Engineering Standards: Transredes Guidelines For Lowering Pipelines While in Service

Standard
Engineering Standards 0137

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TRANSREDES GUIDELINES FOR LOWERING
PIPELINES WHILE IN SERVICE 01/98
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CONTENTS
Section Title Page

1. SCOPE 2
2. GENERAL 2
3. PRELIMINARY EVALUATIONS 3
3.1 Pipe Condition 3
3.2 Population Density 4
3.3 Fabrications or Other Obstructions 4
3.4 Soil Conditions 4
3.5 Existing Pipe Profile 4
3.6 Pipe Joints 5
3.7 Inspection and Testing 5
3.8 Reduced Operating Pressure 6
3.9 Lines Previously Lowered 6
4. STRESS CALCULATIONS 6
4.1 General 6
4.2 Longitudinal Defects - Discussion 8
4.3 Longitudinal Defects - Calculation Procedure 8
4.4 Circumferential Defects - Discussion 9
4.5 Circumferential Defects - Calculation Procedure 11
4.6 Combined Triaxial Stress - Discussion 13
4.7 Combined Triaxial Stress - Calculation Procedure 14
4.8 Lowering Length and Radius of Curvature 16
5. WRITTEN PLAN 16
6. LOWERING 18
7. LOWERING FOLLOW UP 19
APPENDIX A - Lowering Example 20
LIST OF TABLES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND FIGURES
Number Title Page

Table I Stresses Experienced by Lowered Pipelines 7
Illustration 1 Simplified Flow Diagram - Stress Calculations 23
Illustration 2 Simplified Lowering Profile 24
Illustration 3 Lowering Procedure and Sequence 25
Illustration 4 Pipe Supports and Restraints 26
Figure 1 Critical Defect Length Versus Hoop Stress 27
Figure 2 Circumferential Defect Size versus Longitudinal Stress 28
Figure 3 Allowed Support Spacing Versus Stress Level 29
Figure 4 Elongation Stress versus L/D Ratio 30
Figure 5A Bending + Elongation Stress Versus L/D Ratio - 2" Pipe 31
Figure 5B Bending + Elongation Stress Versus L/D Ratio - 3" Pipe 32
Figure 5C Bending + Elongation Stress Versus L/D Ratio - 4" Pipe 33
Figure 5D Bending + Elongation Stress Versus L/D Ratio - 6" Pipe 34
Figure 5E Bending + Elongation Stress Versus L/D Ratio - 8" Pipe 35
Figure 5F Bending + Elongation Stress Versus L/D Ratio - 10" Pipe 36
Figure 5G Bending + Elongation Stress Versus L/D Ratio - 12" Pipe 37
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1. SCOPE
This standard presents general conditions and precautions to be considered and the planning necessary prior to
lowering a pipeline while it is in service. Analytical methods are presented whereby both the actual and safe
levels of extraordinary pipe stresses due to the lowering process are estimated. Note that lowering a pipeline
while it is in service is not recommended if it is practical to take the line out of service.
2. GENERAL
* 2.1 This standard is predicated on an interpretation of ASME B31.8, that the wording "relocated" does not
include lowering of a pipeline while in service. This is believed to be substantiated by Gas Piping
Technology Committee (GPTC) "Guide for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems" which
addresses "realigning (moving in any direction)" of in service piping. Consistent with this interpretation,
Engineering Standard 8100 does not require testing of pipelines lowered while in service (internal
pressure above atmospheric).
2.2 The calculations prescribed in this standard use a fracture mechanics approach to determine allowable
lowering stresses. A more detailed explanation of the theories and assumptions which form the basis for
the calculations and limitations prescribed herein is presented in "Procedure for Lowering of In-Service
Pipelines," Revision 5, dated December 6, 1990, prepared by Code Compliance and Standards.
2.3 A straight, relatively horizontal run of pipe is the least complex situation to consider for lowering. An
example calculation for straight, horizontal pipe is included in Appendix A. Lowering situations
involving other than straight pipe must be addressed on an individual basis; however, factors to be
considered for lowering almost any configuration are outlined herein.
2.4 A computer program, TRANCAL2, written in BASIC language is used by Code Compliance to evaluate
pipelines having multiple bends. After dividing such a line into multiple segments (usually straight), the
program enables the user to enter and adjust the bending radius of any or all of the segments until an
acceptable lowered pipeline profile is obtained.
2.5 This standard is not intended to preclude the use of other analytical methods or computerized models for
achieving an equivalent result. Regardless of the analytical methods used, plans for in-service lowering
should be reviewed and approved by an engineer who is familiar with the principles and risks involved.
* 2.6 For some of the computational procedures prescribed herein, the option is given of using either a formula
or extracting data from a curve. Results may differ between the two options; however, the differences are
presumed to be insignificant compared to the accuracy of the data and assumptions upon which the
procedure is based. Nonetheless, results obtained using the curves can be considered the more accurate
since the formulas are derived from the curves by a "least squares" curve fit of a "nth-degree" polynomial
with "n" limited so as to make non-computerized calculation practical.
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3. PRELIMINARY EVALUATIONS
In-service lowering of pipelines, even at reduced pressures, imposes stresses in the pipe that may be greater than
those which previously existed due to residual lay stresses and internal pressure. To provide adequate assurance
that these stresses do not cause failure during lowering, the conditions and level of inspection during construction,
current pipe condition, the operating environment and appropriate stress limitations must be investigated. Stress
analysis and limitations are addressed in Section 4. Following are some of the major items of concern regarding
the pipe condition and its environment which should be investigated and for which mitigative measures may be
necessary prior to lowering a pipeline in service.
3.1 Pipe Condition
Review the records of the pipeline segment for such things as corrosion, failures, leaks, number of repairs
and the type of repairs performed (i.e., pipe replacement, sleeves, patches or leak clamps).
3.1.1 Patches or leak clamps must be replaced by welded repair sleeves in accordance with
Engineering Standard 8354 if the line is to be repaired and lowered while in service.
3.1.2 If electrolytic corrosion is known or suspected to exist, the extent must be established. If
corrosion is general and a relatively uniform wall thickness reduction has occurred, the
remaining wall thickness must be adequate for the MAOP. If it is not appropriate, repairs
must be made or the MAOP reduced. The actual, as lowered, minimum wall thickness must
be used in the stress analysis calculations in this standard. If pitting has occurred, evaluate
the severity of the pitting. Make any appropriate repairs or reduce the MAOP accordingly.
3.1.3 If the pipeline (not only the segment to be lowered) has a history of stress corrosion cracking
or longitudinal seam leaks, in-service lowering should not be attempted.
3.2 Population Density
Future operating integrity of a pipeline is not considered to be compromised by proper in-service

