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Criminology- study of crime. Derived from Latin Crimen means D.R. Taft- Crim. Includes all the subj. Matter necessary to
accusation. Transliterated Greek Logia which has come to denote understanding and prevention of crime together with punishment
the Study of. and treatment of delinquents and criminals.
- study of crime and criminals, especially their - Crim. Is concerned not with the offenses committed by
behavior; scientific study and investigation of crime adults only but also deal with juvenile offenses.
and criminals.
Gregg Barak- Criminology is an interdisciplinary study of
Raffaele Garofalo- coined term criminology various body of knowledge, which focuses on the etiology of crime,
behavior of criminals, policies and practices of crime content.
Paul Topinard- used criminology first time in
French(criminologie) Webster Dictionary- Criminology as the scientific study of
- introduces term criminologish in english language crime as social phenomenon, or of criminals and their mental traits,
habits or discipline.
Development of Criminology
European Society of Criminology- Criminology as scholarly,
Beginning of 18th Century/ Era of Classical Criminology scientific, and professional knowledge concerning the explanation ,
- first distinguished crime from sin. They made explanations of prevention, control and treatment of Criminal delinquency,
criminal behavior that were not theological. offenders and victim.
- primarily concerned with the ending brutality and inequality
against criminals by enforcing limitations on government power. Definition of Terms (ATCaCoCiDfCyCjCjsEc)
- criminology behavior was product of offender’s rational
choice and crime could be prevented through speedy and certain 1. Applied Criminology- art of creating typologies,
application of penalties that attached painful and unattractive classifications….
consequence to such behavior. 2. Theoretical Criminology- subfield of general criminology most
often found in universities and colleges.
Beginning of 19th Century/ Modern Criminology 3. Constitutional Approach- approach to explaining criminal
- criminology is a sub speciality w/in the societies and founded behavior is influenced by structure or physical characteristics of
criminology journals. persons body.
- criminologist conducted empirical test of their theories rather 4. Criminologist- who studies criminology. Term recorded from
than relying on population and consequently developed a wide 1857. who trained in field of criminology.
range of theories. 5. Criminalist- who reconstruct crime scene or works with crime
- why crime occurred. scene evidence for forensic purposes.
6. Dualistic Fallacy- assumption that there is distinct difference
Second half of 20th Century/ Independent Criminology between 2 groups: criminals and noncriminals.
-Criminology began to assert from the traditional discipline 7. Criminality- behavioral predisposition that disproportionately
that spawned it. favors criminal activity
- A numbers of university developed graduate programs in 8. Criminal Justice- scientific study of crime, criminal law and
Criminology components of criminal justice system.
- tend/seek to understand crime itself rather than study of crime 9. Criminal Justice System- agencies of justice whose goal is to
as one aspect of an overall sociological or psychological theory. apprehend, convict, punish, and rehabilitate law violators.
- Contemporary scholars believe that criminal motivation is the 10. Experimental Criminology- form of contemporary
product of one or more complex set of factors. criminology that makes use of rigorous social scientific techniques.
Theories considered in one of the three categories: Goals of Studying criminology(DUPC)- to describe, understand,
predict, and control criminal behavior.
1. Theories attributing criminal behavior to biological or congenital
defects of the offender Nature of Criminology(ASDN)
2. Theories relating crime to psychological factors or mental
disorder, and 1. Applied Science- in study of causes of crimes, anthropology,
3. Theories relating crime to environment or social factors. psychology and other natural science. In crime detection-chemistry,
medicine, physics may be utilized.
Criminology Definition(EPMwffGvrhElDrGbWdEsc) 2. Social Science- social creation that exists in a society being as a
social phenomenon.
Edwin Sutherland- Criminology is the body of knowledge 3. Dynamic- criminology changes as social condition changes. It is
regarding social problem of crime. concomitant with advancement of other science that has been
- criminology is science regarding crime and delinquency as applied.
social phenomenon. 4. Nationalistic- study of crime must be in relation to existing
- Dean of Modern Criminology criminal law w/in territory or country.
Prof. Cirilo Tradio- body of knowledge regarding crimes as Principal Divisions of Criminology by Edwin Sutherland (SCP)
social phenomenon.
Scope of Criminology covers: Making laws, Breaking of 1. Sociology of Law(Making of Law)- attempts to offer scientific
laws, reaction towards breaking of laws. analysis of conditions under which criminal laws are developed as
- scientific of crime as an individual and social phenomenon process of formal social control.
- Criminology is an interdisciplinary field of behavioral 2. Criminal Etiology(Breaking of law)- attempts to provide
sciences analysis of causes of crime.
Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti- Criminology is the 3. Penology(Reacting toward the breaking of law)- concerned with
scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior control and prevention crime and treatment of youth offenders
Mendelson, Von Hentig, and Wolfgang- defines victims as 4. Victim Precipitation Theory- people initiate confrontation that
hapless dupes who instigated their own victimization leads to injury (AP)
Feminists- victims as anyone caught up in an asymmetric a. Active- use threat/ fighting words
relationship b. Passive- personal conflict
Asymmetry- unbalanced, exploitative, parasitical 5. Lifestyle Theory- crime is not random occurrence
Victims- any person who experiences injury, loss/ hardship due to
any cause. 6. Deviant Place Theory- victim prone bec. Reside in high-crime
- who suffered injury and harm by forces beyond his or her areas.
control.
Crime Victim- who suffered injury or loss due to illegal activity. Victim Defense- cases of parricide and homicide of batterers
- suffered as a result of commission of crime Emotional Distress- result of crime of recurring theme for all
Benjamin Mendelson- father of Victimology. Coined term 1940. victims of crime
- interviewed victims to obtain info PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
- coined victimal(the victim counterpart of criminal and Post Crime Distress also linked to pre-existing emotional problems
word) and socio-demoraphic variables. Leading cause of elderly to be
more adversely affected.
