CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY LAB 2016

MANUAL

Experiment No. 1

BUILDING COMPONENTS

Aim: To draw different building components & symbols of common building materials.

1. Draw different building components

 Walls:
 Stone masonry wall
 Brick masonry wall

 R.C.C lintel with chajja

 Wall foundation

 Column foundation

 Doors
 Fully paneled door
 Fully Glazed door

2. Draw the symbols of common building material

Brick
Concrete
Stone
Wood
Earth
Glass
Metal
Plaster

Conclusion:

Assignment:
Q1) Explain Substructure and Superstructure of a building?

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References:
1. Shah M.G. Kalec. M. & Patki SY, “Building Drawing”, Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi, 2000
2. AUTO CAD Tutorials and Manual- Autodesk Work Book on AUTO CAD Level I and II,
CAD/CAM Centre, Coimbatore
3. Gurucharan Singh and Jagdish Singh, “Building Planning, Designing and scheduling”,
Standard Publishers, New Delhi, 2001
4. IS: 962 – 1967, Code of Practice for Architectural and Building Drawing, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi

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Experiment No. 2

SETTING OUT WORKS - FOUNDATION MARKING

Aim: To set out the foundation marking for the proposed construction of building.

Apparatus used: 1.Theodolite, 2. Chain (or) Tape 3. Ranging rods, 3. Pegs or Arrows,
4. String.

Materials used: Lime Powder

General: The operation of the marking on the site the centre lines of the foundation of a building
is called setting out. Setting out of a foundation is the first step in the construction of any
structure.

Procedure
1. A centre line sketch of the building is prepared. (The centres of cross walls are also to be
indicated.)
2. The base line is set out with reference to given reference points.
3. The ends of the centre line of the walls, points A and B from the base line are marked.
4. As the end marks A, B, C, etc. are disturbed during excavation, stakes are fixed at L,M,N etc.,
a little away (about 2 to 3 m) for end mark and tied accurately using a string.
5. The centre line for all other walls AD, BC, etc are marked by dropping perpendicular. For
small buildings the perpendiculars may be set out by using a chain or a tape by ‘3-4-5’ method.
For an important and big building when sides are long a Theodolite may be employed to
accurately set out the perpendiculars and to range the lines.
6. For every wall, the pegs are driven a little away for marking the end and tied accurately using
a string.
7. Diagonals are measured and checked with their corresponding calculated lengths.
8. Width of foundation from the centerline are marked and the corners 1, 2,3,4,5 etc., are fix up.
Pegs are driven at these corners. The cord is stretched and lime is spread along the chords.

Result: Thus the trench plan being marked on the ground, and excavation may be started.

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Experiment No. 3

SETTING OUT A BUILDING PLAN ON GROUND

Aim: A building is set out in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the centre
line of the walls, so that construction can be carried out exactly according to the plan. The centre
line method of setting out is generally preferred and adopted.

Apparatus used: 1.Theodolite, 2. Chain (or) Tape 3. Ranging rods, 3. Pegs or Arrows, 4.
String.

Procedure

Fig.1 as shown below: Example plan to be set out on the ground

1. From the plan (fig 1), the centre line of the walls are calculated. Then the centre lines of the
rooms are set out by setting perpendiculars in the ratio 3:4:5.(Pythagoras theory) Suppose the
corner points are a, b, c, d, e, f and g which are marked by pegs with nails on top.

2. The setting of the corner point is checked according to diagonals ac, bd, cf and eg.

3. During excavation, the centre points a, b, c, d, e, f, g may be removed. Therefore the centre
lines are extended and the centre points are marked about 2m away from the outer edge of
excavation. Thus the points A1, A2, B1, B2 and like wise, are marked outside the trench. Centre
line are shown clearly by stretching thread or rope. The centre points fixed 2m away from the
excavation are marked with sit out pegs.

4. From the plan details, the width of excavation to be done is also marked by thread with pegs at
appropriate positions.

5. The excavation width is then marked by spade or a digger

6. If the plan is much to complicated and follows a zigzag pattern, then the centre pegs are kept
at suitable positions according to site conditions

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Experiment No. 4

ENGLISH BOND - ONE BRICK WALL

Aim: To construct five consecutive layer of one brick wall in English bond at a corner.