lowering; however, as a safeguard, public encroachment and population density should be considered. If
a segment is in a Class 2 or 3 location, such things as pipe size, age, prior strength tests and overall
condition should be evaluated more critically before in-service lowering is attempted.
3.3 Fabrications or Other Obstructions
A field and/or records investigation of the pipeline segment to be lowered should be made to determine if
any above or below ground facilities exist that may create problems during the lowering operation.
Examples of such facilities include foreign facility crossings, casings, fittings and side connections.
Although these facilities will be found during the excavation required prior to lowering, it is possible that
they may preclude lowering of the line to the required elevation.
3.3.1 Segments having no valves or side connections located in or within 200 feet of the segment
may be routinely lowered.
3.3.2 Segments where valves or side connections are included or located within 200 feet must be
considered on an individual basis.
3.3.3 Farm taps are not considered side connections for purposes of this standard. If a farm tap is
located within the segment to be lowered it should be disconnected or provided with an
adequate flexible connection prior to the lowering operation.
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3.4.4 Obstacles to the lowering such as foreign line undercrossings or bed rock below the pipe must
also be identified and negotiated if in-service lowering is to be done.
3.4 Soil Conditions
If sloughing of the ditch is likely due to conditions such as ground water or inherent soil instability,
adequate provisions must be made to deal with these type problems to insure that movement of the
pipeline does not occur except as planned during the lowering procedure. In some locations, soil
instability may be used to advantage if lowering of the pipe to the new depth and profile can be done in a
gradual and controlled manner by removal of soil from under the pipe.
3.5 Existing Pipe Profile
Perform field surveys to determine the actual ground elevation and the top of the pipe at pipeline
centerline. A detailed survey may not be necessary if the length to be lowered is relatively short and
known to be of near constant depth in level terrain. An initial elevation survey may be run at 20' to 50'
intervals. The interval should be selected based on the amount of variation in ground elevation and the
probability of pipeline sags, overbends or sidebends. If inconsistencies are apparent on a plot of the
initial survey data, follow-up surveys may be necessary at 10' intervals at locations where the
inconsistencies occur. In addition, determine the location and angular measurements of any sidebends
and side connections. Plot the ground and pipeline data on a plan and profile sheet. Generally, a vertical
scale of 1" = 10' and a horizontal scale of 1" = 50' works well. The exaggerated vertical scale allows sags
and overbends to be more easily identified.
The detailed procedure and examples presented later are based on the existing line being straight and
relatively horizontal (i.e., without fittings, overbends, sags or sidebends). Thus, only pipe segments
without cold bends or fittings installed for purposes of elevation or alignment change should be evaluated
and analyzed as outlined in the detailed procedure in Section 4 of this standard. All situations that do not
fit the straight-and-horizontal criteria must be analyzed on an individual basis.
3.6 Pipe Joints
In the evaluation and planning of a project, the type and quality of the pipe joints in the section to be
lowered must be considered.
3.6.1 No reinforcement or nondestructive evaluation is considered necessary for electric weld