Von Hentig- studied victims of homicide and formed type of
victim. Models of Victimization
Victims became the forgotten process of CJS while criminal is the 1. Victim of Crime Model (Man-made cause)- homicide, rape
celebrity. and others.(IdRcRo)
Victim only valued for their capacity to report crimes and appear Stages:
in court and witnesses. a. Stage of Impact and Disorganization- depicts
New Victimologists study the behavior and vulnerabilities of attitude or activity of a victim
victims b. Stage of Recoil- during w/c the victims formulates
psychological defenses and deals w/ conflicting
Typologies of Criminal Victim emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance and desire of
revenge(last 3 to 8 mos.)
General Classes by Hans Von Hentig (YFOMdIM) c. Reorganization Stage- occurs during w/c the victim
Young- weak by virtue and immaturity put his/her life back to normal daily living
Female- less physically powerful and easily dominated by men 2. Victim of Disaster Model (Natural Cause)- applicable to
Old- incapable of physical defense victims of natural causes like earthquakes, flood, volcanic eruption,
Mentally Defective- unable to think clearly etc. (PiIPoiBo)
Immigrant- unsure of rules. Stages:
a. Pre-impact Stage- state of victim prior to being B. Multiple Factor Approach- criminal conduct is combination of
victimized several factors.
b. Impact Stage- the phase in w/c victimization C. Eclectic Approach- views that criminal behavior is caused by
occurs. one or more factors rather than cause
c. Post-Impact Stage- entails the degree and duration Criminal Behavior-behavior in violation of the criminal law
of the personal and social disorganization ff. Victimization. Risk Factors fro criminal Behavior
d. Behavioral Outcome- describes victim’s No single risk factor is big enough to predict without a doubt
adjustment to the victimization experience that a youth will become a violent criminal. It’s usually a
combination of factors that increase an individual’s risk. Child with
Kinds of Crime Victim (PST) six or more factors is 10 times more likely to be violent by age 18
his peer who was exposed to only risk factor.
1. Direct or Primarily Crime Victim- victim directly suffers the
harm or injury which is physical, psychological and economic Top Risk Factors for Criminal behavior are:
losses. 1. Family Issues Contribute to Criminal Behavior- no criminal
2. Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim- ex. Rape victim or behavior is passed through our genes. Children with violent
children of battered woman parents are more likely to become violent through learned
3. Tertiary Crime Victim- who experience harm vicariously such behavior. Negative factors might influence criminal behavior
as through media accounts. such as poor parenting skills, family size, discord in the
home(annul or left to grandparents), antisocial parents conflict
Etiology- refers to cause, set of causes, manner of causation od and punitive discipline(punish).
disease/ condition, investigation or attribution of the cause or reason 2. Mental Illness and Its Effect on Crime-more than half
for something population in jails and state and federal prisons have some
kind of mental illness. Mental illnesses do not cause people to
Etiology on Crime become violent criminals though there is strong correlation
Etiology- analyzes and studies causal links between circumstances between two.
and diff. Factors of criminality. Jail- penalty 1 to 3 years, under hearing.
- studies and research of causes and circumstances that deal Penalty- 3 years and above.
w/ all criminal behavior and other phenomena in society. 3. Peer Pressure Influence to Criminal Behavior- Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology support that peer pressure has
Criminal Etiology- division of criminology w/ attempts to provide negative influence on deviant behavior in children.
scientific analysis on the causes of crime. 4. How our Socioeconomic Status Contributes to
Causes of Crime- factors or circumstances that apply significantly Delinquency- our income, education levels and occupations
more to offenders than to non-offenders and potentially a direct but have strong influence to become violent criminals. Low-
not necessarily immediate link to crime. income homes are charged with crimes at age of 24 compared
to Middle-income families and high-income families.
Historical Views of Crime Causation(AMFCPS)
Crime- violation of law
1. Antique Philosophy- Aristotle offers philosophical standpoint -under the Philippine Law, refers to act committed or
on crime causation. Poverty as mother of all revolutions and crimes. omitted in violation of public law forbidding or commanding
2. Medieval Philosophy- Francis Bacon stated criminality will it.
depend on social situations. Opportunity makes a thief. Human a. Felonies- violation of Revised Penal Code.
behavior depend on situations. b. Offenses- violation of statutes
3. French Renaissance Philosophy- Voltaire and Rousseau c. Misdemeanors- violation of ordinances
introduce concept of free will. Crime as hedonistic behavior and - acts perceived by those in power as direct or indirect
failure to fulfill social contrect obligations. threats to their interests.(Political Definition)
4. Classical Criminology- crime as product of belief that - an anti-social act of such a nature that its repression is
benefits of committing crimes are far greater. necessary or supposed to be necessary to preservation of
- ‘Crime isn’t profitable bec. you’ll get caught’ and ‘that you’ll existing system of society.(Sociological Definition)
never get caught’ - form of social maladjustment-commit crime bec. He can’t
-Crime is a behavioral human characteristics and a choice. fit in society so he made his own group.(Psychological
5. Positivist Criminology- explain crim causation using Definition)
determinism.