Tools required: Trowel, Mason’s square, Straight edge, Plumb bob Line and pin Tape & Spirit
level

Tools required for brick masonry

Mason's Square: It is used in masonry to set at right angles.

Spirit Level: It is used to check the horizontality of the works.

Plumb Bob: It is used to check the level of bed masonry.

Trowel: It is used to check to place the mortar in the and finish the work.

Spade: To make the ground surface level. It is also used to excavating earth and mortar mixing.

Pick Axe: Used to excavating trenches. This is used in hard soil and it consists of two ends, one
flat and other pointed. This is also used to check roughly and to split the stone in quarts.

Mortar Pan: It is used to carry the mortar to the work site. It is made of steel. When preparing
mortar the mortar is used as a measuring device by taking the cements and sand for clear
preparation.

Showel: It is used as very suitable to take the concrete and place it in the pan. It is also used for
mixing small quantity of concrete.

Floating edge: This tool is level the spreaded mortar on the surface.

Straight Edge: This is long square wooden piece. It is used to place brick in proper level and
line.

Mesh: It is used to sieve the sand.

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Concrete Mixture: Mixing the concrete by machine is more sufficient and produce concrete for
better quality in a short time. This is available in various type and capacities.

Rubber Basket: It is used for carrying materials to the work site.

Procedure:
At first the ground was made level, Then the bricks were saturated with water so as to prevent
absorption of moisture from the mortar. The required quantity of mortar was prepared by manual
mixing. Then the first course of bond was arranged on the level ground to the required length.
The corner and the sides are checked by using Masson’s square and straight edge. Then the
mortar should completely cover the beds as well as the sides of bricks. Then second course was
placed over the first course.

The brick work should be carried out as per line and level .The vertical face was checked
by means of plumb bob and the level was checked by means of sprit level .This process was
repeated till the five consecutive layer were completed.

Result: The five consecutive layer of one brick wall in English bond at a corner is thus
constructed

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Experiment No. 5

ONE AND HALF BRICK WALL

Aim: To construct a right angled corner wall of one and half brick wall in English bond.

Tools required: Trowel, Mason’s square, Straight edge, Plumb bob, Line and pin Tape & Spirit
level

Procedure:
At first the ground was made level, then the bricks were saturated with water so as to prevent
absorption of moisture from the mortar. The required quantity of mortar was prepared by manual
mixing. Then the first course of bond was arranged on the level ground to the required length.
The corner and the sides are checked by using mason’s square and straight edge. Then the mortar
was placed over the bricks by using trowel. Then second course was placed over the first course.

The brick work should be carried out as per line and level .The vertical face was checked by
means of plumb bob and the level was checked by means of sprit level .This process was
repeated till the five consecutive layer were completed.

Result: The five consecutive layer of one and half brick wall in English bond at a corner is thus
constructed.

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Experiment No. 6

FLEMISH BOND- ONE BRICK WALL

Aim: To construct a right angled corner wall of one brick wall in Flemish bond at a corner.

Tools required: Trowel, Mason’s square, Straight edge, Spirit level, Plumb bob & Line and pin
Tape

Procedure:
At first the ground was made level, then the bricks were saturated with water so as to prevent
absorption of moisture from the mortar. The required quantity of mortar was prepared by manual
mixing. Then the first course of bond was arranged on the level ground to the required length.
The corner and the sides are checked by using mason’s square and straight edge. Then the mortar
was placed over the bricks by using trowel. Then second course was placed over the first course.
The brick work should be carried out as per line and level .The vertical face was checked by
means of plumb bob and the level was checked by means of sprit level .This process was
repeated till the five consecutive layer were completed.

Result: The five consecutive layer of one brick wall in Flemish bond at a corner is thus
constructed.

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Experiment No. 7

ONE AND HALF BRICK WALL

Aim: To construct a right angled corner wall of one and half brick wall in Flemish bond at a
corner.