joints.
3.6.2 All mechanically coupled (Dresser coupled) joints must be reinforced with full encirclement
reinforcement sleeves. Mechanically coupled pipelines must also be restrained by anchor
blocks installed approximately 25 feet beyond both ends of the section to be lowered.
Reinforcement should also be installed beyond each anchor as outlined in Operating
Procedure 80.205.
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3.6.3 All acetylene welded joints in the section must be reinforced with full encirclement
reinforcement sleeves. Acetylene welds should also be reinforced for a distance 100 feet
beyond the actual excavation length.
3.6.4 Threaded joints in the section are to be seal welded around the full circumference of both
ends of the coupling.
3.7 Inspection and Testing
3.7.1 Pressure testing of the line to be lowered may justify less conservatism than prescribed in
Sections 4.2 and 4.3 in allowing for longitudinal defects depending on how recent the line
was tested, the results and other pertinent maintenance history.
3.7.2 If a high level of radiographic weld inspection was performed during the construction of
newer lines or sample tests on older lines show sound, ductile welds, less conservatism than
that prescribed in Sections 4.4 and 4.5 may be justified in allowing for circumferential
defects.
3.8 Reduced Operating Pressure
In order to control stresses, the operating pressure will normally need to be reduced during the lowering
operation. Determination of the maximum acceptable line pressure during the lowering operation is
discussed in Section 4. It is recommended that the pressure be reduced below this value, preferably to
the minimum which is necessary to maintain service.
3.9 Lines Previously Lowered
In-service lowering of previously lowered lines should be avoided. However if such is necessary, extra
care should be taken to avoid excessive stress in segments having residual bending and elongation stress
from the previous lowering. A safe approach may be to base the stress analysis on the original pipe
profile if known.
4. STRESS CALCULATIONS
4.1 General
4.1.1 The maximum stress to a pipeline being lowered while in service may occur either during or
after the lowering process. Table 1 indicates the types of stress imposed on the pipe both
during and after the lowering process.
4.1.2 The three factors considered most likely to cause failure of the pipe due to overstress during
or after the lowering are: a) longitudinal defects, b) circumferential defects, or c) a combined
stress situation that exceeds the yield strength of the material. This standard provides
methods for determining necessary restrictions on conditions related to the line lowering in
order to avoid failure due to each of these factors.
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4.1.3 The limiting criteria in this standard has been conservatively selected on the assumption that
the pipeline has not been recently pressure tested and, therefore, its ability to withstand stress
above the maximum level recently experienced during operations is completely unknown.
4.1.4 The following sections alternately discuss and provide step-by-step procedures for analysis of
the various elements of stress considered herein. See Illustration 1 for a simplified flow
diagram of the stress calculation procedures.
TABLE 1: Stresses Experienced by Lowered Pipelines
STRESS STRESS
DURING AFTER
CAUSE OR SOURCE TYPE OF STRESS LOWERING LOWERING
Weight of pipe between supports Bending/Axial X
Weight of gas or liquids in pipe Bending/Axial X
Earth full/pipe arches Ovaling/Circumferential X
Earth fill (uneven trench bottom) Bending/Axial X
Load to confrom pipe to profile Bending/Axial X
Internal Pressure Hoop/Circumferential Partial Full
Internal pressure - Poissons Ratio Axial Partial Full
Temperature difference along pipe Axial Heating Cooling

length
Temperature difference aacross pipe Bending/Axial X Normalizes

diameter
Offset to new trench Torsion/Circumferential X X
Impact Bending/Circumferential X
Lifting pipe for lowering Bending/Axial X
Pipe conforming to profile:
a) Elongation or contraction Axial X X
b) Curvature Bending X X
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4.2 Longitudinal Defects - Discussion
Longitudinal defects are most likely to be longitudinal cracks in weld seams, stress corrosion cracks or
areas where the pipe has been damaged by outside forces. Hoop stress is most likely to initiate failure
due to a longitudinal defect and is controlled by reducing the operating pressure during lowering. In
Section 4.3, calculation of a safe operating pressure during the lowering is based on the following
assumptions.
a. A longitudinal defect of critical length exists, e.g., if stress in the pipe is increased, the defect will
grow to the point of failure.
b. The safe lowering pressure is calculated based on twice the critical defect length to provide a safety
factor. This is accomplished in the following Steps 1 through 5.
4.3 Longitudinal Defects - Calculation Procedure for Safe Lowering Pressure
Step 1 Calculate hoop stress using the highest operating pressure the pipeline has been subjected to
during the past year.
Sh = Pd ,
2000 t
Where: d = pipe outside diameter (inches),

P = highest operating pressure (psig),
Sh = hoop stress (ksi),
t = pipe wall thickness (inches).
NOTE: If the segment has been pressure tested, a higher value for P (up to the test pressure) may be
used depending on the number of years since the test and other pertinent maintenance history
of the line.
Step 2 If the hoop stress (Sh) calculated in Step 1 is 7.0 ksi or less, go to Step 5. Otherwise continue
in Steps 2, 3 and 4. Determine the Critical Defect Length (CDL) as a function of hoop stress
(Sh) using the following formula or use the curve in Figure 1. If S h is greater than 29 ksi,
assume CDL = 1.00.
CDL = 21.61 - 2.852 Sh + 0.1377 (Sh)2 - 0.002192 (Sh)3
Where: Sh = Hoop stress (ksi) calculated in Step 1,

CDL = Critical Defect Length (inches), i.e. the defect length beyond which failure
will occur.
NOTE: Figure 1 and the equation above are valid for pipe sizes 2" - 8", 0.172" - 0.250" wall, Grades
A, B and X42, and for pipe sizes 10" & 12", 0.188" - 0.281" wall, Grades A, B and X42.
Contact Code Compliance for data on pipe not listed.
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Step 3 Determine the limiting hoop stress using the following formula. Note that 2 times CDL is
used to provide a safety factor. Using Figure 1 will yield approximately the same result if the
value of CDL is doubled before entering the curve.
SH = 43.44 - 16.96 (2CDL) + 2.777 (2CDL) 2 - 0.1536 (2CDL) 3
Where: SH = Limiting hoop stress (ksi),

CDL = Critical defect length (inches) from Step 2.
NOTE: A hoop stress of 33% of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the pipe material is
reported by Battelle to be the upper limit for a defect to cause a self-propagating rupture
instead of a limited rupture. If practical, the reduced hoop stress during lowering should be
limited to 33% SMYS. In other words, S H should be the value determined above or 0.33
times SMYS, whichever is lower. SMYS = 35 ksi for grade B, 42 ksi for X-42, 46 ksi for X-
46, etc.
Step 4 Calculate the reduced pressure to be used for lowering using the limiting hoop stress
determined in Step 3.
2000 SH t
,
Pr = d
Where: Pr = reduced pressure for lowering,