- Atavism- born criminal/ genetically evolved. Criminological Classification of Crime
- Crime is inheritable and some people are born to be 1. As to the result of:
criminals. a. Acquisitive Crime-when offender acquires something as
6. Sociological Criminology- crime is a result of multiple a consequence of his criminal acts
factors, can be divided to biological, psychological and social b. Extinctive Crime- when the end of result of a criminal
factors. act is destructive.
a. Social Darwinism- Herbert Spencer. Most successful and 2. As to the time or period of commission:
wealthiest are product of social evolution. Evolved a. Seasonal Crime- committed only during a certain period
through natural selection. Criminals are who stupid of the year like violation of tax law.
enough to get caught. b. Situational Crime- committed only when given the
situation conducive to its commission. Opportunity
b. Social learning Theory- A. Bandura, Aggressive 3. As to length of time of commission:
behavior is largely learned.Can be direct(result from a. Instant Crime- committed in shortest possible of time.
positive/ negative behavior) or indirect(based on b. Episodic Crime- commiteed by series of acts in a lengthy
perception of other’s behavior as desirable or non- space of time. Ex. Serial Killing
desirable). 4. As to the place or location of the commission:
a. Static Crime- committed in only one place
-Corporal punishment are extreme form of negative b. Continuing Crime- can be committed in several places.
behavior, child can develop negative association from parents. Kidnapping. Filed where committed.
5. As to the use of Mental Faculty:
7. Psychology and Crime Causation - based on notion that a. Rational Crime-committed w/ intent and offender is in
hidden unconscious motives affect human behavior. full possession of his sanity
8. Biological Criminology- chromosome aberrations may be b. Irrational Crime- committed by persons who do not
cause of crime. know the nature and quality of their act. Has hallucination
Macho men- who have an extra Y chromosome, 6. As to the social status of the offender:
predisposed to commit crimes. a. White Collar Crime- committed by persons of
respectability and upper socio-economic class
Approaches in Criminal Etiology b. Blue Collar Crime- committed by ordinary professional
A. Single or Unitary- caused only one factor or variable: social, criminals to maintain their livelihood,
biological or mental. 7. As to the standard of living of the criminals:
a. Crime of the upper world- committed with high degree b) Passive inadequate Criminals - commit crime bec. they are
of skill. pushed to it by inducement.
b. Crime of the underworld- committed through limited c) Socialized delinquent criminals - normal behavior but merely
ability. defective in socialization processes.
When does crime exist?
Crime exist when person has been proven guilty by court. Crime
exist when it is reported.
Classical School - human are rational beings that crime is
Why does crime exist? the result of the exercise of free will, and that punishment can be
Crime exist because of the existence of the law. effective
Logomacy- there is no crime if there is no law punishing it. Nullum 1. Age of enlightenment(age of reason) - social movement that
crimen nulla poena sine lege. built upon ideas like empiricism, rationality, free will, humainism,
Eliminating crime requires the abolition of criminal law. and natural law.
Law- form of social control and absence of regulation in the 2. Social contract - enlightenment era concept that human beings
community leads to chaos among people. abandon their natural state of individual freedom to join together
Law of Jungle speaks about Survival of the Fittest(Matira ang and form society.
Matibay) 3. Natural law - immutable laws are fundamental human nature and
can be readily ascertained through reason.
Elements of Crime 4. Natural rights-individual retain in the face of gov’t action and
1. Motive(M)- movi- ng power w/c impels one to act for a definite interests.
result. No evidence found. Identity of the felon has not been 5. Hedonistic calculus - behavior holds value to any individual
clearly established. undertaking it according to amt. Of please or pain that is expected to
Intent- purpose in using particular means. Element of produce for that person. Known also as Utilitarianism
International Felony. 6. Panopticon - prison designed w/c is a circular building w/ cells
2. Opportunity(O)- chance or time given to the offender in along the circumtance.
committing the crime. 7. Neoclassical Criminology - contemporary version of classical
3. Instrumentality of capacity(I/C)- criminology that emphasizes deterrence and retribution.
Instrumentality- use of material or other means in 8. General Deterrence - criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent
commission of crime. others from committing crime.
Capability- physical capability of a person to perpetrate a 9. Specific deterrence - criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent
crime. particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality.
Crime vs Sin 10. Mala In Se - acts that are thought to be wrong in and of
Crime- act or omission against penal law of state. Imprisonment themselves.
or fine or both 11. Mala Prohibita - acts that are wrong only bec. They are
Sin- against spiritual or divine law. Death. prohibited.
Crime vs Immorality 12. Free will - ability of human beings to purposely and deliberately
Crime- against law of state. Nationalistic choose to follow a calculated course of action.
Immorality- against unwritten social norms. Regionalistic
Classical theorist: Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham
Why must members of society be concerned with the study of Cesare Beccaria - Italian philosopher and politician.
crime? - Crimes and punishment - condemned torture and
1. Crime is Pervasive- all members of free society were once death penalty. Seiminal treatise on legal reform and considered one
upon a victim or an offender of founding texts of classical criminology.
2. Expensive- gov’t and private sector spend enormous amt. Of Three types of crime by Beccaria - threaten security of state,
money injure citizen of property, and run contrary to social order.
A. Direct expenses Two types of Proof
B. Indirect expenses A. Perfect proof- no possibility of innocence.
3. Destructive - many lives have been lost because of crime B. Imperfect proof - possibility of innocence remained.
4. Reflective- crime rate is reflective of the effectiveness of social
defenses Jeremy Bentham - English jurist, philosopher, legal and social
5. Progressive- crime increase in volume on acc. Of the reformer.
increasing population - advocate of utilitarianism and fair treatment of
animals. Mas mataas na punishment, the more effective deterring
Criminals - committed wrongly act in the course of the standard criminal behavior.
judicial process. There must be a final verdict of his guilt. - Introduction to the principles of morals and
legislation- nature has placed mankind under governance of of 2
Classifications of Criminals sovereign masters: pain and pleasure.
1. On the basis of etiology: -Principle of utility- greatest happiness for
a) Acute Criminal - who violates criminal law bec. Of the impulse greatest number
of moment. -Hedonist who seeks pleasure and avoid pain.
b) Chronic Criminal- who acted in consonance with deliberate -Rational calculator weighing up costs and
thinking benefits of consequences of each action.
