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STATISTICS

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

STATISTICS STATISTICS
• Other situations involving Statistics:
▫ Sports Two Meanings
▫ Poll Ratings during elections
▫ Product Testing
 Set of numbers (small ‘s’)
▫ Census of households  Method of analysis (capital ‘S’)

 statistics  Statistics
Specific number Method of analysis
numerical measurement determined by a a branch of science which deals with the
set of data collection, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
Examples: vital statistics, BMI, shooting average,
monthly sales, daily exchange rate

1

Steps in Statistical Inquiry
Data
Interpret
Collect /
Gather
Analyze Present
GOAL: To use data from a small group to infer or conclude
something about the large group
SAMPLE -- A subset of a statistical
population that accurately reflects
the members of the entire
population.
The sample must have sufficient size
to warrant statistical analysis.
Ways of Collecting Data
▫ Survey method
▫ Observation method
▫ Experimental method
▫ Use of existing studies
▫ Registration method
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Population and Sample
Population is a collection of all
the elements under
consideration in a study
Sample is a part or subset of the
population from which the
information is collected
Identify how statistics can be used to
mislead readers
A political group asked 10 residents of Quezon
City whether they preferred Mayor Bautista over
Mayor Belmonte. Nine of the 10 responded they
preferred Mayor Bautista. The group then
claimed that 90% of QC respondents prefer Mayor
Bautista over Mayor Belmonte.
Identify how statistics can be used to
mislead readers
An excerpt from a self-administered questionnaire
Answer using “Yes” or “No”.
“Do you still drive faster than the speed limit?”
Conclusion: “Everyone speeds when driving.”
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Ways of Presenting Data What’s wrong with this graph?

• Textual Presentation
• Tabular Presentation
• Graphical Presentation

What’s wrong with this graph? What’s wrong with this graph?

Frequency Distribution
• Suppose you want to find out how well 11Z
students did in the last 5-point seatwork. The
Frequency Distribution following are the scores of 20 students:
5 5 4 3 3
Table and Histogram 2 2 1 2 5
3 3 1 2 4
4 4 5 4 3
BONUS [size 1]:
Answer item no. 26 (p. 53) and
construct its histogram. • It is difficult to make any inference based on
just the raw data.

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Frequency Distribution Frequency Distribution

• We can use a frequency distribution table to • Create a frequency NO. OF TALLY FREQ
organize the data. distribution table for SIBLINGS
5 5 4 3 3 the number of 6 1
SCORE TALLY FREQUENCY siblings of 25 people.
2 2 1 2 5 5 0
5 4 2 1 0 1 2
3 3 1 2 4 4 2
4 5 3 4 1 3 1
4 4 5 4 3
3 5 6 2 2 2 3 3 6
2 4 4 3 3 0 0 2 8
1 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 5
0 quiz so the
Majority of the students failed the 0
teacher might have to give another quiz to 0 3
make sure students understand the concept.

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Example1:
Example1: The table is a frequency distribution of Frequency Distribution for the Weights
the weights of 50 pieces of luggage, recorded to the of 50 Pieces of Luggage
nearest kilogram, belonging to the passengers on a
flight from Manila to Cagayan de Oro. Class Number of
Weight (kg)
Number Interval pieces
Weight (kg)
of pieces 7-9 7-9 2
7-9 2 10 -12 10 - 12 8
10 – 12 8 13 -15 13 - 15 14
13 – 15 14 16 -18 16 - 18 19
16- 18 19
19 -21 19 - 21 7
19 - 21 7

Example1: Example1:
Frequency Distribution for the Weights Frequency Distribution for the Weights
of 50 Pieces of Luggage of 50 Pieces of Luggage

Class Weight (kg)

Number Class
of pieces Weight No. of Class
Interval Limits Frequency, f
7 - 9 2 (kg) pieces Interval
7-9 7, 9
10 -12 10 – 12 8 10, 12 7-9 2 7 - 9 2
13 -15 13 – 15 14 13, 15 10 - 12 8 10 - 12 8
16 -18 16 - 18 19 16, 18 13 - 15 14 13 - 15 14
19 - 21 19 - 21 7 19, 21 16 - 18 19 16 - 18 19
19 21 7 19 - 21 7
lower class limits upper
class limits

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Example1: Example1:
Frequency Distribution for the Weights Frequency Distribution for the Weights
of 50 Pieces of Luggage of 50 Pieces of Luggage