SH = limiting hoop stress (ksi) from Step 3,
t = pipe wall thickness (inches),
d = pipe outside diameter (inches).
Step 5 During the lowering operation, the operating pressure should be reduced to the level
determined in Steps 1 through 5. If the hoop stress calculated in Step 1 at highest operating
pressure is 7.0 ksi or less, reduce the pressure to 60% or less of the highest operating pressure
used in Step 1. Otherwise, reduce the pressure to the value calculated in Step 4.
4.4 Circumferential Defects - Discussion
4.4.1 These defects are most likely to be circumferential cracks in the girth weld joints. Any of the
items shown in Table 1 that result in axial stress can contribute to a potential failure from a
circumferential defect. However, the more significant items to be considered in calculating
axial stresses are: a) pipe weight between supports, b) internal pressure and the Poisson ratio
affect, c) temperature gradients, and d) pipe conforming to the as-lowered profile. If the pipe
being considered for lowering contains liquids having significant weight, that weight should
be added to the pipe weight; gas weight is insignificant.
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4.4.2 For various reasons the remaining contributors to axial stress in Table 1 can be considered
insignificant and are ignored in the calculations prescribed herein. Note, however, that
several contributors are ignored on the basis that they will be minimized or eliminated by the
following measures taken during the actual lowering.
a. Loads imposed to conform the pipe to profile and impact are potentially very
significant stress factors. The pipe must be lifted and lowered smoothly and slowly and
allowed to rest naturally in the new trench bottom in order to minimize these loads.
b. Lifting the pipe for lowering can also cause significant axial stress. Lifting locations on
the pipe should be no farther apart than the support point spacing used prior to
lowering. This will limit the lifting stress to no more than that caused by the weight of
the pipe between supports.
4.4.3 As the pipe is lowered to the new trench profile it must bend to the new profile and change in
length. In coming to rest on the trench bottom, the stress due to pipe weight diminishes and
is replaced by the stress due to bending to the new profile. In practice, stress components due
to bending to the new profile may occur in the vertical and/or the horizontal plane.
Calculations prescribed in this standard consider only the lowering (vertical) portion of the
stresses. The horizontal offset stresses are to be limited during the lowering process by
limiting pipe centerline offset to one (1) pipe diameter and providing a length of trench for
horizontal transition of at least 200 feet per foot of centerline offset. If other than straight
pipe is lowered, the analytical approach herein may not be valid, and these factors must be
carefully evaluated by other means.
4.4.4 The analysis herein assumes that a circumferential crack with a length equal to the pipe
diameter exists. A high percentage (>90%) of radiographic weld inspection might justify an
assumed value for circumferential defect length as small as the maximum defect length
allowed by the weld inspection standard (API 1104). The analysis also assumes a "crack tip
opening displacement" (CTOD) test of the pipe material and welds would result in a value of
CTOD = 0.001". This is characteristic of the relatively brittle welds found in older pipelines;
higher values correspond to more ductile welds. Favorable results from destructive tests to
determine the fracture toughness of a sample of the welds could justify using a higher value
of CTOD. The combined stress during lowering due to the weight of the pipe, the axial
component of the internal pressure, differential temperature, profile bending and elongation is
to be kept below the level necessary to cause the assumed crack to fail.
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4.5 Circumferential Defects - Calculation Procedure
A limiting stress is to be determined based on an assumed critical circumferential defect length. Then
the limits are to be determined for variables needed to keep the stresses below that necessary to cause
the assumed defect length to grow to failure. The limiting stress during lowering for a critical
circumferential defect is determined by conditions described by one of the following equations.
LIMITING CONDITION 1: SL = 0.33 SH + SW + SE + ST
LIMITING CONDITION 2: SL = 0.33 SH + SB + SE + ST
Where : SL = Limiting Stress,

SH = Limiting hoop stress due to internal pressure from Step 3,
SW = Bending stress due to weight of pipe as determined in Step 8,
SB = Bending stress allowed for bending to fit profile from Step 11,
SE = Stress allowed for pipe elongation from Step 9, determined in Step 9,
ST = Stress due to thermal expansion and contraction
0.33 = Poisson's Ratio
The steps below provide for each stress source and determine which condition is the limiting condition.
STEP 6 Determine the value for the limiting stress (S L) using the plots in Figure 2 of longitudinal
stress versus circumferential defect size and CTOD. Assumption of a circumferential defect
size equal to the pipe diameter and a CTOD = 0.001" is recommended unless knowledge of
the girth weld quality and condition supports using less conservative values. See Section 4.4
for discussion of alternatives.
Step 7 Calculate the longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion or contraction.
ST = 0.1885 (TI - TL)
Where: ST = Stress due to thermal expansion or contraction,

TI = Pipe temperature at time of installation (°F),
TL = Pipe temperature at time of lowering (°F).
NOTES: a. If the original pipe installation temperature cannot be determined, assume a reasonable
value. Estimate what the pipe temperature will be during lowering.
b. At lowering temperatures lower than the original installation temperature this stress is
additive. At lowering temperatures higher than the original installation temperature this
stress is negative.
c. The constant 0.1885 is the product of the modulus of elasticity of steel (E = 29,000 ksi)
and the coefficient of thermal expansion for steel (C T = 0.0000065 inch/inch/°F).
Step 8 To determine the longitudinal stress (S W) due to the weight of the pipe, first assume a
distance between lift points or support points for the lowering operation. A distance in the
range of 20 to 50 feet is suggested with smaller distances for smaller pipe and larger distances
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for larger pipe. Then use Figure 3 to determine the corresponding stress. The curves in
Figure 3 are based on the moment being equal to 0.0833 wl 2 and a fixed-end beam condition
at the support. If the pipe is to be lowered by gradually lowering its soil support along the
entire length, SW can be assumed to be nil and Condition 2 rather than Condition 1 will be
the limiting condition.
STEP 9 For LIMITING CONDITION 1, calculate the following.
SE = SL - SW - (0.33)(SH) - ST
Where: SE = Stress allowed due to pipe elongation,

