Laboratory Report

(Scalp and Face, Ear and TIPS)

Prepared by:

(GROUP 1)
ALMENDROS, WENDEL
ABASTE, CORINNE DOMINIQUE
LAGARTO, IRYN SANTOS,
JOAN

DMED 2-1, DMED 4-1

Submitted to:

DR. BEDA J. IGASAN

(GENERAL ANATOMY 2)

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 Contents

MUSCLE OF THE SCALP 3

SENSORY NERVE SUPPLY OF SCALP 4
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE SCALP 5
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE SCALP 6
SENSORY SUPPLY OF THE FACE 7
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE FACE 9
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE FACE 10
BONES OF THE FACE 11
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION 12
EXTERNAL EAR: PINNA 13
EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS 14
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE 15
INTERNAL EAR OR LABYRINTH 16
TEMPORAL AND INFRATEMPORAL 17
REGION
PAROTID AND SUBMANDIBULAR 21
REGION

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 MUSCLES OF THE SCALP

Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis/
Frontalis
Galea aponeurotica

Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis/
Occipitalis

Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Supply Action

Occipitofrontalis

Occipital belly Highest nuchal line Epicranial Facial nerve Moves scalp on
of occipital bone aponeurosis skull and raises
eyebrows
Frontal belly Skin and
superficial fascia of
eyebrows

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 Supratrochlear nerve

Supraorbital nerve

In front of ear
Zygomaticotemporal nerve

Auriculotemporal nerve

Lesser occipital nerve

Behind the ear

Greater occipital nerve

Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp

Nerve Origin Termination

Supratrochlear nerve Ophthalmic division of the Scalp

Supraorbital nerve
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
Greater occipital nerve
trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic division of the
trigeminal nerve
Maxillary division of the
trigeminal nerve
Mandibular division of the
trigeminal nerve
cervical plexus (C2)
Posterior ramus of the 2nd
cervical nerve
Scalp as far as the vertex
Scalp over the temple
skin over the temporal region
Scalp over the lateral part of
the occipital region
skin as far forward the vertex of
the skull

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 ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE SCALP

(In front of the ear)

Supratrochlear artery

Supraorbital artery
Superficial temporal
artery

(Behind the ear)

Posterior auricular artery

Occipital artery

Artery Origin Supply

Supratrochlear and Supraorbital Ophthalmic artery

artery

Superficial temporal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
External carotid artery
External carotid artery
External carotid artery
Skin over the frontal and
temporal regions
Scalp over the back of the
scalp
Scalp above and behind the
auricle

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 Supratrochlear vein

Supraorbital vein

Superficial temporal vein

(In front of the ear)

(Behind the ear)

Posterior auricular vein

Occipital vein

Venous Drainage of the Scalp

1. Supratrochlear and Supraorbital vein - unite at the medial margin of the orbit to form the facial vein
2. Superficial temporal vein - unites with maxillary vein in the substance of parotid gland to form the
retromandibular vein
3. Posterior auricular vein - unites with posterior division of the retromandibular vein to form external
jugular vein
4. Occipital vein - drains into the sub-occipital venous plexus then joins the vertebral veins or the
internal jugular veins

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 (Ophthalmic Nerve
Branches)

Supraorbital nerve
Infratrochlear nerve

External nasal nerve

Infraorbital nerve

Trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve
Maxillary nerve

Mandibular nerve

Sensory Supply of the Face

Nerve Supply

Supraorbital nerve Skin and conjunctiva on the central part of the upper eyelid

Infratrochlear nerve Skin and conjunctiva on the medial part of the upper eyelid
and the adjoining part of the side of the nose
External nasal nerve Skin on the side of the nose down as far as the tip

Infraorbital nerve Skin on the lower eyelid and cheek, the side of the nose, and
the upper lip

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Trigeminal nerve The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve supply almost the
entire skin of face except an area over the angle of mandible
Mandibular nerve Skin of the lower lip and chin, small area of the cheek and
skin of the auricle, external auditory meatus, and skin of the
scalp above the auricle
Facial nerve Supplies the muscles of facial expression

Maxillary nerve Skin of the lower eyelid and cheek, the side of the nose and
the upper lip; skin over the prominence of the cheek and over
the temple

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 Arterial Supply of the Face

Superficial temporal
artery

Maxillary artery

Facial artery

Artery Supply

Facial artery Skin of chin and lower lip, skin on the side and dorsum of
nose, scalp, and skin of the forehead
Superficial temporal artery Skin over the upper and lateral parts of the scalp