2. On the basis of behavioral system
a) Ordinary Criminals - lowest form of criminal career. Engage Eleven Types of Punishment by Bentham
only on conventional crimes w/c require limited skill. Lack 1. Capital Punishment - death
org. to avoid arrest and conviction 2. Afflictive Punishment - whipping and starvation
b) Organized Criminals- have high degree of org. Commit crimes 3. Indelible Punishment - branding, amputation, mutilation
w/out being detected and committed to specialized activities. 4. Ignominious Punishment - use of stock and pillory
c) Professional Criminals- highly skilled and obtained amt. Of 5. Penitential Punishment - censured by his or her community
money w/o being detected bec. they are organized and 6. Chronic Punishment - banishment, exile, imprisonment
contacted to other criminals. Able to escape conviction. 7. Restrictive Punishment - license revocation or administrative
3. On the basis of Activities sanction
a) Professional Criminals - earn living through criminal activities. 8. Compulsive Punishment - make restitution or keep in touch of
b) Accidental criminals- who commit criminal acts as a result of police officer
anticipated circumstances. 9. Pecuniary Punishment- use of fines
c) Habitual Criminals - continue commit criminal acts for such 10. Quasi-pecuniary Punishment - denied services
diverse reasons. Same crime committed after 10 years. 11. Characteristic Punishment - mandating prison uniform
Recidivist - commit crime repeatedly
d) Situational Criminals- actually not criminals but in trouble w/ Theories of Crime
legal authorities bec. they commit robbery 1. Demonological of Crime - individual were thought to be
4. On the basis of mental attitudes: possessed by good or evil spirit which caused good/evil result
a) Active aggressive criminals- who commit crime in an impulsive 2. Neo-classical Theory - children and lunatic cannot calculate pain
manner. Attitude is clearly shown in crimes of passion, and pleasure
revenge and resentments.
3. Classical Theory - Men are rational being who has freewill to dependent on other animals for survival. Thus,
choose good or evil. man steals and kill to live.
To be a Filipino citizen Registered voter is one enlisted himself or herself as a voter and
The following are citizens of the Philippines: was accepted by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) as a
1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the voter.
adoption of this Constitution;
2) Those who fathers and mothers are citizens of the Qualifications of the President(1 term) and the Vice –
Philippines President(2 terms) (6 years)
3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, 1) He or she is a natural – born citizen of the Philippines;
who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of 2) A registered voter;
majority; and 3) Able to read and write;
4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. 4) At least forty (40) years old on the day of the election for
President;
There are two kinds of Filipino citizens: 5) A resident of the Philippines for at least ten (10) years
1) natural – born Filipino citizen - one who was born with one of his immediately preceding such election.
parents, or both, is a Filipino citizen.
– One who does not have to perform any act to acquire Qualifications of a Senator (24 Senators, maximum period of 6
his Philippine citizenship. years, 2 terms)
1) He or she is a natural – born citizen of the Philippines;
2) naturalized Filipino citizen– one who underwent the 2) A registered voter;
naturalization process under the law of the Philippines. 3) Able to read and write;
4) At least 35 years old on the day of the election;
Naturalization - act of formally adopting a foreigner into the 5) A resident of the Philippines for at least 2 years immediately
political community of a State and giving him the rights preceding the day of the election.
and privileges of citizenship.
Qualifications of a District Representative (3 years, 3
The following are the ways of acquiring Filipino citizenship by consecutive terms)
naturalization: 1) He or she is a natural – born citizen of the Philippines;
1) By judgment of the court - filed in the proper Regional Trial 2) A registered voter;
Court. 3) Able to read and write;
2) By direct act of Congress - the Congress enacts an act conferring 4) At least 25 years old on the day of the election;
citizenship on a foreigner. 5) A registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected; and
3) By administrative proceedings 6) A resident of the Philippines for at 1 year preceding the day of the
election.
Dual citizenship refers to the possession of two citizenships by an
individual, that of his original citizenship and that of Qualifications of a Sectoral/Party List Representative (3 years, 3
the country where he became a naturalized citizen. consecutive terms)
1) He or she is a natural – born citizen of the Philippines;
Dual allegiance, on the other hand, refers to the continued 2) A registered voter;
3) Able to read and write; •CONGRESS SHALL BY LAW PROVIDE FOR THE
4) At least t 25 years old on the day of the election; at least 18 but MANNER IN WHICH ONE WHO IS TO ACT AS PRESIDENT
not more than 25 years old for youth sectoral representative and SHALL BE SELECTED UNTIL A PRESIDENT OR A VP SHALL
5) A bona fide member of the sector or party list he or she wishes to HAVE QUALIFIED.
represent; and THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
6) A resident of the Philippines for at 1 year preceding the day of the
election. VACANCY DURING THE TERM
Party – List or Sectoral Representatives •Death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of
- those who represent the (marginalized) group in the society the President
like the farmers, laborers, public school teachers and others that •VP SHALL become President
are duly accredited by the COMELEC. •Death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of
President AND Vice president:
✓Article VI Legislative Department •Senate President – acting capacity
Legislative Branch - Latin lex, legis means law •IN CASE OF INABILITY
- making deliberation over, enactment, •Speaker of the House – acting capacity
amendment, and repealing of law Until a President or VP shall be elected and qualified.
