23 Pichay, Christian Paulo D.

1I–PH Group
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Preparation #21: Compound Orange Spirit

1. What is the method used in the preparation of the compound orange spirit?

The method of preparation used was simple solution method.

2. State the proper container and storage conditions for spirits. Rationalize.

Spirits should be stored in a tight light-resistant container and in a cool place to prevent
evaporation and volatilization of either the alcohol or the active principles.

3. Explain why the oils in the formula are soluble in alcohol.

Compounds with similar molecules easily dissolve with each other (like-dissolves-like). Oil and
alcohol, having almost similar polarities, do not repel each other enough to separate, thereby
explaining how the oils in the formula are soluble in alcohol.

4. Does the product prepared comply with the mixed oils content as stated in the compound orange
spirit USP monograph?

Yes. USP specification states that each 100 mL of compound orange spirit contains not less than
25 mL and not more than 30 mL of the mixed oils. The preparation has 27.5 mL of mixed oils
present; thus, it complies with the USP specified mixed oil content.
23 Pichay, Christian Paulo D. 1I–PH Group
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Preparation #22: Peppermint Spirit

1. What is the method used in the preparation of the peppermint spirit?

The method of preparation used was maceration method.

2. What physical change could a pharmacist observe when water or an aqueous preparation is mixed
with a spirit? Why this happens?

When a spirit is mixed with water or with an aqueous preparation, the volatile substances present
generally separates from the solution and forms a milky preparation. This happens because these
materials have lesser solubility in water than in alcohol and since spirits have great concentrations
of them, it may not fully dissolve in the preparation.

3. State the reason why peppermint leaves are macerated first with water before alcohol.

Peppermint leaves must be thoroughly macerated with water first to exhaust them of water-
soluble extractives before macerating with alcohol.

4. In maceration, extraction of soluble components takes place using a certain solvent. Explain how a
solvent is able to extract soluble components in the leaf material.

In the process of maceration, a solvent is generally chosen based on the nature of the
constituents to be extracted. It works by solubilization wherein the cellular structure of the leaf
material is softened & penetrated by the solvent and soluble constituents are dissolved &
extracted out.
23 Pichay, Christian Paulo D. 1I–PH Group
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Preparation #23: Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

1. What is the equation involved in the preparation of aromatic ammonia spirit?

(NH4)2CO3  2 NH3 + H2O + CO2 ↑

2. What is the method used in the preparation of the aromatic ammonia spirit?

The method of preparation used was simple solution method.

3. What is the route of administration for aromatic ammonia spirit?

The route of administration for aromatic ammonia spirit is nasal (through inhalation).

4. Aside from the spirits prepared, name one official preparation of spirit in the USP and write its
synonym, description, use, and formula.

 Name: Camphor Spirit

 Synonym: Spirit of Camphor, Spiritus Camphorae
 Description: Camphor Spirit is a clear colorless alcohol solution containing not less than 9.0 g
and not more than 11.0 g of camphor per 100 mL.
 Uses: for temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with
simple backache, arthritis, strains, bruises, and sprains
 Formula: Camphor 100 g; alcohol, a sufficient quantity to make 100 mL

5. Mention the brand names and/or manufacturers of commercially available aromatic ammonia spirit.
Write the directions for use and other information that is written in the label.

 Brand Name: Rhea

 Manufacturer: Philusa
 Direction for use: External use only
 Use: Mild circulatory stimulant as in case of fainting
 Available: 15 mL, 120 mL, and 1000 mL

 Manufacturer: J. Chemie Lab. Inc.

 Direction for use: External use only
 Use: Mild circulatory stimulant as in case of fainting
 Available: 15 mL, 30 mL, 60 mL
23 Pichay, Christian Paulo D. 1I–PH Group
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Preparation #24: Iodine Tincture

1. Discuss and explain the methods of preparing tinctures. Give examples of drugs prepared by each
method.

Tinctures can be prepared by simple solution method and extraction method.

Simple solution method involves combining two solutions (solution A + solution B) to form a
mixture. Examples of tinctures made by this method are iodine tincture and thimerosal tincture.

Extraction method involves the separation of active constituents of a drug or plant material using
a suitable solvent. It can be further divided into two types: percolation and maceration.
Percolation, on one hand, is the downward process of a liquid slowly passing through a filter.
Examples of tinctures prepared by this method include belladonna tincture and vanilla tincture.
On the other hand, maceration is the process of submerging a solute in a suitable solvent for a
specified amount of time. Examples of tinctures prepared by this method include compound
benzoin tincture and sweet orange peel tincture.

2. Determine and explain the purposes of NaI in the preparation.

Sodium iodide serves as the solubilizing agent of the poorly solubilized iodine crystal in the
preparation. It is used to stabilize the tincture and make it miscible with water in all proportions.
Furthermore, it also prevents the formation of ethyl iodide.

3. Can NaI be substituted with KI? Why?

Yes. Potassium iodide can be a substitute for sodium iodide as they have similar properties and
will both form an I3 when combined with elemental iodine. It will likewise prevent the formation
of ethyl iodide in iodine tinctures. In fact, at present, potassium iodide is used in the preparation
of many commercial iodine tinctures available in the market.
23 Pichay, Christian Paulo D. 1I–PH Group
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Preparation #25: Camphorated Soap Liniment

1. What is the importance of liniments?

Liniments are alcoholic or oil-based solutions or emulsions applied externally. It is important as it

provides temporary and fast-acting pain relief for inflamed joints, sprains, rheumatism, and other
inflammatory conditions.

2. Give examples of liniments occurring in different forms.

 Emulsion – White Liniment

 Suspension – Calamine Liniment
 Solution – Camphor Liniment

3. Differentiate the types of liniments based on their definition, composition, and function.

There are two types of liniments: alcoholic liniments and oily/oleaginous liniments.

Alcoholic liniments are used for their rubefacient, counterirritant, mildly astringent, and
penetrating effects. It penetrates the skin more readily than the oil-based liniments. On the other
hand, oily liniments have similar effects with the former but are milder in action and less
irritating, making it more useful when massage is desired. It may function solely as a protective
coating with its solvent being either a fixed oil or a combination of fixed and volatile oils.

Both are applied externally but never on a bruised or broken skin. Its compositions may include a
counterirritant, antiseptic, local anesthetic, and analgesic.

4. What are the factors to be considered in choosing a solvent base in the preparation of liniments?

In choosing a solvent base in the preparation of liniments, the type of action desired (rubefacient,
counterirritant, just massage – oil or alcohol) and the solubility of desired components should be
considered.