SL = Limiting Stress from Step 6,
SH = Limiting Hoop Stress due to internal pressure from Step 3,
ST = Stress due to thermal expansion and contraction from Step 7.
STEP 10 Calculate the allowable length-to-depth ratio (L/D) using the following formula or use the
curve plotted in Figure 4.
L/D = 249.703 - 35.8726(S E) + 2.50201(SE)2 - 0.0579088(SE)3
Where: L/D = Length-to-depth ratio,

SE = Stress allowed for elongation (ksi) from Step 9.
NOTE: The formula above results from a least-squares fit of the curve in Figure 4. The curve in
Figure 4 is based on the new pipe profile being of constant curvature. The curves result from
circles with a radius equal to Ra being L/2 apart. See Illustration 2.
STEP 11 For LIMITING CONDITION 2, calculate the combined stress due to bending and elongation
as follows.
(SB + SE) = SL - (0.33)(SH) - ST
Where: SB = Bending stress allowed for bending to fit the trench profile,
SE = Stress allowed due to pipe elongation,
SL = Limiting Stress from Step 6,
SH = Limiting Hoop Stress due to internal pressure from Step 3,
The resulting value for combined stresses due to bending to profile and elongation (S B + SE)
is the allowable level of stress due to these factors.
STEP 12 Determine the allowable length-to-depth ratio (L/D) for the conditions in Step 11. Figures 5A
through 5G show plots of stress versus L/D for various pipe sizes and values of D. Use the
appropriate curve to determine the value of L/D corresponding to the value for (S B + SE).
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NOTE: The curves in Figures 5A through 5G are based on the new pipe profile being of constant
curvature. The curves result from circles having radii equal to R a and being L/2 apart. See
Illustration 2.
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STEP 13 Select the largest length-to-depth ratio (L/D) from Steps 10 and 12 to use in further
considerations leading to a determination of the minimum lowering length to use.
4.6 Combined Triaxial Stress - Discussion
4.6 1 Another failure mode to be considered is overall material breakdown due to overstress. In a
pipeline being lowered under pressure, a triaxial state of stress exists. The three stresses
acting on a piece of the pipe wall are the circumferential stress , the longitudinal stress and
the internal pressure. For loading conditions where no shear exists, these three stresses are
equal to the principal stresses. The following equation for triaxial stress applies for lowering
situations involving straight pipe segments which closely approximates a no-shear condition.
For other than straight pipe, shear conditions due to torsion from offset must be carefully
evaluated, and the following principal stress relationship may not be valid.
1/2
(S - S )2 + S - S )2 + (S - S )2
SMYS > [ 1 2 2 3 3 1
]
2
Where: S1, S2 and S3 are the principal stresses and S1 > S2 > S3
SMYS =Specified minimum yield strength of the pipe material,
e.g., 35 ksi for grade B, 42 ksi for X-42, etc.
The formula indicates that failure can occur for any condition of loading where the combined
principal stresses equal or exceed the yield stress of the material.
4.6.2 Shear stress due to pipe weight for the support lengths suggested is negligible (<300 psi).
Calculations of the shear stress due to torsion from offsetting the pipe indicate it is also
negligible (<300 psi) for offsets of one pipe diameter or less. Therefore, in this standard (for
straight pipe segments) the effect of shear stresses will be allowed for by restricting the
combination of the three principal stresses just mentioned to 90% SMYS.
4.6.3 The combined stress situation exists during lowering, as well as after lowering. The critical
factors are the internal pressure, pipe expansion or contraction due to temperature change,
elongation to fit the new trench and profile bending of the pipe in the new trench. If the
limitations prescribed in this standard are observed relative to longitudinal and
circumferential defects, the maximum "combined stress" situation will occur after lowering.
This may not be the case for lowering other than straight lines. Control of combined stress
after lowering is to be accomplished by selecting the lowering length-to-depth ratio (L/D) so
as to limit combined profile bending and elongation.
4.7 Combined Triaxial Stress - Calculation Procedure
STEP 14 Calculate the longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion or contraction.
ST = 0.1885 (TI - TG)
Where: ST = Stress due to thermal expansion or contraction,

TI = Pipe temperature at time of installation (°F),
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TG = Ground temperature at time of lowering (°F).

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STEP 15 Select a trial L/D and using Figure 5A through 5G determine a value for combined stress due
to bending to profile and elongation (SB + SE). Select the L/D determined in Step 13 for the
first trial.
STEP 16 Determine the total longitudinal stress (S l) as follows:
Sl = (0.33)(Sh) + ST + (SB + SE)
Where: Sl = Total longitudinal stress, ksi,

Sh = Hoop stress from Step 1,
(SB + SE) = Combined stress allowed due to bending and elongation from Step 15.
STEP 17 Combine the principal stress as follows:
1/2
(S - S )2 + S - S )2 + (S - S )2
Scs = [ 1 h h P P 1
]
2
Where: Scs = Stress value for combined primary triaxial stress,

Sl = Total longitudinal stress per Step 16,
Sh = Hoop stress due to internal pressure per Step 1,
SP = Highest operating pressure used in Step 1.
(SP is compressive, i.e., negative in sign.)
STEP 18 Determine the limiting stress for the pipe material as follows:
SMYS90 = (0.9)(SMYS)
Where: SMYS = Specified minimum yield strength of the pipe material,

e.g., 42 ksi for grade X-42 pipe.
NOTE: If the segment to be lowered contains pipe joints having different wall thicknesses or yield
strengths (SMYS), the segment with the lowest pressure capability must be used in the stress
calculations.
STEP 19 If the predicted combined stress (S cs) from Step 17 is greater than 90% SMYS from Step 18,
assume a larger L/D and recalculate beginning at Step 15. When an L/D has been selected
for Step 15 which results in S cs not greater than 90% SMYS, the minimum acceptable values
for lowering length (L) and radius of curvature (Ra) are to be determined as in Steps 20 and
21.
4.8 Lowering Length and Radius of Curvature (See Illustration 2)