•Congress, by law, shall provide for the manner which one is to act
Structures of Legislative Branch as President in the event of inability of the officials mentioned
1. Unicameral- one chamber/ houses above.THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
2. Bicameral - two chamber/ houses
TEMPORARY DISABILITY
Philippine Congress is the country’s legislative department. •When the President TRANSMITS to the SP and the SH
Congress is Bicameral - Upper House: Senate •Written Declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers
- Lower House: House of Representatives and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written
declaration to the contrary: such powers and duties shall be
Parliamentary Privilege - Privilege from arrest, privilege of discharged by the VP as ACTING President.
speech and debate •Majority of ALL the Members of the CABINET TRANSMIT to the
Senate President and House Speaker elected by majority vote SP
and SH:
•Written Declaration that the P is unable to discharge the
Power of Congress powers and duties of his office
Appointment of Public Officials •VP IMMEDIATELY assumes the powers and duties of the
Declare state of war Office as ACTING PRESIDENT
Authorize limited emergency power of the President •President transmits Written Declaration that NO inability exists,
Approve the gov’t budget •Reassume the powers of the office of the President
Allow for referenda
Undertake projects under the CDF POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
1.) Executive Power
Legislative Limitations - pass ex post facto law 2.) Power of Appointment
- Grant titles of nobility 3.) Power of Removal
- Pass tax exemption 4.) Power of Control
- Increase appropriations recommended by 5.) Military Powers
executive branch 6.) Pardoning Power
7.) Borrowing Power
✓ARTICLE 7. EXECUTIVE BRANCH 8.) Diplomatic Power
Executive Branch 9.) Budgetary Power
Charged with the execution and administration of a country’s laws 10.)Informing Power
In general, the executive branch sets the direction of national policy 11.)Residual Power
EXECUTIVE POWER 12.)Other Powers
It is the power to enforce and administer the
laws (Cooley, Constitutional Limitation, 8th ed., p. 183) 1. Executive Power
The executive power is vested in the President • President shall have the control of all executive departments,
of the Philippines (Art. VII, Sec. 1) bureaus, and offices. He shall ensure that laws are faithfull executed
Salaries
President 2. Power of Appointment
Shall receive an annual salary of three • Selection by the authority vested with the power, of an individual
hundred thousand pesos (Php 300,000). who is to exercise the functions of a given office.
Vice – President • Kinds of Presidential Appointment(Sec.15)
Two hundred forty thousand pesos. • Appointment made by an Acting President
Presidential Succession(Sec 7-8) • Midnight Appointment
2 sets of rule: • Regular Presidential Appointment
a.) Occuring before the term • Ad-Interim Appointment
b.) Occuring mid-term • APPOINTMENT – the act of designation by the executive officer,
board, or body to whom the power has been delegated, of the
THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT RULES ON SUCCESSION individual who is to exercise the functions of a given office.
Vacancy at the beginning of the term: Appointments extended by an Acting President shall remain
•Death or permanent disability of the President-elect effective, unless revoked by the elected President within ninety days
•VP-elect shall become President from his assumption or reassumption of office.
•President-elect fails to qualify Acting President:
•VP-elect shall ACT as president until the President-elect shall • Exercises the powers & functions of the Office of the President
have qualified. • NOT the incumbent President
•President shall not have been chosen: • has not become a President to serve the unexpired portion of the
•VP-Elect shall ACT as president until a President shall have term
been chosen & qualified.
•No President and VP chosen or qualified, or both have died or According to the Commission of Appointments website, the
become permanently disabled: following need confirmation in order to assume their posts:
•SENATE PRESIDENT in an acting capacity 1. Executive Secretary
•In case of inability 2. Secretary of Agrarian Reform
•SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE in an acting capacity 3. Secretary of Agriculture
•Until a president or a VP shall have been chosen and 4. Secretary of Budget and Management
qualified. 5. Secretary of Education
•IN THE EVENT OF INABILITY OF BOTH, who shall ACT as 6. Secretary of Energy
President? 7. Secretary of Environment and Natural
Resources – Violate Open Court Doctrine(civilians cannot be tried
8. Secretary of Finance by military courts if the civil courts are open and
9. Secretary of Foreign Affairs functioning)
10. Secretary of Health – Automatically suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus
11. Secretary of Justice
12. Secretary of Labor and Employment Military power of the President
13. Secretary of National Defense 1. Powers to meet emergency situations
14. Secretary of Public Works and A. to call out the armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless
Highways violence
15. Secretary of Science and Technology B. to suspend the privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus
16. Secretary of Social Welfare and C. to declare martial law
Development 2. Commander- in- Chief of the Armed Forces
17. Secretary of the Interior and Local
Government 6. Pardoning Power
18. Secretary of Trade and Industry The pardoning power extends to all offenses, including criminal
19. Secretary of Transportation and contempt (disrespect to or
Communications disobedience to a court which amounts to a crime). It does not give
20. Secretary of Tourism the President the power to exempt, except from punishment, anyone
21. Commission on Higher Education from the law.
21. Director General of the National
Economic and Development Authority Pardon- Act of grace which exempts individual from punishment
which the law inflicts.5. Pardoning Power(Sec.19)
As to effect:
Kinds of presidential appointments (required to be submitted to a. )Plenary or b.)Partial
the Commission on Appointments)
1. Regular appointments - As to presence of condition:
• Nomination by the President a.)Conditional Pardon or b.)Absolute Pardon
• Consent by the Commission on Appointments
• Appointment by the President Amnesty – A general pardon to rebels for their treason or political
offence; it so overlooks and obliterates the offnse with which he is
2. Ad interim appointments charged. Person released by amnest stands before the law precisely
• Voluntary- before the adjournment as though he had committed no offense.
• Compulsory- when Congress adjourns
Parole – release from imprisonment, but without full restoration of
liberty(in custody of law although not in confinement
3. Power of Removal • Remission of fines and forfeiture – Prevents the
• General Rule: This power is implied from the power to collection of fines and confiscation of forfeited
appoint(Cruz) property; cannot affect rights of third party and
• Exception – Those appointed by him where the Constitution money already in the treasury.
prescribes certain methods for separation from public service.
