CE 8403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK
S. No Questions Year
Unit IV - Turbines

Part A
1. What is overall efficiency in turbines? (May 2018)
2. Define draft tube. (May 2018)
3. What are the types of turbines? Give examples. (Dec 2017)
4. Draw the velocity triangle of Francis turbine. (Dec 2017)
5. Draw typical velocity triangles for inlet and outlet of Pelton wheel. (Dec 2016),
(May 2016)
6. What are the causes of cavitation? (Dec 2016)
7. How would you classify turbines based on the direction of flow in the runner? (May 2016)
(Dec 2015)
8. What is a draft tube? (Dec 2015)
9. Specify the impulse momentum principle. (May 2015)
(May 2016)
10. Distinguish between radial flow and axial flow turbines. (May 2015)
11. What is the purpose of providing a casing in turbine? (Dec 2014),
(May 2017)
12. Define cavitation. (Dec 2014),
(May 2014)
13. What are the functions of draft tubes? (May 2014)
14. State the applications of momentum principle.
15. What are the classification of turbine and give suitable example.
16. What is tangential flow turbine?
17. What is radial flow turbine? (May 2017)
18. What is axial flow turbine?
19. What is mixed flow turbine?
20. What is penstock in Pelton wheel turbine?
21. Why are draft tubes not used in impulse turbine? (Dec 2011)
22. Define the gross head and net or effective head.
23. Define hydraulic, mechanical, volumetric and overall efficiency of a turbine. (Dec 2012)
24. Write the function of draft tube in turbine outlet. (May 2013),
(May 2014)
25. Write the types of draft tube.
26. What is known as Euler’s equation for turbo machines?
27. Define jet ratio.
28. Why do draft tubes have enlarging passage area in the direction of flow?