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Based on the analysis above, the larger of the two values of L/D determined in Steps 13 and 19 should
produce acceptable levels of stress and can be used to determine the minimum lowering length and radius
of curvature.
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STEP 20 Calculate the minimum acceptable lowering length (L) by multiplying L/D by the lowering
depth depth (D).
STEP 21 Determine the minimum radius of curvature to use for the new ditch from the following
formula.
2 2
Ra = (0.5L) + D .
4D
Where: D = the lowering depth, i.e., distance below the original pipe location (feet),
L = min. length of pipe required for lowering (feet),
Ra = min. radius of curvature while lowering (feet).
5. WRITTEN PLAN
5.1 Before any lowering project is implemented, a written plan should be prepared outlining the pre-
lowering, lowering and post-lowering procedures. This plan along with profile drawings and any
necessary investigative background information should be reviewed and approved by appropriate
technical staff.
5.2 The written plan should address at least the following items.
5.2.1 Specifications and history of the piping being lowered should be reviewed including repair
history, leak history and any known problems. Determine installation dates if possible for
differential temperature calculations.
5.2.2 Determine the minimum operating pressure during lowering and how it will be attained,
monitored and controlled. Will the lowered pressure require special measures to maintain
customer service?
5.2.3 How will the pipe be supported during excavation? Include illustrations of the details.
Provide pipe support details if supports across the trench are to be used. Will excavation be
on one or both sides of the pipe? Supports located at girth welds should be avoided if
possible because longitudinal stresses are maximum at a support.
5.2.4 Site Safety and Emergency Considerations
a. Where should equipment and people be located on the site? Consider the prevailing
wind direction.
b. Where should excavated dirt be placed for safe access to the trench and exposed pipe?
c. Will shoring and/or ground water control be required?
d. What valves/stations need manned for monitoring of pressure and possible emergency
shutdown?
e. Do any public agencies need advance notice?
f. Placement of fire fighting and other safety equipment.
g. Are there items such as radio systems to check out?
h. Are there people living or working close enough to the pipe being lowered that they
should be evacuated in advance?
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5.2.5 Actual Lowering Details
Where will lowering start? How many inches will each pick up point be lowered at a time?
These depend upon pipe size and assumptions made on support spacing (See Section 6.5).
How will pipe be lowered, (sidebooms, cable hoists, or what)? Do not locate pick up points
at girth welds if possible to avoid it.
5.2.6 Inspections and Gas Leak Detection Surveys
State what inspection steps will be made and when they will be made. State when gas leak
detection surveys will be made.
5.2.7 Post Lowering Repressurization and Follow-up
State at what rate and in what increments the operating pressure will be increased until it
reaches normal operating ranges. Set up some schedule for possible extra patrols and for a
gas leak detection survey in the sixth month after lowering.
5.2.8 Miscellaneous or Unusual Items
Are there special requirements for backfill and compaction of backfill material? Will it be
necessary to interrupt traffic on any roads? Are there farm taps or other small sales locations
to be interrupted?
6. LOWERING
6.1 Pipe condition is a major factor influencing a safe in-service line lowering. Critical inspection of the
pipe by all personnel involved should occur throughout the exposure and lowering process. If damage or
any other potentially hazardous condition is observed, it should be investigated and resolved before the
activity underway is resumed.
6.2 As the new ditch for the pipeline is excavated, adequate restraints must be installed to control the position
of the line until/while it is lowered. Illustration 3 shows one method of holding the pipe in place. The
exact details or method to use will depend upon pipe size and other factors and should be detailed in the
written plan. Depending upon the conditions, one of the following techniques may be used.
6.3 Case I - Minimum length of lowering.
See Case I on Illustration 4. In this case the minimum length of pipe is being lowered which results in no
straight pipe between the transition bends. The pipe is carefully lowered in one operation with the lift or
pickup points being equal to or less than the assumed spacing used in Step 8 of the calculations. Each
lowering point may be lowered at the same time, and at the same rate. Rather than lowering all pickup
points at one time, Point 1 may be lowered a safe amount, followed by Point 2 and then Point 3. This is
repeated until lowering is complete. See Section 6.6 for criteria for determining a safe lowering
increment for points to be sequentially lowered.
Standard
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6.4 Case II - Extended lowering.
See Case II on Illustration 4. In this case there is need to lower the line to a new depth over a distance
greater than the minimum. This then results in straight pipe between the transition bends after lowering.
The length (L) determined in Step 20 is, in this case, the length over which the transition in depth will be
made (L/2 on each end). Determine the distance between pickup points per Step 8 of the calculations. If
this distance were 30 feet, the sequential steps and pickup points would be as shown in Illustration 4.
Rather than simultaneous lowering, Point 1 may be lowered a safe amount, followed by Point 2, followed
by Point 3, etc. In this illustration at least 3 points must be sequenced; however, more could be used.
See Section 6.6 for criteria for determining a safe lowering increment for points to be sequentially
lowered.
6.5 Case III - Soft or Unstable Soils
Some soil conditions may permit gradual removal of soil from beneath and/or beside the pipe in a manner
that will allow the line to settle into the new lowered profile while essentially maintaining continuous
support during the process.
6.6 When sequentially lifting and lowering the pipe at each of the support points, the incremental amount of
lowering (and lifting) at each point during a single sequence should be controlled in order to prevent
excessive pipe stress due to bending and elongation. The lifting increment should be no more than
necessary to gain clearance to lower the support at that point. The lowering increment should be such
that a substantial amount of the weight of the pipe will again be supported by the lowered support point.
A reasonable lowering increment can be predetermined by using one-half the amount the pipe would sag
due to its own weight if the support being lowered were removed entirely, i.e., a span twice the length of
the support spacing. Based on this approach, the lowering increment can be determined using the
following formula:
-7 4
* Di = (5.417)(10 )(w)(2l)
(E)(I)(2)
Where Di = lowering increment (inches),