Kinds of pardon
4. Power of Control • Absolute
• Control – The power of an officer to alter, modify, nuillify, or set • Conditional
aside what a subordinate officer had done in the performance of his
duties and to substitute the judgement of the former for that of the 7. Borrowing Power(Sec. 20)
latter. • The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of
• Supervision – Overseeing or the power or authority of an officer the Republic with the concurrence of the Monetary Board, subject to
to see that subordinate officers perform their duties. If the latter fail such limitations as may be provided by law.
or neglect to fulfill them, then the former may take such action or • The Monetary board shall submit to the Congress report on loans
steps as prescribed by law to make them perform these duties. within 30 days from the end of every quarter.Authority to contract
and guarantee foreign loans
5. Military Powers 1. Exclusive executive function
1.) Commander-in-Chief clause 2. Concurrence of Monetary Board required
• To call out the Armed Forces to prevent or suppress lawless 3. Checks by Congress7. Diplomatic Power(sec.21)
violence, invasion or rebellion(whenever it becomes neccessary); • No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective
• Vested directly by the Constitution unless concurred in by atleast 2/3 of all the Members of the Senate
• Authority to declare a state of rebellion • The power to ratify is vested in the President, subject to the
• Military Tribunals are simply instrumentalities of the executive concurrence of the Senate. Other foreign affairs powers:
power provided by the legislature for the Commander-in-Chief to a.) power to make treaties
aid him in enforcing discipline in the armed forces.4. Military b.) the power to appoint ambassadors, public ministers, and consuls
Powers c.) power to receive ambassadors and other public ministers
d.) Deportation Power• Treaty- compact made two or more states,
2.) Suspension of writ of Habeas Corpus including international organizations of states, intended to create
– A writ directed to the person detaining another, commanding him binding rights and obligations upon the parties thereto.
to produce the body of the prisoner at a designated time and place
xxx the object of which is the liberation of those who may be in 8. Budgetary Power
prison without sufficient cause. • Within 30 days from the opening of every regular session,
– Ground for suspension: invasion, rebellion, when public President shall submit to Congress a budget or expenditures and
safety requires it sources of financing, including receipts from existing and proposed
Effects of suspension of Writ: revenue measure.
• does not affect the right to bail • Congress may not increase the appropriation recommended by the
• Applies only to persons facing charges of rebellion President for the operation of the Government as specified in the
• The arrested must be charged within 3 days; if not they must be budget.
released
• Does not supersede civilian authority.4. Military Powers 9. Informing Power
3.) Martial LAW • The President shall address Congress at the opening of its regular
– Grounds for declaration: Invasion and Rebellion session. He may also appear before it at any other time.
• The following cannot be done: • The information may be needed for the basis of legislation(Cruz)
– Suspend the operation of the Constitution • The President usally discharges the informing power through what
– Supplant the function of the civil courts and is known as the State of the Nation Address
legislative assemblies
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - Explain, Inform, Persuade, Entertain
4 Purpose
Forms of Communication Global everyday written and oral
Intrapersonal Global specialized written and oral
Interpersonal
Mass Communication Process of Communication
Small group of Communication Sender - encoding - Message/channel - decoding - receiver -
feedback
Ethics in Communication
Ethics- Ethos means ’characteristic way of acting’
- deals w/ value relating to human, rightness of an act Speaker- person begins the communication interaction by having a
- science of the morality of human acts thought or intended message to send a listener
- branch of Philosophy that focuses on the issues of right and
wrong in human affairs Encoding- process of creating the message to be transmitted from a
sender to listener
Communication- impairing/ exchanging of information
- act of transferring information from one place, Message- what is actually communicated or transmitted to the
person or group to another listener
- involves one sender, message and recipient
- derived from Latin word Communis meaning common Channel- the means by which the message is communicated
- process by w/c information is exchange between
individuals through a common system of symbols and signs of Listener- person or people who receive the speaker’s message
behavior
- interchange of thoughts, opinions or info by speech, Decoding- how the listener interpret and processes the message
writings, or signs transmitted by sender
- process of initiating, transmitting and receiving info
Feedback- message of response sent from the listener back to the
3 Basic Principles of Ethical Communication speaker. Can be verbal or nonverbal, positive or negative
Avoid intentional deception
Avoid communication that harm others Situation- context in w/c the communication process occurs
Avoid treating members unfairly
Interference- anything that could impede the process of
Ethics Trap communication. Barrier
- Necessity, end justifies that means, self-deception, relatives External- noises and sounds
Internal- feelings, emotions, thoughts of speaker and/ or
Ethical Communicator listener
Respect audience
Consider the result of communication 7C’s of Effective Communication
Value Truth Completeness- quality of communication process.
Use information correctly Include everything that receiver needs to hear for him to
Don not falsify information respond.
Conciseness- keeping message short but direct or straight
Moral Principles to the point.
- Utilitarian, Deontology, Virtue Consideration- consider relevant info such as mood,
background, race, etc.
Basic categories of Communication Concreteness- supported by facts, figures and real-life
Verbal Communication- use of sound and words to express examples and situation.
yourself or to communicate specially in contrast of gestures/ Courtesy- respecting other culture, values and beliefs of
mannerism his or her receiver.
Clearness- implies use of simple and specific words to
Non-Verbal Communication- includes pitch, speed, tone, and express ideas.
volume of gestures and facial expression, body posture Correctness- increases the credibility and effectiveness
of the message.