Part B
1. Explain in detail about the main parts of Pelton wheel turbine. (May 2018)
2. A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m and is running at (May 2018)
1000 rpm. The net head on the Pelton wheel is 700 m. If the side clearance
3
angle is 15° and discharge through nozzle is 0.1 m /s. Find (a) Power
available at the nozzle and (b) Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
3. What are characteristic curves of turbines? List the types. Explain in detail (May 2018)
with neat sketches.
4. Explain in detail the working principle of Kaplan turbine with neat sketch. (Dec 2017)
5. What are the various types of draft tube? Explain. (Dec 2017)
6. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12 m/s and is supplied with (Dec 2017)
water at a rate of 750 litres per second under a head of 35 m. If the bucket
deflects the jet through an angle of 160°, find the power developed by the
turbine and its hydraulic efficiency. Assume the coefficient of velocity as 0.98.
Neglect friction in the bucket. Also determine the overall efficiency of the
turbine if its mechanical efficiency is 80%.
7. A jet of water 75 mm diameter with a velocity of 20 m/s strikes normally a flat (Dec 2016)
smooth plate. Determine the force exerted on the plate, if (i) the plate is at
rest (ii) the plate is moving in the same direction as the jet with the velocity of
6 m/s. Also, determine the work done per unit time on the plate.
8. A jet of water of diameter 100 mm moving with a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a (Dec 2016)
curved fixed symmetrical plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet
of water in the direction of the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of
120° at the outlet of the curved plate.
9. Distinguish between impulse and reaction turbines. (Dec 2016),
(May 2017)
10. A Pelton wheel is required to develop 8825 kW when working under a head (Dec 2016),
of 300 m, the speed of the Pelton wheel is 540 rpm, the coefficient of velocity (May 2016)
is 0.98 and the speed ratio is 0.46. Assuming the jet ratio as 10 and overall
efficiency as 84%, determine (i) the number of jets (ii) the diameter of the
wheel (iii) the quantity of water required.
11. Write briefly about the classification of turbines. (May 2016)
12. A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a series of radial curved (May 2016)
vanes mounted on a wheel which is rotating at 300 rpm. The jet makes an
angle 30° with the tangent to the wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a
velocity of 4 m/s at an angle of 120° to the tangent of wheel at outlet. Water is
flowing from outward in radial direction. The outer and inner radii of the wheel
are 0.6 m and 0.3 m respectively. Determine (i) vane angles at inlet and
outlet (ii) work done per second per kg of water (iii) efficiency of the wheel.
13. The following data refer to an inward flow reaction turbine: (Dec 2015)
External and internal diameters = 1.2 m and 0.6 m
Head = 22 m, Guide blade angle = 10°, Velocity of flow is constant and equal
to 2.5 m/s. The vanes are radial at inlet. Assume the discharge at outlet is
also radial. Calculate (i) speed of turbine (ii) vane angle at outlet (iii) hydraulic
efficiency.
14. The penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the Pelton wheel with a gross (Dec 2015)
head of 500 m. One third of the gross head is lost in friction in the penstock.
The rate of flow of water through the nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock
3
is 2.0 m /s. The angle of deflection of the jet is 165°. Determine the power
given by the water to the runner and also hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton
wheel. Take speed ratio as 0.45 and flow ratio as 1.0.
15. Prove that the maximum efficiency is only 50%, when a liquid jet strikes a (May 2015)
series of flat vanes mounted on the periphery of a wheel.
16. Explain the working of radial flow turbine with neat sketch. (May 2015)
17. Derive an expression for specific speed of a turbine. (May 2015)
18. In an inward flow reaction turbine, the head on the turbine is 32 m. The (May 2015)
external and internal diameters are 1.44 m and 0.72 m respectively. The
velocity of the flow through runner is constant and equal to 3 m /s. The guide
blade angel is 10° and the runner vanes are rigid at inlet. If the discharge at
outlet is radial, determine the speed of the turbine and the vane angle at
outlet of the runner.
19. A Pelton wheel is required to develop 8575 kW when working under a head (Dec 2014)
of 250 m, the speed of the Pelton wheel is 500 rpm, the coefficient of velocity
is 0.98 and the speed ratio is 0.46. Assuming the jet ratio as 10 and overall
efficiency as 82%, determine (i) the number of jets (ii) the diameter of the
wheel (iii) the quantity of water required.
20. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 9100 kW. The net (Dec 2014)
available head is 5.6 m. If the speed ratio = 2.09, flow ratio = 0.65, overall
efficiency as 86% and the diameter of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the
runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and the specific speed of
the turbine.
21. A jet of water having a velocity of 40 m/s strikes a curved vane, which is (May 2014)
moving with a velocity of 20 m/s. The jet makes an angle of 30° with the
direction of motion of vane at inlet and leaves at an angle of 90° to the
direction of motion of vane at outlet. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and
outlet and determine the vane angles at inlet and outlet so that the water
enters and leaves the vane without shock.
22. The Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specification: (May 2014)
Power (brake or shaft) = 9560 kW; Head = 350 m; Speed = 750 rpm;
th
Overall efficiency = 85%; Jet diameter = not to exceed 1/6 of the wheel
diameter. Determine (i) the wheel diameter (ii) diameter of the jet (ii) the
number of jets required. Take Cv as 0.985 and speed ratio as 0.45.
23. Write down the difference between radial flow and axial flow turbine. (May 2014)
24. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 8600 kW. The net (May 2017)
available head is 6.6 m. If the speed ratio = 2.09, flow ratio = 0.60, overall
efficiency as 84% and the diameter of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the
runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and the specific speed of
the turbine.
25. Define the following for a turbine: (i) Manometric efficiency (ii) Volumetric (May 2017)
efficiency (iii) Mechanical Efficiency.

Unit V - Pumps

Part A
1. When does the slip in a reciprocating pump become negative? (May 2018),
(Dec 2014)
2. What is meant by cavitation in pumps? (May 2018)
3. Determine manometric efficiency of centrifugal pump. (Dec 2017)
4. What is the percentage savings in work done in double acting reciprocating (Dec 2017)
pump by fitting an air vessel?
5. What are the types of casing in centrifugal pump? (Dec 2016)
6. Define negative slip. (Dec 2016),
(May 2016),
(May 2014)
7. What is manometric head? (May 2016)
8. Define slip of reciprocating pump, When does negative slip occur? (Dec 2015)
9. List the various components of a centrifugal pump. (Dec 2015)
10. What is meant by multistage pump? (May 2015)
11. What are the uses of air vessels? (May 2015)
12. What is priming in centrifugal pump? (Dec 2014)
13. Define the term indicator diagram. (May 2014),
(May 2017)
14. Why cavitation is considered as undesirable phenomenon in pump? (May 2017)
15. What is meant by pump?
16. Classify pumps on the basis of transfer of mechanical energy.
17. Differentiate pump and turbine.
18. What is the role of volute chamber of a centrifugal pump?
19. List the types of impellers and casings for a centrifugal pump.
20. Define speed ratio and flow ratio.
21. Define specific speed of pump.
22. How can we identify the cavitation in pumps?
23. What will be the effect of arranging the pumps in parallel?
24. What is single acting and double acting pump?
25. Define ideal indicator diagram.
26. What is the relation between work done of a pump and area of indicator
diagram?
27. Draw the effect of acceleration in suction and delivery pipes on Indicator
diagram.