Maxillary artery The dura, bone, and cranial cavity of the middle cranial fossa

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 Venous Drainage of the Face

Facial vein

1. Facial vein - formed at the medial angle of the eye by the union of the supraorbital and
supratrochlear veins; connected to the superior ophthalmic vein directly through the supraorbital vein

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 Frontal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Bones of the Face

1. Frontal bone - forms the superior orbital margins and the area above them which contains the
frontal air sinuses
2. Zygomatic bone - forms the lateral orbital margins and the inferior orbital margin together with
maxilla
3. Maxilla - forms the medial orbital margin and frontal process with the maxillary process of the
frontal bone
4. Nasal bones - forms the root of the nose, which articulate inferiorly with the maxilla and superiorly
with the frontal bones
5. Mandible - forms the lower jaw

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 Frontalis

Procerus

Orbicularis oculi

Levator labi superioris

Nasalis
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Risorus

Depressor anguli oris Mentalis

Muscles of Facial Expression

Muscle Expression Changes in skin of face

Frontalis and Procerus Surprise Transverse wrinkles of forehead and at

bridge of nose
Levator labi superioris Sorrow and grief Accentuation of nasolabial furrow with
and Zygomatics major elevation and eversion of upper lip
Risorius Grinning Retraction of angle of mouth

Depressor anguli oris Sadness Angle of mouth drawn downwards and

laterally
Zygomaticus major Laughing and smiling Angle of mouth drawn upwards and laterally

Mentalis Disdain/ doubt Puckering of skin over chin with protrusion of

lower lip
Nasalis Flaring of the nostrils Compress nasal cartilages

Orbicularis oris Kiss Pursing or puckering of the lips

Orbicularis oculi Blinking/ wink Closes the eyelid

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 EXTERNAL EAR: Pinna

Helix

Crura of Antihelix

Triangular Fossa

Antihelix
Cymba Concha

Crux of Helix

Concha

Intertragic Notch

Antitragus
Lobule of Pinna

HELIX- The outer prominent rim of pinna

ANTIHELIX- The prominent margin lying in front of and parallel to the helix. It encircles the concha in a C-
shaped manner being deficient in the anterior part. Its upper end may divide into two crura that enclose an
area known as the triangular fossa.

CRUX OF HELIX- Lower end of helix

TRIANGULAR FOSSA-It is an area located between two crura of antihelix

CYMBA CONCHA- The smaller part of concha present above the crus of helix

CONCHA- It is a large central depression that leads into the external auditory meatus

ANTITRAGUS- It is an elevation on the lower end of antihelix lying just opposite the tragus.

INTERTRAGIC NOTCH- separate tragus and antitragus

LOBULE- Skin covered flap of fibro fatty tissue that hangs below the anti-tragus
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 EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

Fibrofatty Tissue
Squamous Part of Temporal Bone

Ear Pinna

Temporalis Muscle

External Auditory Meatus

Cartilage of External
Auditory Meatus
Tympanic Plate of Temporal Bone
Eustachian Tube

PINNA- It is a shell like projection present one on each side of the head

TEMPORALIS MUSCLE-The main function of the temporalis muscle is to move the mandible orlower jaw.
Specifically, the temporalis muscle elevates the lower jaw in order to bite or close the jaws.

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS- It is a 24 mm long canal which extends from the bottom of the concha to the
tympanic membrane.

SQUAMOUS PART OF TEMPORAL BONE- forms the front and upper part of the temporal bone, and is scale-
like, thin, and translucent.

TYMPANIC PLATE OF TEMPORAL BONE- is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of
the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal.

EUSTACHIAN TUBE- The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, which
consists of the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity.

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 TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

Annulus

Pars Flaccida

Umbo
Handle of Malleus

Pars Tensa

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE- It is a thin, semi-transparent membrane which separates the external auditory
meatus from the middle ear. The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits
them to the middle ear ossicles. It helps in amplification of sound

PARS TENSA- It is the greater part of membrane which is taut

PARS FLACCIDA- It is the part of membrane which is thin and lax.

HANDLE OF MALLEUS- It is the longest process

which is directed downwards and is embedded

in the medial surface of the tympanic membrane.