Barriers
1. Cultural Relativism- ethnocentrism Media Literacy- concerned w/ helping students develop an
2. Lack of knowledge of other culture informed and critical understanding of nature of mass media. Aims
3. Discrimination and harassment to provide students with ability to create media products.
4. Language difference
1. All media are constructed- media do not simply reflect external
How to fight Barriers reality
1. Review Communication Principles- 7C’s 2. The media construct version of reality,
2. Analyze the message receiver 3. Audiences negotiate meaning in media.
3. Open or accepting other culture 4. Media messages have commercial implications.
4. Learn about culture 5. Media message contain ideological and value messages.
5. Consider Language needs 6. Media messages contain social and political implications.
7. Form and content are closely related in media messages.
Intercultural Communication- interaction by peoplew/ from 8. Each medium has unique aesthetic form.
diverse cultural
Media- any channel of communication. Include anything from
Forms printed paper to digital data.
1. Interracial Communication- interaction from people from
diff. races Literacy- ability to read and write. Knowledge and competence in
2. Inter-ethnic “”- diff. Ethnic origins specific area
3. International “”- between representatives from diff. nation Types of Media
4. Intracultural “”- interacting w/ members of the same racial 1. Print Media- consisting of paper and ink reproduced in
ethnic group printing process
Ex. Newspaper, Blog, Magazines, Comics, Brochures
Communication
High Context- tradition link communication system 2. Broadcast Media- such as radio and television that reach
Low Context- works on straight forward communication, short target audiences using airwaves as transmission on medium.
term Ex. Television, Radio, Satellites, Mobile Phones
It presents information not an argument, meant to be sub headings, composed of short and concise paragraphs,
scanned quickly by the reader, uses numbers headings and uses graphic illustration.
Report categories It is an official report that contains a collection of detailed
1. The informal report information, research, and data necessary to make
It functions to inform, analyze, and recommend. decisions.
It may be in the form of memo, financial report, monthly It is formal, complex and used at an official level.
activities report, development report, research, etc. It is often a written account of a major project.
It is written according to an institution’s style and rules. It may be in the form of launching a new technology or a
Introductory and prefatory parts are not required. new project line, results of a study or an experiment, a
It is used for conveying routine messages. review of developments in the field, etc.
Types of Formal Report
Types of informal report A. Informational report
a. Progress report – written to provide information about the Provides data, facts, feedback, and other types of
way a project is developing. information without analysis or recommendations
b. Sales activity report – helps a firm to understand about the Presents an update of an operation or status of a current
progress of the sales people and also identify the research so readers can understand a particular problem or
shortcomings. situation
c. Personal evaluation - used by an organization to assess an B. Analytical Report
employee’s performance
It goes beyond just presenting results.
d. Financial report – a presents formal record of the financial
Analytical reports present results, analyze those results, and
activities of a business, person, or other entries
draw conclusions based on those results. It attempts to
e. Feasibility report – assesses the viability of a new project;
describe why or how something happened and explains what
persuade or help the decision makers to choose between the
it means.
options
C. Recommendation Reports
f. Literature review – conveys to the readers the work
already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been This types advocates a particular course of action. This
already established on particular topic of research. usually presents the results and conclusions that support the
g. Credit report – details report of an individual’s credit recommendations.
history prepared by a credit bureau. D. Research Reports
Most widely used report usually in university levels.
2. The formal report E. Case Study Analysis Reports
Includes real life examples
Parts of the report
I. Title Page VI. Findings
II. Table of contents VII. Conclusion
III. Executive summary VIII. Recommendation
IV. Introduction IX. Bibliography
V. Methods
COMMUNICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT: THE RESUME • A resume summarizes the most important information an
What is a resume? A resume is a one-to- two pages document that employer needs to know when they consider a new hire. The
sums up a job seeker’s qualifications for the jobs they’re interested job seeker's relevant qualifications, training, and work history
in. A marketing tool that job seekers use to communicate their value are listed under easily understood resume headings such as
to employers. "Summary of Qualifications," "Professional Experience," or
What goes into a resume? "Education."
Resume includes the following: Formal memorandum. These are message and appear
Contact information more formal. These are used to respond to formal queries,
Objective or Summary of Qualifications convey information pertaining to the business such as
Work History sales report, suggestions for cost improvements, etc.
Education Request memorandum Request memo is written with a
Who needs a resume? view to elicit a favorable response.
• A person needs to submit a resume if he/she is applying for Confirmation memo. A confirmation memo
a job with an organization that doesn.t solely on standard, i s a w r i t t e n confirmation of what has been agreed to
handwritten application forms. verbally.
• Companies that requires resume will say so in their job Peri od i c rep ort memo . A peri odi c report m em o i s
postings. used t o depict information that needs to be submitted
What is the purpose of a resume? at intervals. Examples of such memos are those that are
• The purpose of resume is to land you an interview, used to present quarterly sales reports, monthly expenditure
represent professional information. reports, etc.
Ideas and suggestions memo. Ideas and suggestion
Types of Resumes memos are used for providing ideas and suggestions when
• Chronological: With work history listed in reverse they are a s k e d f o r . M a n y t i m e s , o r g a n i z a t i o n s
chronological order (most recent position first, oldest s o l i c i t i d e a s a n d suggestions from the employees to
position last), this traditional type of resume focuses on tackle certain problems. These may be related to
titles and dates. improving inter-personal relations, cost reduction efforts,
• Functional: This less-common format focuses on skills and improving the work environment, etc.
accomplishments, rather than dates and titles. It divides
your qualifications into functional categories, such as COMMUNICATION WITHIN A COMPANY: The Minute of
Administrative, Marketing, or Project Management. Meeting
• Combination/Hybrid: Featuring a mix of elements from Minute an official written statement of the motions and
both of the above resume types, this format is the most resolutions taken in a meeting. A brief but a complete record of
versatile for individual scenarios. Many feel this format the proceeding of a meeting that should be needed to approved
gives hiring managers the best of both worlds. by the participating members of the meeting Official written
• Targeted: A targeted resume is a custom document that records of a meeting's proceeding are called minutes. All
specifically highlights the experience and skills that are motions and resolutions should be recorded word for word a
relevant to the job. presented. Individuals presenting motions and resolutions
• Scannable: A scannable resume is specifically formatted to should be identified by name of the minutes. It is important to
be read by scanner and converted to digital information indicate that a motion was seconded, but the name of the
COMMUNICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT: THE individual who seconds a motion need not be recorded.