Part B
1. Compare the centrifugal pump with reciprocating pump. (May 2018)
2. A single acting reciprocating pump has the following data: (May 2018)
Stroke length L = 400 mm, N = 30 rpm, Piston diameter D = 200mm, Suction
head = 3 m, Delivery head = 20 m, Suction pipe length = 5 m, Delivery pipe
length = 20 m, Diameter of suction and delivery pipe = 100 mm. Determine
the pressure heads at the beginning, middle and end of delivery stroke, work
done during the suction and delivery strokes and the power.
3. What are the main components of centrifugal pump? Also, explain in detail, (Dec 2017),
the working principle with neat diagram. (Dec 2014)
4. Explain the working principle of gear pump with neat sketch. (Dec 2017)
5. A single acting reciprocating pump of 180 mm bore and 240 mm stroke (Dec 2017)
operates at 40 rpm. The slip is 8%. The suction and delivery heads are 6 m
and 20 m respectively. Determine (i) the discharge (ii) the coefficient of
discharge (iii) the theoretical power required.
6. What is a reciprocating pump? Describe the principle and working of a (Dec 2016),
reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. (May 2016),
 (May 2017)
7. With the help of neat sketches, explain the features of a volute type and a (Dec 2016)
diffusion type centrifugal pump.
8. A centrifugal pump delivers salt water against a net head of 15 m at a speed (Dec 2016)
of 100 rpm. The vanes are curved backward at 30° with the periphery. Obtain
the discharge for an impeller, diameter of 30 cm and outlet width of 5 cm at a
manometric efficiency of 90%.
9. A three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 400 mm in diameter and 200 (Dec 2016)
mm wide at outlet. The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 45° and reduce
the circumferential area by 10%. The manometric efficiency is 90% and
overall efficiency is 80%. Determine the head generated by the pump when
running at 1000 rpm delivering 50 lps. What should be the shaft horse
power?
10. A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner (Dec 2015)
diameter and running at 1000 rpm works against at total head of 40 m. The
velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. The
vanes are set back at an angle of 40° at outlet. If the outer diameter of the
impeller is 500 mm and width at outlet is 50 mm. Determine (i) vane angle at
inlet (ii) work done by impeller on water per second (iii) manometric
efficiency.
11. The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is 150 mm (Dec 2015)
and its stroke is 300 mm. The pump runs at 50 rpm and lifts water through a
height of 25 m. The delivery pipe is 22 m long and 100 mm in diameter. Find
the theoretical discharge. If the actual discharge is 4.2 litres/s, find the
percentage slip. Also determine the acceleration head at the beginning and
middle of the delivery stroke.
3
12. A centrifugal pump is discharging 0.025 m /s of water against a total head of (May 2015)
18 m. The diameter of the impeller is 0.4 m and it’s rotating at 1400 rpm.
Calculate the head, discharge and ratio of powers of a geometrically similar
pump of diameter 0.25 m when it is running at 2800 rpm.
13. Write a note on cavitation in centrifugal pump. (May 2015)
14. A single acting reciprocating pump is installed 3.5 m above the water level in (May 2015)
the pump. The suction pipe is 20 cm in diameter and 10 m in length. The
piston is 30 cm in diameter and has 50 cm stroke. Determine the speed at
which separation may take place. Take Hatm = 10.3 m of water and Hsep = 2.5
m of water absolute.
15. Define slip, percentage of slip and negative slip of reciprocating pump. (May 2015)
16. A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger diameter of 200 mm and (Dec 2014)
stroke length of 320 mm, the speed of the pump is 50 rpm and the discharge
is 0.035 cumecs of water. Determine (i) the theoretical discharge (ii)
coefficient of discharge (iii) percentage of slip.
17. Explain in detail about the working of air vessel. (Dec 2014)
18. Calculate the vane angle at the inlet of a centrifugal pump impeller having (May 2014)
200 mm diameter at inlet and 400 mm diameter at outlet. The impeller vanes
are set back at angle of 45° to the outer rim and the entry of the pump is
radial. The pump runs at 1000 rpm and the velocity of flow through the
impeller is constant at 3 m/s. Also, calculate the work done per kN of water
and the velocity as well as direction of water at outlet.
19. What is meant by ‘priming a centrifugal pump’ and why it is needed? (May 2014)
20. A single acting reciprocating pump (with no air vessel) has a plunger of 80 (May 2014)
mm diameter and a stroke of 150 mm. It draws water from a sump 3 m below
the pump axis through a suction pipe 30 mm diameter and 4.5 m long. If
separation occurs at a pressure of 80 kPa below atmospheric pressure, find
the maximum speed at which the pump may be operated without separation.
Assume that the plunger moves with simple harmonic motion.
21. With the aid of an indicator diagram, discuss the effect of acceleration on the (May 2014)
work done and pressure head of a reciprocating pump.
22. Write a note on characteristic curves of pumps. (Dec 2014)
23. List the factors involved in the selection of pump. (May 2017)
24. Draw and explain the Muschel curves of pump. (May 2017)