Class Class Class Class

Interval
Frequency, f Frequency, f
boundaries Interval boundaries
7 - 9 Numbers that 2 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 2
10 – 12 separate the 8 10 - 12 9.5 – 12.5 8
classes so that
13 – 15 14 13 - 15 12.5 – 15.5 14
there are no
16 - 18 gaps in the 19 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 19
19 - 21 distribution 7 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 7

Example1: Example1:
Frequency Distribution for the Weights Frequency Distribution for the Weights
of 50 Pieces of Luggage of 50 Pieces of Luggage

Class Mark/ Frequency, Class Class Class Mark/ Frequency,

Class Class
Interval boundaries f Interval boundaries Midpoint f
Midpoint
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 2
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 The midpoint 2 midpoint of 7 and 9 is 8
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 between the Or class
8
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5
midpoint of
8
upper class and limits of 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 9.5 and 12.5
lower class a class 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 19
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 19
interval is 11
boundaries 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 7
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 7

Example1: Example1:
Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50
Frequency Distribution for the Weights Pieces of Luggage
of 50 Pieces of Luggage

Class Class Class Mark/ Frequency, Class Class Class

Interval boundaries f Boundaries Mark
Class Width Frequency, f
Midpoint Interval
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 difference
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 between the
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 upper and
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 14
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 lower class
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20
19
boundaries
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 7

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Example1:
Example1:
Frequency Distribution for the Weights
Frequency Distribution for the Weights
of 50 Pieces of Luggage
of 50 Pieces of Luggage

Class Class Class Class

Frequency, f Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Interval Boundaries Mark Width
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 9.5 - 6.5 = 3
Interval Boundaries Mark f Frequency (cf)
2
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 12.5 - 9.5 = 3 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 Add the
8 frequency in
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 10 - 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8
15.5 - 12.5 = 3 14 13 - 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 each class to the
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 18.5 - 15.5 = 3 14
19 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 total frequencies
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 21.5 - 18.5 = 3 19 of the preceding
7 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20
7 classes
constant class width

Example1: SW: #1 p. 26
Find the class boundaries, class marks, and
Frequency Distribution for the Weights
class widths given the following intervals:
of 50 Pieces of Luggage
a) 5 - 9 4.5 – 9.5; 7; 5

Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative b) (–4) – 0 (–4.5) – 0.5; –2; 4

Interval Boundaries Mark f Frequency (cf) c) 21.5 – 26.5 21.45 – 26.55; 24; 5
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
+ = d) 32.31 – 41.31 32.305 – 41.315; 36.81; 9
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 2 + 8 10
= 10
24
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 e) 0.675–0.714 0.6745–0.7145; 0.6945; 0.04
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50 f) (–8.15) – (–4.24) (–8.155)–(–4.235); 3.92;
-6.195

Answer:
SW # 2
Here is a set of marks obtained by a class on
a mathematics test.
Here is a set of marks obtained by a class on
a mathematics test. 72 53 73 59 68 83 71 67
77 78 70 67 63 65 56 86
72 53 73 59 68 83 71 67 47 78 72 79 67 74 62 84
77 78 70 67 63 65 56 86 92 88 71 74 81 70 66 64
47 78 72 79 67 74 62 84 75 65 46
92 88 71 74 81 70 66 64
75 65 46 a. Identify the highest and lowest value 92 and 46
b. Subtract. 92 – 46 = 46 (this is the Range)
Construct a frequency table c. Divide the range by the number of intervals.
and use 6 class intervals. 46  6  7.6  8 class width/size

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72 53 73 59 68 83 71 67 77
78 70 67 63 65 56 86 47 78
72 79 67 74 62 84 92 88 71 Histogram – graphical representation
74 81 70 66 64 75 65 46 of a frequency distribution table
Math Scores of Students
Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Interval Boundaries Mark f Frequency (cf) 15
10 11
10

Freq
6
46 – 53 45.5 – 53.5 49.5 3 3
5 3 2 3
54 – 61 53.5 – 61.5 57.5 2 5

Z
62 – 69 61.5 – 69.5 65.5 10 15 0
73.5 46.5-53.5 53.5-61.5 61.5-69.5 69.5-77.5 77.5-85.5 85.5-93.5
70 – 77 69.5 – 77.5 11 26
81.5 Scores
78 – 85 77.5 – 85.5 6 32
86 – 93 85.5 – 93.5 89.5 3 35