Tools required: Trowel, Mason’s square, Straight edge, Plumb bob, Line and pin Tape & Spirit
level

Procedure

At first the ground was made level, then the bricks were saturated with water so as to prevent
absorption of moisture from the mortar. The required quantity of mortar was prepared by manual
mixing. Then the first course of bond was arranged on the level ground to the required length.
The corner and the sides are checked by using mason’s square and straight edge. Then the mortar
was placed over the bricks by using trowel. Then second course was placed over the first course.
The brick work should be carried out as per line and level .The vertical face was checked
by means of plumb bob and the level was checked by means of sprit level .This process was
repeated till the five consecutive layer were completed.

Result: The five consecutive layer of one and half brick wall in Flemish bond at a corner is thus
constructed.

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Experiment No. 8

BRICK PIERS IN ENGLISH BOND

Aim: To construct a brick piers in English bond of brick thickness 1, 1½ and 2.

Apparatus: Mason's square pegs, Spirit level & plumb bob etc.

Materials: Brick, cement, sand & Water.

Procedure:

At first the surface was leveled and make even using iron peg and thread two mutually
perpendicular lines were set out that represents the outer edge of the cross wall and main wall.
The bricks are arranged in odd and even course as pier pattern as shown in figure. In the one
layer of cross wall a queen closer is placed. The horizontality and verticality is checked with
spirit level and plumb bob etc. respectively.

Result:

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Experiment No. 9
BRICK PIERS IN FLEMISH BOND

Aim: To arrange consecutive courses of brick piers in Flemish bond.

Apparatus: Mason's square, plumb bob , Spirit level, Trowel , String ,peg & Straight edge etc.

Principle:
In Flemish bond the headers and stretches are placed alternately in each course. A pattern
figure is adopted to avoid continuous vertical joints.

Procedure:

At first the ground surface was leveled and made even using iron pegs and threads two
mutually perpendicular lines are set out and representing the arrangement in pattern shown in
figure. In order to avoid continuous vertical joints, the queen clovers are used at suitable places.

Result:

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Experiment No. 10

T- JUNCTION 1½WITH BRICK WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

Aim: To construct a consecutive course of T – junction of 30cm external wall and 20cm internal
wall in Flemish bond.

Apparatus: Mason's square peg, Plum bob , Spirit level trammel etc.

Procedure:

First prepare a neat sketch showing the arrangement of section shown for bond. Level the
ground surface and set out two mutually perpendicular lengths, using peg with thread
representing outer edge of main wall and cross wall. The bricks are arranged in the portion
shown in figure for odd and even course with one at their edge abounding again threads. In one
of the layer of the cross wall a queen closer is placed at the starting portion in order to break the
continuous vertical joint. The straightness and verticality are checked by spirit level and plumb
bob respectively.

Result:

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Experiment No. 11

T- JUNCTION 1½WITH BRICK WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

Aim: To construct consecutive course T- junction of 30cm thick in external wall and 20 cm thick
internal wall in English bond.

Apparatus: Mason’s square, string, Peg, plum bob, Spirit level, trowel & Straight edge etc.

Procedure:
Set out two mutually perpendicular lines to make s the side of the main wall and cross wall. The
bricks are arranged as shown in figure. After placing the mortar on odd and even course with one
of their ends obtaining against the threads. Queen closer is used to avoid continuous vertical
joint. The straightness and verticality are checked by using the straight edge.

Result:

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Experiment No. 12

PLASTERING

AIM : To plaster the Brick masonry.

Tools Used :
Trowel, Plumb Bob, Floating rule, Float & Brushes

Theory :

Definitions : The terms plastering is used to describe the thin plastering cover that is applied on
the surface of walls and ceilings

Requirements of good plastering

Following are the qualities of the plastering materials so as to turn out good plaster.

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1) It should adhere to the background and should remain adhered during all the variations of
the climate changes.
2) It should be cheap and economical.
3) It should be hard and durable.
4) It should poccess good workability.
5) It should be possible to apply during all weather conditions.

Mortar for plastering :

1. Lime mortar
2. Cement mortar
3. Water proof mortar.

Lime mortar : The lime mortar consists of equal volume of lime and sand and these two
materials are carefully ground in a mortar mill. The fat lime is recommended for plaster work
because , fat lime contains 75% of CaO and it combines with CO 2 of atmosphere and gives
CaCO3.