Unit I – Uniform flow

 Part A
1. What are the types of flow that may occur in open channels? (May 2018),
(May 2016)
2. What are the factors that affect the velocity distribution in an open channel (May 2018)
flow?
3. Define specific energy. (Dec 2017),
(May 2015),
(Dec 2014),
(May 2017)
4. What are the characteristics of open channel flow? (Dec 2017)
5. Define open channel flow. (Dec 2016),
(May 2014)
6. Compute the hydraulic mean depth of a small channel 1 m wide, 0.5 m deep (Dec 2016)
with water flowing at 2 m/s.
7. What is specific energy and what is the condition for getting only one depth (May 2016)
for a given specific energy?
8. Differentiate prismatic and non prismatic channels. (Dec 2015)
9. What are the conditions for most economical rectangular channel section? (Dec 2015)
10. Sketch the velocity distribution in a trapezoidal channel. (May 2015)
11. Differentiate between steady flow and uniform flow in an open channel. (Dec 2014)
12. State the condition for sub critical, critical and super critical flow. (May 2014)
13. Write the Bazin’s formula for the discharge in the canal. (May 2017),
(Dec 2014)
14. Distinguish between open channel flow and conduit (pipe) flow.
15. What is the condition for maximum discharge in an open channel?
16. Define wide open channel.
17. What are the factors affecting Manning’s roughness coefficient?
18. Differentiate between uniform flow and non uniform flow.
19. Define Froude number and state its significance.
20. Define prismatic and non prismatic channels.
3
21. A rectangular channel carries a flow of 4.5 m /s per meter width of canal.
Determine the critical depth of flow.
22. In an open channel of rectangular section if the minimum specific energy is 6
m, what is its critical depth?
23. Define conveyance of a channel. Also write its expression.
24. State the conditions for most economical rectangular channel section. (Dec 2017)
25. Define uniform flow in channels. (Dec 2016)
26. Distinguish between normal depth and critical depth. (Dec 2016)
27. What is meant by best section? (Dec 2014)