SEATWORK
• The following set of raw data shows the lengths
in millimeters, measured to the nearest
millimeter of 40 leaves taken from plants of a STATISTICS:
certain species. Measures of Central
40 54 25 50 58 45 47 49 30 28
52 31 52 41 47 44 46 39 41 59
Tendency
Objectives:
49 38 43 48 43 43 40 51 40 56 •identify the three Measures of Central tendency
31 53 44 37 35 37 33 38 46 36 •describe the ways to obtain the Measures of
Central Tendency for ungrouped data
• Create a frequency distribution table with 7
class intervals.
• Construct a histogram.

Arithmetic mean (or simply mean)

The most commonly used “averages” or
Measures of Central Tendency are The mean of a set of numbers is the
arithmetical average of the numbers; that is,
• Mean (or Arithmetic mean) the sum of all the values of the observations
• Median divided by the number of observations.

• Mode Example:
The recorded rainfall, in inches, for seven consecutive days
in Rizal is given.
0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56

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Arithmetic mean (or simply mean) Arithmetic mean (or simply mean)
The mean of a set of numbers is the Example:
arithmetical average of the numbers. The recorded rainfall, in inches, for seven consecutive days
Example: in Rizal is given.
0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56 0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56
sum of all numbers
mean =
number of numbers
0.25  0.38  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.25  0.56 What do you think will happen to the mean if I

7 change 0.25 to 0.90?
1.53
  0.21857...
7
 0.22

Notice that Notice that

The calculation of the mean The mean is a calculated
involves ALL the data points. value.
Since it includes all data, Hence, it may not be an
having extreme values will actual number in the given
affect the computation of set of data.
the mean.

Median Median
The median of a set of numbers is the middle The median of a set of numbers is the
number when the numbers are arranged in order middle number when the numbers are
(array). arranged in order.
If there is an even number of numbers, the median Example:
is the mean of the two middle numbers. 0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56
Example: Arrange the numbers in order (array)
The recorded rainfall, in inches, for seven consecutive days 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.25 0.38 0.56
in Rizal is given.
0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56
median = middle number
 0.25

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Mode
Notice that The mode of a set of numbers is the most
frequently occurring number. There may be
The calculation of the median more than one mode, or there may be no
involves just one or two mode.

middle values. Example:

The recorded rainfall, in inches, for seven consecutive days
The median is affected by in Rizal is given.

the POSITION of each item 0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56

in the series.

Mode
The mode of a set of numbers is the most
Notice that
frequently occurring number. There may be
more than one mode, or there may be no The mode is not affected by
mode.
Example: extreme values
0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56
It does not always exist; and
mode = value that occurs most often
if it does, it may not be
 0.03
unique.

I. Determine which measure of central tendency is most

Example 2: your turn! appropriate for the given situations. Explain.
Find the mean, the median and the mode of
each set of data. 1)A survey team wants to find out the favorite
presidential candidate in each region in the
a) 10, 12, 8, 9, 12, 14, 11, 15, 9, 12 country.
b) 2.3, 4.1, 3.7, 3.2, 2.8, 3.6
2) A student wants to find out if he is in the upper
Answers: half of the batch in terms of academic
a) 11.2, 11.5, 12 performance.

b) 3.3, 3.4, no mode 3) An entrepreneur is researching on how his

business is performing compared to the other
business.

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Determine which measure of central tendency is most Do as indicated.

appropriate for the given situations. Explain. Given the following scores:
4) A teacher wants to determine his best student in
the class in terms of academics. 12, 11, 10, 11, 13, 12, x, 8
5) The APSA wants to find out the offense where
the students are most sanctioned for.
Find x such that

a. The mean is 11.25

b. The mode 11
c. The median is 11.5

Do as indicated.

