9.

1
Example 1 – Design of Cap Beam

f c' = 4ksi
f y = 60ksi
 9.2
Design Steps

1. Visualize flow of stresses and Sketch an idealized

strut-and-tie model
2. Check size of bearing – nodal zone stresses
3. Select area of ties
4. Check strength of struts
5. Provide adequate anchorage for the ties
6. Provide crack control reinforcement
7. Sketch required reinforcement
 9.3

Step 1 - Draw Idealized Truss Model

Pier Cap Elevation
 9.4
Step 1 - Draw Idealized Truss Model
 9.5
Step 1 – Solve for Member Forces
 9.6
Steps 2 thru 5 – Check Strength

5. Anchorage 3. Tension Tie

2. Size of Bearing

4. Compression
Strut
 9.7
Step 2 – Check Size of Bearings

Node D – CCC node – limiting stress of 0.85φ f c'

Node A – CCT node – limiting stress of 0.75φf c'
'
Node B – CTT node – limiting stress of 0.65 f c

Pu 259 2
bearing area required = = = 142 in.
0.65φf c' 0.65 × 0.70 × 4
 9.8

Step 3 – Choose Tension Tie Reinforcement

a) Top Reinforcement
over Column, Tie AB

Pu 295 2
Ast = = = 5.46 in.
φ f y 0.9 × 60

2
Use 6 No. 9 bars A s = 6.0 in.
 9.9
Step 3 – Choose Tension Tie Reinforcement

b) Bottom Reinforcement
at Midspan

Pu 605 2
Ast = = = 11.20 in.
φ f y 0.9 × 60

2
Use 12 No. 9 bars As = 12.0 in.
 9.10
Step 3 – Choose Tension Tie Reinforcement

c) Stirrups, Ties BG & CH

Try 2-legged No. 5 Stirrups

Pu 149
n= = = 4.45
φA st f y 0.9 × 2 × 0.31 × 60
60
s≤ = 13.5 in.
4.45
Provide No. 5 double-legged stirrups at 12 in
 9.11
Step 4 – Check Capacity of Struts

• Strut FB is most
critical
• fcu controlled by
tensile strain in tie at
smallest angle to
strut

Pu 295
εs = = = 1.695 × 10 −3
A st E s 6.0 × 29,000
 9.12
Step 4 – Check Capacity of Struts
285
kips
18" bearing
εs = 1.695×10-3 ε≈0
295
8" 217
kips kips
o
40.3

εs = 0.848×10-3

o
εs = 1.657×10-3
49.7

671 149 kips

kips
18 sin 40.3° + 8 cos 40.3°
= 17.7”

( )
ε s = 1.695 × 10 −3 + 0 / 2 = 0.848 × 10 −3

( )
ε1 = ε s + (ε s + 0.002 ) cot 2 α s = 0.848 × 10 −3 + 0.848 × 10 −3 + 0.002 cot 2 40.3 0 = 4.81 × 10 −3
 Step 4 – Check Capacity of Struts 9.13

285
kips
18" bearing
εs = 1.695×10-3 ε≈0
40.3
O

295
8" 217
kips kips
o
40.3

εs = 0.848×10-3

o
εs = 1.657×10-3
49.7

671 149 kips

kips
18 sin 40.3° + 8 cos 40.3°
= 17.7”

f c' 4
f cu = ≤ 0.85f c' = −
= 2.47 ksi ≤ 0.85 × 4 = 3.40 ksi
0.8 + 170ε1 0.8 + 170× 4.81 × 10 3

Pn = f cu A cs = 2.47 × 17.7 × 30 = 1312 kips

Pr = φPn = 0.70 × 1312 = 918 kips ≥ 671 kips required
 9.14

Step 5 – Check Anchorage of Tension Tie

• Embedment length for No.

9 bars =
36 + 9 – 2 in. cover = 43 in.
• Development length for No.
43 in.
9 bars including top bar
effect = 48 in.
• Provide hooked bars
 9.15
Step 5 – Check Anchorage of Tension Tie

• Check nodal zone

stress
295
fc = = 1.024 ksi
2 × 4 × 36

• Limiting nodal zone

stress (5.6.3.6) is:
f c = 0.75φf c' = 0.75 × 0.70 × 4 = 2.1 ksi
 9.16
Step 6 – Provide Crack Control Reinforcement

• D-region (region near

discontinuity)
• Between nodes A & B
• 0.003 of Gross Area
• Section §5.6.3.6

A s = 0.003 × 12 × 36 = 1.30 in. 2

• Provide 4 No. 5 bars

horizontal (1.24 in2)
• Provide 4 legs of No. 5
stirrups
 9.17
Step 6 – Provide Crack Control Reinforcement

• B-region (flexural region)

• Between nodes B & D
• Minimum Av per §5.8.2.5

b vs 36 × 12
A v = 0.0316 f c' = 0.0316 × 4 × = 0.46 in. 2
fy 60

• Provided 2-legged No. 5 stirrups at 12 in.

• OK
 9.18
Step 7 – Sketch the Required Reinforcement

D - region B - region

4 legged No.5 2 legged No.5

6 – No.9 stirrups at 12" stirrups at 12"

4 – No.5 2 – No.5 12 – No.9

6 – No.9 top 2 – No.9 top

4 legs of No.5
closed stirrups 2 No.5@12"
@ 12"
4 – No.5 typ. 2 – No.5 typ.
each face

12 – No.9 bot 12 – No.9 bot