ufleba. Tb.
2000, gv. 15.
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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

kvidreobasa~ da `anderZismier memkvidreobas~. kanonis-

mieri memkvidreobis dros gardacvlilis qoneba gada-
dis kanonSi miTiTebul pirebze _ gardacvlilis naTe-
savebze rigiTobis mixedviT (gamoiyofa xuTi ZiriTadi
rigi). anderZismieri memkvidreobisas ki samkvidros euf-
lebian anderZSi miTiTebuli fizikuri an iuridiuli
pirebi.
winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenilia anderZismieri
memkvidreobis evoluciuri gzis Seswavlis cda qar-
Tuli saistorio wyaroebisa da samarTlis Zeglebis
monacemebis safuZvelze.
memkvidreobis samarTals ganviTarebis sakmaod rTu-
li da xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. rogorc akad. iv. java-
xiSvili aRniSnavda `memkvidreobis samarTali SeiZle-
boda mxolod maSin gaCeniliyo, roca kerZo sakuTreba
gaCnda, ese igi, mas Semdeg, rac sagvareulo saxli pa-
tar-patara saxlobebad daiyo~3. Tumca, memkvidreobis
institutis evoluciis sawyisebi unda veZioT ufro ad-
reul xanaSi, kerZod, pirvelyofili–Temuri wyobilebis
periodSi. swored amaze metyvelebs eTnografiuli ma-
sala, romelic adasturebs cneba `memkvidris~ arsebo-
bas Zvel qarTul TemSi. mTis xalxebSi memkvidre SeiZ-
leboda yofiliyo mxolod Temis wevri. ,,aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTis kuTxeebSi, kerZod, fSav-xevsureTSi,
Temis wevrad iTvleboda mxolod Temis mfarveli RvTa-
ebis (jvaris, xatis) ,,yma~. xevsureTis zogierT TemSi me-
Temeni dabadebiT iTvlebodnen Temis mfarveli jvaris
,,ymebad~ da zogierTSi ki aseTebad xdebodnen ,,sawule~-s

3 iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. tomi VII. Tb. 1984, gv.
272.
168
 irina gvelesiani. anderZismieri memkvidreobis evoluciuri gza qarTuli
saistorio wyaroebisa da samarTlis Zeglebis mixedviT

wesis Sesrulebis Semdeg~4. `sawule~ gulisxmobda gark-

veuli ritualis aRsrulebas (erT wlamde SiSveli va-
Jis jvris droSis qveS `Segoreba~). ris Semdegac vaJi
Temis sruluflebiani wevri_wuli, `mkÂdri~ (resp. `memk-
Âdre~) xdeboda. TviT jvar-xati ki erTdroulad mamk-
vidrebelic iyo da memkvidrec (beiTalmanze uflebis
mixedviT).
qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTlis Camoyalibebi-
saTvis Tvalis gadevnebas didad uwyobs xels ara mar-
to eTnografiuli masalis monacemebi, aramed hagiogra-
fiuli Txzulebebic. magaliTad, iakob curtavelis `Su-
Sanikis wamebis~ mixedviT, V saukuneSi Zmebs erT sax-
lad aRar ucxovriaT, e.i. saqarTveloSi ukve cnobili
iyo kerZo sakuTrebis instituti. basili zarzmelis
Txzulebidan `cxovreba serapion zarzmelisa~ ki vgebu-
lobT, rom uSvilo giorgi CorCanelma `yovelive, raÁca
aqunda, da mamuli da yovelni eklesiani da monagebi mi-
si dasa missa Sehvedra da SvilTa misTa sakuTrebiT ga-
nuTÂsa~5. akad. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, `sakuTrebiT ga-
nuTÂsa~ ganusazRvrel pirad kuTvnilebad gadaqcevas
niSnavs. am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs termin
`ganuTÂsas~ (`ganTÂseba~) semantikuri birTvi _ `TÂsi~-c,
romelic memkvidris aRmniSvneli Zveli qarTuli ter-
minia. Sesabamisad, gamonaTqvami `sakuTrebiT ganuTÂsa~
unda gvesmodes, rogorc memkvidreobiT miasakuTra, xo-
lo giorgi CorCanelis anderZismier memkvidreebad un-
da miviCnioT misi gverdiTi xazis naTesavebi – da da

4 b. zoiZe. Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali. ufleba. Tb.