w = weight of pipe (lbs/foot) = 2.67249(d 2-(d-2t)2), (Also see Engineering Standard 4720.)
2l = twice the maximum support spacing used in Step 8 of the stress analysis in Section 4
(inches),
E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 29,000 ksi,
I = pipe moment of inertia (in. 4) = 0.049087(d4-(d-2t)4),
d = pipe outside diameter (inches),
t = pipe wall thickness (inches).
NOTES: 1. The above formula is based on a continuous beam having four equal spans with all spans
loaded.
2. The size of the lowering increment should be considered in the design and construction of
the pipe supports.
3. The formula above will typically yield a lowering increment in the range of 3.5 to 5 inches
which indicates that support piers constructed of stacked 2x4 and/or 4x4 timbers should
typically be satisfactory.
Standard
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7. LOWERING FOLLOW UP
Prior to lowering and in the sixth month after lowering is completed, the pipeline segment to be lowered should be
leak tested with a leak detector. The boundaries of the leak survey should be 200' beyond the start and end points
of the lowered segment. The six month period provides time for borderline defects to progress to leakage.
Consider performing a leak test within a few days after lowering, as well as the six month test.
Standard
Page
21 of 25
Issue Date
Rev. No.
APPENDIX A 1
Date
05/95
1. LOWERING EXAMPLE
This example is intended to illustrate the procedures in Section 4 of this standard for estimating pipeline lowering
stress and stress limits. Steps, figures and illustrations referenced in the example are the same as those referenced
in Section 4. See Illustration 1 for a simplified flow diagram of the stress calculation procedure.
Given conditions for the example to follow:
Pipe diameter = 6" nominal pipe size = 6.625" O.D.

Pipe wall thickness (t) = 0.203 inches
Grade B pipe (SMYS = 35,000 psi or 35 ksi)
33% SMYS = 11,550 psi (11.55 ksi)
MAOP = 1544 psig
Lowered depth (D) = 5 feet
Highest operating pressure in past year = 1000 psig (1.0 ksi)
Assumed support spacing = 40 feet
2. LONGITUDINAL DEFECTS
STEP 1 Hoop stress, Sh = (1000)(6.625) = 16.3 ksi

(0.203)(2000)
STEP 2 Critical Defect Length (CDL) from Figure 1 is 2.35 inches.

Critical Defect Length (CDL) from formula is 2.21 inches.
STEP 3 From Figure 1 using two times CDL, the limiting hoop stress,
SH = 9.2 ksi if 2CDL = 4.70 is used, or
SH = 9.7 ksi if 2CDL = 4.42 is used.
Using the formula,

SH = 9.1 ksi if 2CDL = 4.70 is used, or
SH = 9.5 ksi if 2CDL = 4.42 is used.
NOTES: a. In Steps 2 and 3, values from either Figure 1 or the formula are well within the accuracy of the
source data and are sufficient for the purpose.
b. If Sh is determined by the above calculation to exceed 33% SMYS (11.55 ksi in this case) it
should be limited to the lower value.
STEP 4 Reduced pressure, Pr = (9.2)(.203)(2000) = 564 psig

6.625
STEP 5 The maximum pressure during lowering should be limited to 564 psig per Step 4. In cases when
the hoop stress Sh calculated in Step 1 is 7.0 ksi or less, the reduced pressure (P r) would be
determined by taking 60% of the highest operating pressure during the past year (0.6 x 1000 = 600
psig in this case).
* Indicates revised paragraph, this Rev. No.

Standard
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Rev. No.
APPENDIX A 1
Date
05/95
3. CIRCUMFERENTIAL DEFECTS
STEP 6 From Figure 2 for a circumferential defect length equal to the 6-inch pipe diameter and a CTOD of
0.001 inch, the limiting stress (SL) = 15.8 ksi.
STEP 7 Estimate that the temperature during lowering will be 120°F and that the original installation
temperature was 85°F. Then,
ST = 0.1885 (85 - 120) = -6.6 ksi (negative indicates compression)
STEP 8 From Figure 3 with the assumed support spacing of 40 feet, and using the curve for the 6.625" O.D.
pipe, the longitudinal stress due to the weight of the pipe (S W) is 3.6 ksi.
STEP 9 For limiting condition 1, the stress available for elongation,
SE = 15.8 - 3.6 - (0.33)(9.2) - (-6.6) = 15.8 ksi
STEP 10 Using the value of SE from Step 9, the L/D ratio from Figure 4 is 70. Using the curve fit formula,
L/D = 79.
STEP 11 For limiting condition 2, the combined stress due to bending and elongation,
(SB + SE) = 15.8 - (0.33)(9.2) - (-6.6) = 19.4 ksi allowable
STEP 12 From Figure 5D, interpolate between curves for D = 4' and 6' for the planned lowering offset of 5'
and find L/D = 73 corresponding to the stress level (S B + SE) = 19.4.
STEP 13 Use the higher value of L/D from Steps 10 and 12. L/D = 73 is used in this example, but L/D = 79
if the formula in Step 10 is used.
4. COMBINED TRIAXIAL STRESS
STEP 14 Based on an assumed installation temperature of 85°F and a ground temperature of 50°F, the stress
due to thermal expansion or contraction,
ST = 0.1885 (85 - 50) = 6.6 ksi
STEP 15 From Figure 5D for a trial L/D = 73, a stress level of (S B + SE) = 19.4 is found by interpolating
between the curves for D = 4' and 6' for the planned lowering offset of 5'.
STEP 16 Total longitudinal stress, Sl = (0.33)(16.3) + 6.6 + 19.4 = 31.4 ksi
STEP 17 Combined stress,
2 2 2 1/2
Standard
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Issue Date
Rev. No.
APPENDIX A 1
Date
05/95
[
Scs = (31.4 - 16.3) + (16.3 - (-1.0)) + (-1.0 - 31.4) ] = 28.1 ksi
2
STEP 18 For the grade B pipe, 90% SMYS (SMYS90) = (0.9)(35) = 31.5 ksi.
STEP 19 Since the combined stress (28.1 ksi) from Step 17 is less than 90% SMYS (31.5 ksi) from Step 18,
the combined stress level is acceptable and the value of L/D last used in Step 15 (L/D = 73) can be
used in Steps 20 and 21.
5. MINIMUM LOWERING LENGTH AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE
STEP 20 L = (5)(73) = 365 feet.
2 2
STEP 21 Ra = [(0.5)(365)] + 5 = 1667 feet
(4)(5)