Part B
1. Write the inferences of specific energy curve with neat sketch. (May 2018)
2. Determine the critical depth for a specific energy of 3.2 m in the following (May 2018)
channels. (i) Rectangular channel (ii) Triangular channel (iii) Trapezoidal
channel.
3. In flow through a rectangular channel for a certain discharge, the Froude’s (May 2018)
number corresponding to two alternate depths of F1 and F2. Show that
2 2
(F2 / F1) = (2F1 ) / (2 + F1 )
4. What are the types of flow in open channel? Explain in detail. (Dec 2017),
(May 2015),
(Dec 2014)
5. The discharge of water through a rectangular channel of width 8.10 m, is (Dec 2017)
3
15.1 m /s, when depth of flow is 1.21 m. Determine the (i) specific energy of
the flowing water (ii) critical depth (iii) critical velocity (iv) value of minimum
specific energy.
3
6. A 3 m wide rectangular channel conveys 12 m /s of water at a depth of 2 m. (Dec 2016),
Calculate (i) specific energy of flowing fluid (ii) critical depth, critical velocity (May 2014)
and minimum specific energy (iii) Froude number and state whether the flow
is sub critical or super critical.
7. What do you understand by the critical depth of an open channel, when the (Dec 2016),
flow in it is not uniform? (May 2014)
3
8. Calculate the specific energy of 12 m /s of water flowing with a velocity of 1.5 (Dec 2016),
m/s in a rectangular channel 7.5 m wide. Find the depth of water in the (May 2014)
 channel when the specific energy would be minimum. What would be the
value of critical velocity as well as minimum specific energy?
9. Derive an expression for critical depth and critical velocity. (Dec 2016),
(May 2014)
10. The specific energy for a 3 m wide channel is 8 Nm/N. What is the maximum (May 2016)
possible discharge in the channel?
11. Show that in a rectangular channel, maximum discharge occurs when the (May 2016)
flow is critical for a given value of specific energy.
12. How the flows are classified under specific energy concepts? (May 2016)
13. A 8 m wide channel conveys 15 cumecs of water at a depth of 1.2 m. (May 2016),
Determine specific energy of the flowing water, critical depth, critical velocity, (Dec 2015)
minimum specific energy, Froude number and state whether the flow is sub-
critical or super critical.
14. A trapezoidal channel with side slopes of 3 H: 2 V has to be designed to (Dec 2015)
3
convey 10 m /s at a velocity of 1.5 m/s, so that the amount of concrete lining
for the bed and the sides is minimum. Find (i) the wetted perimeter and (ii)
1/6
slope of the bed if Manning’s N = 0.014 in the formula C = (1/N)(m )
15. Find the rate of flow and conveyance for a rectangular channel 5 m wide for (May 2015)
uniform flow at a depth of 1.5 m. The channel is having a bed slope of 1 in
1000. Take Chezy’s constant, C = 50. Also, state the flow is tranquil or rapid.
16. Calculate the specific energy, critical depth and velocity for the flow of (May 2015)
3
10 m /s in a cement lined rectangular channel 2.5 m wide with 2 m depth of
water. Is the given flow subcritical or super critical?
17. Define wide open channel and also what are the important assumptions in (May 2015)
hydraulic parameters?
18. A trapezoidal channel having a cross sectional area (A1), wetted perimeter (Dec 2014),
(P1), Manning’s coefficient ‘n’ and laid to a slope (S), base width (b) carries a (May 2017)
certain discharge (Q1) at a depth of flow equal to ‘d’. To increase the
discharge, the base width of the channel is widened by ‘x’, keeping all other
parameters viz.. S, d, side slope and n are same. Q 2 is the new discharge in
the channel. Prove that,
3 2 5
(Q2 / Q1) (1 + (x / P1)) = (1 + (xd / A1))
19. Derive the geometrical properties of a most economical triangular channel (Dec 2014),
section. (May 2017)
20. Derive the Chezy’s formula for discharge through channel. Write the formulae (Dec 2014),
to find out the constant C. (May 2018),
(May 2016),
(Dec 2014),
(May 2014)
21. Show that the hydraulic radius is half of the flow depth for the most economic (Dec 2014),
trapezoidal channel section. (May 2016),
(Dec 2014)
22. What is meant by most economic section? Derive the condition for most (Dec 2017),
economic triangular channel section. (Dec 2016)
23. A trapezoidal channel has side of 1 horizontal to 2 vertical and the slope of (Dec 2017)
2
the bed is 1 in 2000. The area of the section is 42 m . Determine the
dimensions of the section if it is most economical. Determine the discharge of
the most economical section if C = 60.
24. Derive the expressions for the most economical depths of flow of water in (Dec 2016),
terms of the diameter of the channel of circular cross section: (i) for maximum (Dec 2015)
velocity (ii) for maximum discharge.
25. Determine the most economical rectangular section of a rectangular channel (May 2016)
carrying water at the rate of 0.6 cumecs. The bed slope of the channel is 1 in
2000. Assume Chezy’s constant, C = 50.
26. A canal is formed with side sloped 2 : 1 and a bottom width of 3 m. The bed (May 2015)
slope is 1 in 4500. Using Manning’s formula and assuming Manning’s n as
3
0.025. Calculate the depth of water for a discharge of 3 m /s for a uniform
flow.
27. A trapezoidal channel with side slope 1 to 1 has to be designed to convey (May 2015)
3
10 m /s at a velocity of 2 m/s so that the amount of concrete lining for the bed
and the sides is minimum. Calculate the area of lining required for one meter
length of channel.
28. Find the rate of flow and conveyance for a rectangular channel 7.5 m wide for (May 2014)
 uniform flow at a depth of 2.25 m. The channel is having a bed slope of 1 in
1000. Take Chezy’s constant, C = 55.