2000, gv. 92.
5 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni I. Tb.
1983. gv. 263.
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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

dis Svilebi.
anderZismieri memkvidreobis subieqtebis Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis Cvenamde moRweuli
araerTi istoriuli sabuTi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia da-
viT aRmaSeneblis anderZi SiomRvimis monastrisadmi,
romelic 1123 wels aris Sedgenili. am anderZis mixed-
viT, daviT mefe SiomRvimis monasters umtkicebs mamu-
lebs da gansazRvravs mis imunitets. mniSvnelovania, ka-
xa Torelis mier 1252 wels Sedgenili Sewirulobis
sigelic, romlis Tanaxmad, man sofeli xovle iyida da
Seswira rkonis monasters. rogorc Tavad wers: `Sesa-
wiravi imitom viyide, rom kanoniT memkvidreebisagan Se-
udavebeli iyoso~6. maSasadame, Amsgavsi sigel-gujrebis
arseboba saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom mamule-
bis Sewirva–anderZeba wesad hqonda qarTul sazogadoe-
bas da anderZismier memkvidreTa wres Seadgendnen ara
marto fizikuri, aramed, iuridiuli pirebic.
faqtobrivad, pirvel cnobebs anderZismieri memk-
vidreobisa da misi subieqtebis Sesaxeb arapirdapiri
(araiuridiuli) wyaroebidan vgebulobT. rac Seexeba
qarTul samarTls, rogorc Cvens xelT arsebuli ganvi-
Tarebuli da gviani Suasaukuneebis sakanonmdeblo Zeg-
lebis (igulisxmeba: giorgi V-is `Zeglis deba~, `samar-
Tali beqasi da aRbuRasi~, vaxtang VI-is `samarTlis
wignTa krebuli~, `samoqalaqos hsjulvileba~ da daviT
bagrationis `saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonTmcod-
neobis mimoxilva~) Seswavlam cxadyo, rom saqarTvelo-
Si upiratesoba kanonismier memkvidreobas eniWeboda. Se-
sabamisad, kargad iyo gamokveTili kanonismier memkvid-
6
iv. surgulaZe. qarTuli samarTlis istoriis wyaroebi. Tb. 2002,
gv. 50.
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 irina gvelesiani. anderZismieri memkvidreobis evoluciuri gza qarTuli
saistorio wyaroebisa da samarTlis Zeglebis mixedviT

reTa wre da qonebis damkvidrebis aRniSnuli wesi. rac

Seexeba anderZismier memkvidreobas, am mxriv mwir, mag-
ram sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis `vaxtang VI-is samar-
Tali~ da `CveulebiTi sjuli~.
vaxtangis samarTlis 233-e muxlis Tanaxmad:
`Tu kacman, mokudavma, Tavis alali saqoneli Tavis
suls daaklo da visac uanderZa, miecemis.
mamuli da nasyidi aqus, isic miecemis sxva mamuli
mis patronze hkidia~.7
mocemuli muxlis mixedviT, moanderZes SeuZlia
Tavisi qoneba nebismier pirs uanderZos. Tumca, aq sau-
baria alal saqonelze, romelic alali SromiT SeZe-
nil usulo moZrav qonebas unda aRniSnavdes. sul sxva
mdgomareobaa mamulTan dakavSirebiT. misi anderZiT ga-
dacema patronis neba-survilze aris damokidebuli -
`patronze hkidia~.
aqve ganvixilavT `CveulebiTi sjulis~ 52-e muxls,
romelic qvrivi qalis anderZs exeba:
`da Tu ar gaTxovdeboda, sarCosac miscemden da
samarxsac raodensame ricxvs dauniSnavdnen SeZlebisa-
mebr. da im micemuls mziTevs da niSans, Tu saxeldobr
romelsame Svils gansakuTrebiT ar uanderZa, Semdgom
imis sikvdilisa Svilni Tanaswor daimkvidrebden; ara-
med Rirebulsa nivTs gareSes kacs ver uanderZebda~.8
rogorc mocemuli muxlidan irkveva, gardacvli-
lis anderZismieri memkvidreebi SeiZleboda yofiliyv-
nen Svilebic da gareSenic. Sesabamisad, `CveulebiT
sjulSi~, iseve, rogorc `vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi~, an-
derZis Tavisuflebis principi gamoikveTa. Tumca, aR-
7 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. Tb. 2000, gv. 541.
8 i. doliZe. saqarTvelos CveulebiTi sjuli. Tb. 1960, gv. 68.
171
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