The frequency table for the performance of 1Z in a

Back-to-basics Quiz is shown below. Identify the 3
measures of Central Tendency.
SCORE FREQUENCY STATISTICS
5 5
4 6
3 4
2 4 Measures of Central Tendency for
1 2 Grouped Data
0 1

How about for Grouped data? Example1:

Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage
Example1: Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Mark
Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
Pieces of Luggage
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative 10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10
Mark
Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf) 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
Mode : The mode of a set of numbers is the
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
most frequently occurring number.
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50

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Example1: Example1:
Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage

Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Mark Mark
Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf) Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10 10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
highest frequency
Groupe classmark of the interval The mean of a set of numbers is the
dMode  17 arithmetical average of the numbers.
= with highest frquency

Example1: Example1:
Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage

Class Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative

Class Class Frequency, Cumulative Mark
Interval Boundaries
Mark
f Frequency (cf) Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
(x)
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10 10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
groupe 8  2   11 8  14 14   17 19  20  7
groupe sum of  classmark  frequency dMean
dMean 2  8  14  19  7
total frequency =
=

Example1: Example1:
Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage
Class Frequency, Cumulative Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Class Class
Mark Mark
Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf) Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10 10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
Groupe 16  88  196  323  140 763 Median: The median of a set of numbers is the
dMean   15.26 middle number when the numbers are
50 50
= arranged in order.

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Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Mark Mark
Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf) Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10 10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
L – lower boundary of median L – lower boundary of median
class class

Grouped H - size (median class) H - size (median class)

HN 
L  C f – frequency (median class) f – frequency (median class)
Median = f 2  Grouped HN 
N – total frequency L   C N – total frequency
C – cumulative frequency Median = f 2  C – cumulative frequency
(before the median class) (before the median class)

Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Mark Mark
Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf) Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10 10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
L – lower boundary of median Grouped HN  L – lower boundary of median

Grouped L  H  N  C 
class L  C class
  Median = f 2  H - size (median class)
f 2 
Median = 3N 
 15.5    C 
HN  f 2 
 15.5   C
f 2  18.5-15.5 =
3

Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Mark Mark
Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf) Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10 10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
Grouped HN  L – lower boundary of median Grouped HN  L – lower boundary of median
L  C class L  C class
Median = f 2  H - size (median class)
Median = f 2  H - size (median class)
3 N  f – frequency (median class) 3  50  f – frequency (median class)
 15.5    C   15.5 
19  2   C N – total frequency
19  2 
2+8+14+19+7=50

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Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Mark Mark
Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf) Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2 7 - 9 6.5 – 9.5 8 2 2
10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10 10 – 12 9.5 –12.5 11 8 10
13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24 13 – 15 12.5 – 15.5 14 14 24
16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43 16 - 18 15.5 – 18.5 17 19 43
19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50 19 - 21 18.5 – 21.5 20 7 50
L – lower boundary of median Grouped HN  L – lower boundary of median
Grouped HN  class L  C class
L  C H - size (median class)
Median = f 2  H - size (median class)
Median = f 2 
f – frequency (median class) 3  50 f – frequency (median class)

3  50  N – total frequency  15.5    24  N – total frequency
 15.5    24  19  2 
19  2  C – cumulative frequency C – cumulative frequency
(before the median class)  15.657...  15.66 (before the median class)

Example2: SEATWORK:
Find the grouped mean, median and the mode of Find the grouped mean, median and the mode of
each set of data. Give the answers to 2 decimal each set of data. Give the answers to 2 decimal
places where necessary. places where necessary.
Rating Class Class f Cf
Mark Class Class Class Frequency, Cumulative
Boundaries
Mark
0-2 -0.5 – 2.5 1 20 20 Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
3-5 2.5 – 5.5 4 14 34 46 – 53 45.5 – 53.5 49.5 3 3
6-8 5.5 – 8.5 7 15 49 54 – 61 53.5 – 61.5 57.5 2 5
62 – 69 61.5 – 69.5 65.5 10 15
9 - 11 8.5 – 11.5 10 2 51 70 – 77 69.5 – 77.5 73.5 11 26
12 - 14 11.5 – 14.5 13 1 52 78 – 85 77.5 – 85.5 81.5 6 32
86 – 93 85.5 – 93.5 89.5 3 35

Find the grouped mean, median and the mode of

each set of data. Give the answers to 2 decimal
places where necessary.