APPLICATION LETTER
PARTS OF MINUTE
What is application letter? Robert's Rule of Order (2005) recommends that minutes
Application letter is generally the first thing your prospective contain the following items.
employers will see, and it should motivate them to read your resume. 1. Committee or Organizational name
It serve as a formal introduction of yourself to your prospective 2. Kind of meeting (regular board meeting, an annual meeting, a
employer. Considered optional components of applying for a job, meeting of the housing committee or a special meeting).
more and more frequently, employers are singling out those who 3. Date, location and time of beginning and adjourment.
actually take the time to write an application letter as their top picks. 4. Names of the chairperson and secretary of their substitutes.
5. Names of all presents members.
Features of an Application Letter 6. Name of guest and their role in the meeting.
1. Qualifications- Need to make clear why you’re interested in 7. Reference to approval of last meeting's minutes.
the position or in that organization. 8. Motions raised, Motion must be written as stated, including for
2. Pleasing tone – need to go beyond simply stating your approval.
accomplishments. 7. ADJOURMENT
3. Format- need to arrange something in particular format. The meeting was adjourned at 5:00 pm
Prepared by:
Communication within a Company: The Memorandum Ana Tangle, Secretary
What is Memorandum? A memo or memorandum is a
communication note that records events or observations on a topic. TYPES OF MINUTES
Memos are typically used within a business environment as an Generally, the minutes of a minutes can be divided
interoffice communication tool and can serve many purposes. into two groups. They are the following:
1. Minutes of narration: These minutes will be a
Purpose of Memorandum concise summary of all discussions which took place,
Memos can be used to quickly communicate with reports, received, actions to be taken and decisions made. It
a wide audience something brief but important, such as includes;
procedural changes, price increases, policy additions, Names of the participating members.
meeting schedules, reminders for teams, or summaries Name of the proposer and supporter.
of agreement terms, Discussion summary. Resolutions.
2. Voting pattern etc. Minutes of resolution; Minutes of
resolution means the written statements of the decisions that have
Example; been taken and approved by the participating members of the
To: All employees meeting. Only the main conclusions which are reached at the
From: E.J. Smith, Production Lead meeting are recorded in minutes of resolution. These are usually
Date: November 1, 2018 used for minutes of AGMs and other statutory meetings.
Subject: Thanksgiving Print Schedule Change Example: Purchase of photocopier - the company secretary
Production would like to remind everyone that submitted a report from the administrative manager containing full
the Thanksgiving holiday will affect our print deadlines this details of the trial of the AEZ photocopier. It was resolved that the
month. Any hard-copy pages that would normally go out to AEZ photocopier be purchased at a cost of $250.
the printer via UPS on a Thursday or Friday during the
week will need to go out by 3 p.m. on Wednesday, Difference between agenda and minute
November 21. Both agenda and minute are the important documents of a meeting.
But they different from each other in respect of the following points:
Different Kinds of Memorandums: AGENDA
Informal memorandum. These are handwritten memos. 1. Agenda means the topics to be discussed in a meeting.
They are more commonly used to communicate message 2. It is a read out before holding the meeting.
related to day activities such as conveying telephone 3. It is read out at the beginning of a meeting.
messages, to remain people of something, responding to 4. It does not require to be approved by the members concern
inquiries, and soon.
5. Generally it is included in the notice book
6. It includes on the points to be discussed. Types of Communication in Criminology
7. It is served by the higher or authority of the organizations.
8. It is signed by the secretary or convener of the meeting with date. • Narratives and Reports
Narrative writing is a daily job duty for many police officers,
MINUTES who must write clear reports detailing their interactions with
1. Minutes are the brief but complete statements of motion and and arrest of suspects. These reports are frequently used to
resolutions of a meeting. establish a time line and maintain information about how and
2. It is prepared at the time of meeting or after the meeting. why an officer arrested someone.
3. It is read out in the next meeting. • Legal Pleadings and Citations
4. It is must approved by the participating members of the Legal pleadings are formal pieces of writing submitted to the
meeting. court, such as motions for summary judgment and complaints
5. It is written in the resolution book. for damages. The court may also evaluate formal legal citations,
6. It includes complete motion and resolutions of the meeting. such as tickets written by police officers
7. It is passed by the members of the meeting • Judicial Orders
It is duty signed by the chairperson of the meeting. A judicial order is a document written by a judge that renders a
decision about a case.
PRINCIPLE OF DRAFTING MINUTES OF CONSIDERING • Studies and Research
FACTORS IN DRAFTING MINUTES The criminal justice system is a massive institution that includes
Minutes are the written and formal documents of discussion courts, jails and even mental health facilities. Consequently,
in the meeting. many criminal justice workers are interested in studying the
COMMUNICATION FOR CRIMINOLOGY system to obtain various information.
Criminology is a branch of sociology that focuses on the causes, • Informal Communications
effects and social impact of crimes.the ability to shift between
conveying information with authority and listening carefully with
compassion lies at the heart of communication in criminal justice Yung mga mali dan pabago na lang HAHAHAHHA Baka
The criminal justice system includes professionals that include magreklamo pa tao lang ako, nagkakamali. D pa nagpasalamat na
attorneys, law enforcement officials, psychologists, judges and may gumawa. Attitude is meh HAHAHAHHA
other experts.
GOODLUCK!