Standard
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24 of 25
Issue Date
Rev. No.
APPENDIX A 1
Date
05/95
ILLUSTRATION 1
SIMPLIFIED FLOW DIAGRAM
STRESS CALCULATIONS
BEGIN
CONSIDER STRESS LIMITS

FOR LONGITUDINAL DEFECTS
STEPS 1 - 5
CONSIDER STRESS LIMITS

FOR CIRCUMFERENTIAL DEFECTS
STEPS 6 - 13
L/D
CONSIDER COMBINED
TRIAXIAL STRESS
STEPS 14 - 18
INCREASE
L/D
COMBINED STRESS
YES
TOO HIGH
STEP 19
NO
COMPUTE MINIMUM LOWERING LENGTH

AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE
STEPS 20 - 21
END

Standard
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Issue Date
Rev. No.
APPENDIX A 1
Date
05/95
ILLUSTRATION 2
SIMPLIFIED LOWERING PROFILE
ORIGINAL POSITION
LOWERED DEPTH
D= DEPTH OF LOWERING
L= MINIMUM LENGTH TO LOWER
Ra = MINIMUM RADIUS OF CURVATURE

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Standard

Engineering Standards 0137

Section Title Page

LIST OF TABLES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND FIGURES

Number Title Page

3.1 Pipe Condition

3.2 Population Density

Future operating integrity of a pipeline is not considered to be compromised by proper in-service

3.3 Fabrications or Other Obstructions

3.4 Soil Conditions

3.5 Existing Pipe Profile

3.6 Pipe Joints

3.6.1 No reinforcement or nondestructive evaluation is considered necessary for electric weld

3.7 Inspection and Testing

3.8 Reduced Operating Pressure

3.9 Lines Previously Lowered

TABLE 1: Stresses Experienced by Lowered Pipelines

Weight of pipe between supports Bending/Axial X

Weight of gas or liquids in pipe Bending/Axial X

Earth full/pipe arches Ovaling/Circumferential X

Earth fill (uneven trench bottom) Bending/Axial X

Load to confrom pipe to profile Bending/Axial X

Internal Pressure Hoop/Circumferential Partial Full

Internal pressure - Poissons Ratio Axial Partial Full

Temperature difference along pipe Axial Heating Cooling

Temperature difference aacross pipe Bending/Axial X Normalizes

Offset to new trench Torsion/Circumferential X X

Lifting pipe for lowering Bending/Axial X

Pipe conforming to profile:

a) Elongation or contraction Axial X X

4.2 Longitudinal Defects - Discussion

4.3 Longitudinal Defects - Calculation Procedure for Safe Lowering Pressure

Where: d = pipe outside diameter (inches),

CDL = 21.61 - 2.852 Sh + 0.1377 (Sh)2 - 0.002192 (Sh)3

Where: Sh = Hoop stress (ksi) calculated in Step 1,

SH = 43.44 - 16.96 (2CDL) + 2.777 (2CDL) 2 - 0.1536 (2CDL) 3

Where: SH = Limiting hoop stress (ksi),

Where: Pr = reduced pressure for lowering,

4.4 Circumferential Defects - Discussion

4.5 Circumferential Defects - Calculation Procedure

LIMITING CONDITION 1: SL = 0.33 SH + SW + SE + ST

LIMITING CONDITION 2: SL = 0.33 SH + SB + SE + ST

Where : SL = Limiting Stress,

Step 7 Calculate the longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion or contraction.

ST = 0.1885 (TI - TL)

Where: ST = Stress due to thermal expansion or contraction,

STEP 9 For LIMITING CONDITION 1, calculate the following.

Where: SE = Stress allowed due to pipe elongation,

L/D = 249.703 - 35.8726(S E) + 2.50201(SE)2 - 0.0579088(SE)3

Where: L/D = Length-to-depth ratio,

(SB + SE) = SL - (0.33)(SH) - ST

4.6 Combined Triaxial Stress - Discussion

4.7 Combined Triaxial Stress - Calculation Procedure

STEP 14 Calculate the longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion or contraction.

ST = 0.1885 (TI - TG)

Where: ST = Stress due to thermal expansion or contraction,

TG = Ground temperature at time of lowering (°F).

STEP 16 Determine the total longitudinal stress (S l) as follows:

Sl = (0.33)(Sh) + ST + (SB + SE)

Where: Sl = Total longitudinal stress, ksi,

STEP 17 Combine the principal stress as follows:

Where: Scs = Stress value for combined primary triaxial stress,