Cement Mortar : The cement mortar consists of one part of cement and 4 parts of clean ,coarse
and angular river sand by volume. The materials are thoroughly mixed in dry condition before
water is added to them.

Water proof mortar : This mortar is water proof and it is prepared by mixing one part of
cement , two parts of sand and pulverized alum at the rate of 120 N/m 3 of sand > In the water to
be used 0.75 N of soft soap is dissolved per one liter of water and this soap water is then added to
dry mix.

Procedure:
Plastering in two coats :-
The procedure is as follows.
 The mortar joints are racked out to a depth of 20mm and the surface is cleaned and well
watered.
 If it is found that surface is to be plastered is very rough and uneven , a preliminary coat
is applied to fill up the hallows before the first coat of plaster is put up on the surface.
 The first coat of plaster is now applied on the surface. The usual thickness of first coat for
brick masonry is 9mm to 10 mm. In order to maintain uniform thickness , the screeds are
formed on the wall surface by fixing dots. To fix a dot a small quantity of plaster is laid
on the surface making roughly a square of 150mm X 150 mm. Another dot is fixed
vertically below at a distance of 2m. The two dots are plumbed by means of a plumb bob.
After fixing the dots a vertical strip of mortar is formed in between the dots.
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 The cement mortar is placed between the successive screeds and surface is properly
finished in between the dots.
 The cement mortar is placed between the successive screeds and the surface is properly
finished.
 The second coat of plaster is applied after about 6hours and the thickness of second coat
is usually about 2mm to 3mm. It is finished as per requirements.
 The completed work is allowed to rest for 24 hours and then the surface is well watered.

Procedure:
To carry out plastering on brick masonry
1) The brick masonry which is constructed is initially watered to keep the surface wet.
2) Cement slurry is prepared and is sprinkled all over the surface of brick masonry.
3) Cement , sand is initially dry mixed and then is mixed with water to form cement mortar.
4) Cement mortar is applied all over the surface of the masonry in 2 or 3 coats. The ratio of
about 1:6 is used with 1 part of cement and 6 parts of sand.
5) It is then reveled using metal float or wodden float.
6) The surface which is plastered is well brushed to have a smooth surface.
7) The plastered surface is then subjected to curing.

Conclusion:
Thus the brick masonry is plastered using cement mortar.

Experiment No. 13

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF LINTEL

Aim: Bar bending and fabrication of reinforcement for a lintel

Materials used: Mild steel bars, HYSD bars, binding wires.

Tools required: Bar bending bench, chisel, hammer, tape, bar bending lever.

Theory:
Steel reinforcement is mainly provided in concrete member to improve tensile strength as
concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension. This is termed as “reinforced cement
concrete” (RCC).
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The provision of such steel member helps the structural concrete to behave as a good composite
both in compression as well as tension.

Percentage of steel reinforcement:

It is calculated as per the actual requirements as laid down in position including overlaps, hooks,
cranks, it is determined by the detailed drawings and if not available , the steel reinforcement is
calculated approximately on the basis of percentage.
For columns it is assumed as 0.5-0.87%, for lintels and slabs it is 0.7-1.0% and for beams 1-
1.2%, for foundation 0.5-0.8%.
The member of main bars for which lintels depends upon the load from wall to be carried above
and span of opening. As a general rule for each 10cm thickness of wall one main bar should be
provided.
The end cover of steel bar is usually taken as 4-5cm and bottom cover is usually 1-5cm.

LINTEL:
A lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the opening. A lintel is thus a short of
beam, the width of which is equal to width of wall and ends of which are built into the wall.
The bearing of a lintel should be the minimum of the following.
1.10cm
2. Height of lintel
3. 1/10th to 1/12th of the span of lintel.

Lintels are simple and easy to construct.