Unit II – Gradually varied flow

Part A
1. Define uniform and non uniform flow in channels. (May 2017)
2. Write down the characteristics of GVF. (May 2017)
3. Write down the relationship between Chezy’s constant and Manning’s (Dec 2017)
constant.
4. Write the Chezy’s formula for the discharge in the canal. (May 2018)
5. What are non – erodible channels? (May 2018),
(Dec 2014)
6. Write the dynamic equation of GVF. (May 2018)
7. State the condition for maximum discharge in circular channel. (Dec 2015)
8. Differentiate between normal depth and alternate depth. (Dec 2015)
9. Write the empirical relation for Manning’s formula with expansion. (May 2014)
10. Write down the assumptions made in dynamic equation for gradually varied
flow.
11. List the various types of channel profiles based on slope.
12. Mention the regions used in classification of type of GVF profile.
13. When will the computation of GVF profile becomes useful?
14. List the methods of GVF profile computation.
15. Define control section.
16. What is meant by transitional depth?
17. Define varied flow and explain its classification.
18. Define Spatially Varied Flow (SVF) and mention its types.
19. What are the flow profiles possible in mild sloped channels?
20. If depth increases in the direction of flow, what type of curve is formed?
21. Distinguish between draw down and back water curves.
22. Define afflux.
23. Show that the maximization of discharge requires minimization of the wetted
perimeter of the channel for a given area of flow.

Part B
1. State and discuss the assumptions made in the derivation of the dynamic (May 2017),
equation for gradually varied flow. Starting from first principles, derive (Dec 2017),
equations for the slope of the water surface in gradually varied flow with (Dec 2015),
respect to (i) channel bed (ii) horizontal. (May 2015),
(Dec 2014)
2. Explain the features of water surface flow profile classifications. (May 2017)
3. A V shaped open channel of included angle 90° conveys a discharge of (Dec 2016)
3
0.05 m /s when the depth of flow at the center is 0.225 m. Assuming that C =
50 in the Chezy’s equation, Calculate the slope of the channel.
4. Calculate the dimensions of the rectangular cross section of an open channel (Dec 2016)
3
which requires minimum area to convey 10 m /s. The slope being 1 in 1500.
Take the Manning’s n as 0.013.
5. A river 100 m wide and 3 m deep has an average bed slope of 0.0005. (May 2016)
Estimate the length of Gradually Varied Flow profile produced by a low weir
which raises the water surface just upstream of it by 1.5 m. Assume N =
0.035. Use direct step method with three steps.
3
6. A rectangular flume 2 m wide discharges at the rate of 2 m /s. The bed slope (May 2016)
of the flume is 1 in 2500. At a certain section, the depth of flow is 1 m.
Calculate the distance of the section downstream where the depth of flow is
0.9 m. Solve by single step method. Assume rugosity coefficient as 0.014.
7. A trapezoidal channel with bed width of 10 m and side slopes 1 V: 1.5 H is (Dec 2015)
3
carrying a flow of 80 m /s. The channel bottom slope is 0.002 and Manning’s
‘n’ is 0.015. A dam is planned in such a way that the flow depth increases to
10 m. Determine the depth of flow in the channel 250 m, 500 m and 750 m
upstream of the dam. Use standard step method.
8. Briefly explain the direct step method and standard step method to determine (May 2015)
the gradually flow profiles.
9. For a rectangular channel with bottom width 40 m and side slopes 2H : 1V, (May 2014)
 3
Manning’s N is 0.015 and bottom slope is 0.0002. If it carries 60 m /s
discharge, determine the normal depth.
10. Explain the graphical integration method and standard step method of (May 2018)
obtaining numerical solution to GVF problems.
11. Write the Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) equation in an open channel flow. (Dec 2016)
Deduce the equation for a wide rectangular channel using Manning’s and
Chezy’s equation.