Class Class
Class Frequency, Cumulative
Mark
Interval Boundaries (x) f Frequency (cf)
25 – 29 24.5 – 29.5 27 2 2
30 – 34 29.5 – 34.5 32 4 6 Statistics and Probability
35 – 39 34.5 – 39.5 37 7 13
40 – 44 39.5 – 44.5 42 10 23
45 – 49 44.5 – 49.5 47 8 31
50 – 54 49.5 – 54.5 52 6 37
55 – 59 54.5 – 59.5 57 3 40

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The averages of each set appear to have no

difference.
Introduction
 finding the measure of central tendency or the Group A Group B
“average” is like finding what is common among a set 65 42
66 54
of data 67 58
68 62
 “average” is the “representative” of the set of data, and 71 67
it serves as one way of describing the data 73 77
74 77
 another way of describing a set of data is by the 77 85
“spread” of the values in the set. 77 93
77 100
 this “spread” is the measure of dispersion.
Mean = 71.5 Mean = 71.5
Median = 72 Median = 72
Mode = 71 Mode = 71

Common Measures of Dispersion

A closer look at the Group A Group B
• Range
65 42
2 sets show that the 66
67
54
58
• Variance
scores in group B are
68 62
widely scattered than 71 67 • Standard Deviation
73 77
those in group A. 74 77
77 85
77 93
77 100

Mean = 71.5 Mean = 71.5

Median = 72 Median = 72
Mode = 71 Mode = 71

Range Range
= highest value – lowest value = highest value – lowest value

Example: Example:
The recorded rainfall, in inches, for seven consecutive The salaries for the staff of the XYZ Manufacturing Co.
days in Rizal is given. are shown below. Find the range.
0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56 Staff Salary
Owner 100,000 Range
Range = 0.56 – 0.03 = 0.53
Manager 40,000 = 100,000 – 15,000
Sales Representative 30,000 = 85,000
Worker 15,000

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Variance Standard Deviation

 

Variance: Example Variance: Example

You and your friends have just measured the heights of Answer: 600  470  170  430  300
your dogs (in millimeters):  394
5
so the mean (average) height is 394 mm. Let's plot this
on the chart:

The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm,

170mm, 430mm and 300mm.
Find out the Mean, the Variance, and the Standard
Deviation.

Variance: Example Variance: Example

 Now we calculate each dog's difference from the Mean:


 To calculate the Variance, take each difference, square
it, and then average the result:

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Variance: Example Steps in determining the variance

 So, using the Standard Deviation we have a "standard" way
of knowing what is normal, and what is extra large or extra 1. Find the mean for the data.
small.
2. Find the deviation for each data value.
 Rottweilers are tall dogs. And Dachshunds are a bit short. 3. Square each deviations.
4. Find the sum of the squares.
5. Divide by N to get the variance.
6. Take the square root to get the standard deviation.

 Source: http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-deviation.html

Variance: Example Variance


The recorded rainfall, in inches, for seven consecutive
days in Rizal is given.
0.25 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.56

Find out the population variance, and the standard

Deviation.

Standard Deviation The frequency table for the performance of 22

 samples in a Back-to-basics Quiz is shown below.
Identify the range, the sample variance, and
standard deviation.

SCORE FREQUENCY
5 5
4 6
3 4
2 4
1 2
0 1

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Remark
 Dividing the squared deviation by n, underestimates
the population variance.
 The division of n–1, instead of n gives a larger value for
the sample variance which will no longer
underestimate the population variance.
 In a statistical sense, the formula for the sample
variance is an unbiased estimator of the population
variance.

Approximating the Measures of Example2:

Dispersion from a grouped Data Find the sample variance and standard deviation of each set of
data. Give the answers to 2 decimal places where necessary.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Rating Class f
Mark
𝑘 2
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇 0-2 1 20
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝜎2 = 3-5 4 14
𝑁
6-8 7 15
𝑘 2
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋 9 - 11 10 2
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑠2 =
𝑛−1 12 - 14 13 1

Rene and Carl are experienced Math contestants. As their coach,

you are having a hard time choosing who to send for the International Math
Competition. To make an objective decision, you decided to look at their
SEATWORK: statistics on past Math competitions.
Rene Carl
Find the sample variance and standard deviation of each
set of data. Give the answers to 2 decimal places where Average rating of Average rating
necessary. 83% of 86%
Standard Standard
Class Class Frequency, Deviation of 2.8 Deviation of 8.1
Mark
Interval (x) f
46 – 53 49.5 3
54 – 61 57.5 2 1.Who would you choose for the competition? Why?
62 – 69 65.5 10 2.When you analyzed the statistics of the past winners of the competition, you
70 – 77 73.5 11
found out that they have an average rating of 90%. Who’s more likely to reach
78 – 85 81.5 6
that rating? Why?
86 – 93 89.5 3

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