They are classified according to the materials of construction-
1. Timber lintels
2. Stone lintels
3. Brick lintels
4. Steel lintels
5. Reinforced concrete lintels

Procedure:
1. Steel rods are made straight before cutting into required lengths.
2. Marking is done to each bar according to the bar bending schedule and shape of bending
3. Bars are bent into required dimensions by using bar bending levers on the bar bending bench.
4. All bent bars are kept on a level ground to carry out the fabrication to required shape and size
of bars using binding wires and hooks.
5. After completion of fabrication all dimensions are checked according to specifications.

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6. Later these are used as stirrups in case of lintel and is tied by spacing then equally to some
distances and erected.

IS code for reinforcement detailing:

1. SP34 (1987): Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing.
2. IS5525 (1969): Recommendations for detailing of reinforcement in reinforced concrete
works.

Experiment No. 14

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE OF COLUMN WITH FOOTING

Aim: To fabricate and prepare bar bending scheduling for column with footing.

Tools required: Bar bending bench, bar bending lever, chisel, hammer, tape.

Materials required: M.S. bars, HYSD Bars, binding wires.

Theory:

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Steel reinforcement and mainly provided on concrete member to improve tensile strength as
concrete in compression and weak in tension. This is termed as reinforced cement concrete
RCC.
 The provision of such steel members helps the structural concrete to behave as
good composite both in compression as well as in tension.
 Columns: it is as important component of reinforced structure. It is defined as
member mainly carrying axial loads.
 2-types: short column and long column.
 If ratio of effective length of column to its least lateral dimension is more than 12,
it is termed as long column, less than 12 then it is short column.
 Based in shape and reinforcement column are divided into composite column and
column with longitudinal bars and to them in proper position and also to take
shear stress tie bars are provided in columns.

Percentage of steel reinforcement:

It is calculated as per the actual requirements as laid down in position including overlaps, hooks,
cranks, it is determined by the detailed drawings and if not available , the steel reinforcement is
calculated approximately on the basis of percentage.
For columns it is assumed as 0.5-0.87%, for lintels and slabs it is 0.7-1.0% and for beams 1-
1.2%, for foundation 0.5-0.8%.
The member of main bars for which lintels depends upon the load from wall to be carried above
and span of opening. As a general rule for each 10cm thickness of wall one main bar should be
provided.

An isolated rectangular footing is provided for a column of section 400x400mm . following

details are provided ,
1. Height of column=3m.
2. Main reinforcement in column=4-16mm dia
3. Transverse reinforcement = 6mm dia bar at 220mm c-c.
4. Plan size of footing=3.2x3.2mm.
5. Depth of footing at column at 500mm.
6. Depth of footing at edge at 300mm.
7. Footing requirement , 16mm dia steel at 180mm c-c.
8. Grade of concrete M20.
9. Grade of steel Fe415.
Draw to suitable scale to following details plan, sectional elevation, prepare BBs.

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Procedure:
1. Steel rods are first made straight before cutting to require length.
2. All rods of different diameter are cut to required length as per calculation using chisel
and hammer.
3. Marking is done to each bar according to bar bending schedule and shape of bending.
4. Bars are bent into required dimensions by using bar bending levers on the bar bending
bench.
5. All bent bars are kept on level ground to carry out fabrication to required shape and size
by using bending wires and hooks.
6. Binding is done in such a way that there is no possibilities of any bar to be displaced
during placing and compaction of concrete. After an compaction of concrete and after
completion of fabrication all dimensions are checked according to specifications.

Reference Books:
1. Surveying by Arthur Benister, Pearson Education, 2006.
2. Relevant Bureau of Indian Standard Codes.
3. Building Construction by B.C. Punmia, Laxmi Publishers, New Delhi.
4. IS: 10262 – Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design – BIS Publication.
5. Design of reinforced concrete structures by Unnikrishnan and Devadas Menon, PHI, New
Delhi
6. BIS codes namely IS: 456:2000 and SP-34.
7. Estimating, Costing, Specification and Valuation in Civil Engineering. N. Chakraborti,
Published by author, Calcutta.
8. IS 1893-2002, Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, BIS, New-Delhi.

9. SP34 (1987): Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing.

10. IS5525 (1969): Recommendations for detailing of reinforcement in reinforced concrete
works.

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Viva Voce:

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