Unit - III Gradually Varied Flow

Part A
1. Write down the application of transition. (May 2017)
2. Define energy dissipation. (May 2017)
3. The bed width of a rectangular channel is 3.5 m. The discharge is 9 cumecs. (Dec 2017)
The vrlocity of flow is 6 m/s. Check the formation of hydraulic jump.
4. What are the types of surges? (Dec 2017)
5. What are surges in an open channel flow? (May 2018),
(May 2016),
(May 2015)
6. What is backwater curve? (Dec 2016),
(Dec 2014),
(May 2014),
(May 2018)
7. Distinguish between drawdown and backwater curve. (May 2016),
(Dec 2015)
8. Define afflux. (Dec 2015),
(Dec 2014),
(May 2014)
9. Indicate the usefulness of hydraulic jump. (Dec 2016)
10. What are the uses of formation of hydraulic jump in a channel? (May 2016),
(Dec 2015)
11. Define celerity of surge. (Dec 2015)
12. Define the hydraulic jump. (May 2015)
13. Define transition depth. (Dec 2014)
14. Define energy dissipation. (Dec 2014)
15. What is the normal slope of open channel?
16. What is back water curve in GVF profile and give practical example for
getting this type of profile.
17. Differentiate GVF and RVF.
18. Define energy dissipation.
19. Why momentum equation only used for RVF problems?
20. Define loss of energy due to hydraulic jump.
21. What is the state of flow after the formation of hydraulic jump?
22. What are the conditions for the formation of hydraulic jump?
23. Classify hydraulic jumps.
24. What are meant by positive and negative surges?
25. Write down the applications of transition.
26. Draw the sketch for positive surge moving upstream and moving downstream
with resulting flow velocity.

Part B
1. Define surge. What are its types? How the energy dissipated? Explain in (May 2017),
detail. (Dec 2016),
(May 2016),
(Dec 2014)
2. Define hydraulic jump. What are its types? How the energy dissipated? (May 2017),
Explain in detail. (May 2018)
3. What are the advantages of formation of hydraulic jump? (Dec 2017)
4. In a hydraulic jump occurring in a rectangular channel of 3 m width, the (Dec 2017)
discharge is 2 cumecs per metre width. The energy loss in the jump is 2.8 m.
Determine the depths before and after the formation of the jump.
5. Explain with a neat diagram the surges produced when (i) a sluice gate is (Dec 2016)
suddenly raised and (ii) sluice gate suddenly lowered.
6. Explain the classification of hydraulic jumps. (Dec 2016)
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7. A spillway discharges a flood flow at a rate of 7.75 m /s per metre width. At (Dec 2016),
the downstream, horizontal apron the depth of flow was found to be 0.5 m. (May 2016)
When tail water depth is needed to form a hydraulic jump? If a jump is
formed, find its type, length, head loss and energy loss as a percentage of
the initial energy.
8. What is a hydraulic jump? List the assumptions made in the analysis of (May 2016),
hydraulic jump. Explain its classification. (May 2015)
9. Water flow from an under sluice in to a very wide rectangular channel. The (May 2016)
channel has a bed slope of 1 in 1000. The sluice is regulated to discharge
2
6 m /sec/ m width of the channel, the depth of recontracts being 0.5 m. Will
hydraulic jump form? If so, at what location? Take Manning’s constant n =
0.015.
10. The Froude number before the jump is 10.0 in a hydraulic jump occurring in a (Dec 2015)
rectangular channel and the energy loss is 3.20 m. Estimate the (i) sequent
depth (ii) the discharge per unit width.
11. A rectangular channel carries a flow with a velocity of 0.65 m/s and depth of (Dec 2015)
flow 1.4 m. The discharge is abruptly increased three fold by a sudden lifting
a gate on the upstream. Estimate the velocity and the height of resulting
surge.
12. In a rectangular channel of width 0.5 m width, a hydraulic jump occurs at a (May 2015)
point where depth of flow is 0.15 m and Froude number is 2.5. Determine the
specific energy, critical depth and subsequent depth, loss of head and energy
dissipated.
13. Differentiate between ‘Gradually Varied Flow’ and ‘Rapidly Varied Flow’. (May 2014)
14. Define the terms: (i) Afflux and (ii) Back water curve. Derive an expression for (May 2014)
the length of the back water curve.
15. A venturiflume is 1.30 m wide at entrance and 0.65 m in the throat. (May 2014)
Neglecting hydraulic losses in the flume, calculate the flow if the depths at the
entrance and throat are 0.65 m and 0.60 m respectively. A hump is now
installed at the throat, of height 200 mm, so that a standing wave (hydraulic
jump) is formed beyond the throat. What is the increase in the upstream
depth when the same flow as before passes through the flume.