niSnuli principi garkveul SezRudvebTanac iyo dakav-

Sirebuli. magaliTad, `gareSes kacisTvis~ Zvirfasi niv-
Tebis anderZiT datoveba ar SeiZleboda.
XX s. 20-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi moqmedebas iw-
yebs sabWoTa kavSiris kanonmdebloba. Sesabamisad, memk-
vidreobis samarTali iRebs calkeuli normebisagan
Semdgari mkacrad gansazRvruli sistemis saxes. ander-
Zismier memkvidreebad saxeldebian rogorc fizikuri,
aseve iuridiuli pirebi (saxelmwifo an calkeuli sa-
xelmwifoebrivi, kooperaciuli da sazogadoebrivi or-
ganizaciebi). anderZis Tavisuflebas ki zRudavs `sa-
valdebulo wilis~ arseboba. Sedegad gamiyofa memkvid-
reTa `axali~ wre e.w. `savaldebulo memkvidreebi~ (mam-
kvidreblis arasrulwlovani Svilebi (maT Soris na-
Svilebic), meuRle, mSoblebi (mSvileblebi) da gardac-
vlilis kmayofaze myofi sxva pirebi). anderZis Sinaar-
sis miuxedavad, isini iReben qonebis aranakleb 2/3-isa
im wilidan, romelic TiToeul maTgans kanonismieri
memkvidreobis wesiT unda rgeboda.
sabWoTa kanonmdeblobam asaxva hpova Tanamedrove
qarTul samarTalSic. sadReisod, saqarTvelos nebismi-
er moqalaqes SeuZlia Tavad gankargos sakuTari qone-
bis bedi. Tumca, amavdroulad, igi valdebulia `saval-
debulo wiliT~ uzrunvelyos meuRle, mSoblebi da
Svilebi (igulisxmeba, rogorc RviZli Svilebi, aseve
naSvilebi). `savaldebulo memkvidreTa~ jgufTan erTad
SesaZlebeli xdeba `ZiriTad~ da `saTadarigo memkvid-
reTa~ jgufebis gamoyofac. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 1370-e muxlis Tanaxmad:
`1. moanderZes ufleba aqvs daasaxelos anderZSi
sxva memkvidre (saTadarigo memkvidre) im SemTxvevisaT-
172
 irina gvelesiani. anderZismieri memkvidreobis evoluciuri gza qarTuli
saistorio wyaroebisa da samarTlis Zeglebis mixedviT

vis, Tu mis mier daniSnuli memkvidre samkvidros gaxs-

namde gardaicvleba, samkvidros ar miiRebs an memkvid-
reobis ufleba CamoerTmeva...~.9 `saTadarigo memkvidre~
SeiZleba iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri.
maSasadame, yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas gvaZ-
levs davaskvnaT, rom jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia ander-
Zismieri memkvidreobis warmoSobis zusti TariRis dad-
gena. savaraudod, anderZis zepiri forma jer kidev uZ-
veles droSi arsebobda. moanderZis nebis werilobiT
dafiqsireba ki mxolod da mxolod damwerlobis war-
moSobis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. Tumca, udavoa is
garemoebac, rom anderZismieri memkvidreobis evoluciu-
ri gza dasabamidanve asaxavda anderZis Tavisuflebis
princips. rac, saboloo jamSi, TiToeuli adamianis Ta-
visufali nebis gamoxatulebasTan asocirdeboda.

9 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi. Tb. 2002, gv. 314.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Irina Gvelesiani

THE EVOLUTIONAL WAY OF THE „TESTATE SUCCESSION“

ACCORDING TO GEORGIAN HISTORICAL SOURCES AND
MONUMENTS OF LAW

Summary

Inheritance plays an extremely important role in human societies. It

is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts and obligations upon
the death of an individual. According to current Georgian Law of
Succession the property can be transferred through the laws of intestacy
(if there are no legal documents concerning the disposition of the
property) or it can be bequeathed through a „will“. Therefore, a „will“
(also termed „testament“) is defined as the most commonly used legal
instrument for the distribution of the property of the deceased person.
Moreover, two main types of succession („testate succession“ and
„intestate succession“) are distinguished.
It is difficult to determine the exact date of the origin of a „testate
succession“ in Georgian law, but the study of historical sources and old
Georgian literary monuments depicts the development of the law of
succession. For example, according to the ethnological material the
concept of „heir“ existed in old Georgian community. Moreover, Old
Georgian Hagiographic writings show the existence of the private
property in the 5th century AD, that presupposes the existence of the law
of succession at that period of time. The investigation of Georgian
historical documents and monuments of law („The Law Code of King
Vakhtang VI“, „Georgian Habitual Law“, „The Civil Code of Georgia“)
reveals that the devolution of the property by the will has always been
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 irina gvelesiani. anderZismieri memkvidreobis evoluciuri gza qarTuli
saistorio wyaroebisa da samarTlis Zeglebis mixedviT

customary for Georgian society throughout the history of law. The estate
has been devised to physical persons or legal entities (churches or the
state treasury or the state itself). Supposedly, the first form of a will was
a „nuncupative will“ (or an „oral will“) which was replaced by a
„handwritten will“ (a written form of a will) after the appearance of the
written language.

175