UMBO- The point of attachment is maximally convex and is called the umbo

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 INTERNAL EAR OR LABYRINTH

Anterior/Superior
Semicircular Canal
Vestibule
Posterior Semicircular
Canal
Cochlea
Lateral
Semicircular
Canal Vestibulocochlear
Nerve
Saccule

Cochlear Cupula

SACCULE- The saccule is a globular membranous sac which lies in the anteroinferior part of the vestibule.

VESTIBULE- The vestibule is the middle part of the bony labyrinth and is located immediately medial to the
tympanic cavity. It lodges the utricle and saccule of the membranous labyrinth.

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS- There are three semicircular canals situated behind the vestibule. These are superior
or anterior, posterior, and lateral. Each canal is 15 to 20 mm long and forms 2/3rd of a circle.

COCHLEA- The cochlea is a helical tube of about 2½ to 23/4 turns. It forms the anterior part of the bony
labyrinth.

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE- The vestibular nerve is responsible for maintaining body balance and eye
movements, while the cochlear nerve conveys neural impulses related to hearing

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TEMPORAL REGION

TEMPORAL
FOSSA

TEMPORAL
FASCIA

TEMPORALIS

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INFRATEMPORAL
FOSSA

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 INFRATEMPORAL REGION

MAXILLARY ARTERY

Definition:

Temporal fossa - is a shallow depression on the side of the skull bounded by the temporal lines and
terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch.

Temporal fascia – is a broad fascia covering the temporalis and attached below to the zygomatic
arch.

Temporalis - a large muscle in the temporal fossa that serves to raise the lower jaw and is composed
of fibers that arise from the surface of the temporal fossa and converge to an aponeurosis which
contracts into a thick flat tendon inserted into the coronoid process of the mandible.

Infratemporal fossa - is a space that exists below the temporal fossa. When seen on the skull
without the soft tissues, these two anatomical landmarks can be seen to communicate with one
another. The fossa is shaped irregularly and is situated below and medial to the zygomatic arch. It is
not fully enclosed by bone.

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 PAROTID AND SUBMANDIBULAR REGION

Parotid gland

Great auricular nerve

External Jugular Vein

Internal jugular vein

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 Parotid gland

Masseter

Sublingual gland

Submandibular gland

Facial artery

External carotid artery

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Anatomical Features:

• Parotid Gland
- Apex: It over hangs the posterior belly of digastric and adjoining part of the carotid triangle:
-Cervical branch of facial nerve.
-Two (anterior and posterior) divisions of retromandibular vein
- Superior surface or base: It is concave and is related to the external acoustic meatus and
posterior aspect of the temporomandibular joint:
-Temporal branch of facial nerve
-Superficial temporal vessels
-Auriculotemporal nerve

- Superficial or lateral surface: It is covered from without inwards by: skin, superficial fascia
containing anterior branches of great auricular nerve and pre-auricular (superficial parotid)
lymph nodes, platysma
- Anteromedial surface: It is deeply grooved by the ramus of the mandible.
- Posteromedial surface: It is moulded on to the mastoid and styloid processes and their
covering muscles.
- Anterior border: It is the thin border present between the superficial and anteromedial
surfaces.

- Posterior border: It separates the superficial surface from the posteromedial surface.
Following structures emerge underneath this
border:
-Posterior auricular vessels
-Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve

- Medial border: It separates the antero-medial surface from postero-medial surface. It is

related to the lateral wall of the pharynx

• Submandibular Gland
- Superficial Part
-Superficial surface or inferior surface
-Lateral surface
-Medial surface
- Deep Part
Superficial surface or inferior surface is covered by the following structures from
superficial to deep:
- Skin
-Superficial fascia containing platysma and cervical branch of facial nerve
- Deep fascia
-Facial vein
- Submandibular lymph nodes

- The submandibular duct is about 5 cm22long.

- It emerges at the anterior end of the deep part and runs forwards and medially on the
hyoglossus muscle, under mylohyoid.
- At the anterior border of hyoglossus it is crossed by the lingual nerve, from lateral to
medial side
- This is the smallest of the 3 pairs of salivary glands.
- It lies immediately below the mucosa of the floor of the mouth.
- It is almond-shaped and rests in the sublingual fossa on the inner aspect of the body of
mandible.
- It is separated from the base of the tongue by the submandibular duct.
- The gland pours its secretion by a series of ducts, about 10 to 15 in number into the oral
cavity on the sublingual fold. Few ducts may also open into the submandibular duct.

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