Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Chemoselectivity and
protecting groups
Selectivity
Reducing agents
Reduction of carbonyl groups
Hydrogen as a reducing agent: catalytic
hydrogenation
Getting rid of functional groups
Dissolving metal reductions
Selectivity in oxidation reactions
Competing reactivity: choosing which group reacts
A survey of protecting groups
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23
1
Selectivity:
Chemoselectivity: which functional group will react
Regioselectivity: where it will react
Stereoselectivity: how it will react (stereochemistry of the products)
Regioselectivity
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 528
2
Chemoselectivity
No quimioselectiva
quimioselectiva quimioselectiva
analgésico
Chemoselectivity depends on the reactivity differences between the functional
groups and on the reaction conditions
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 529 3
Chemoselectivity
tranquillizer
Pfizer
Excess?
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 529 4
Reactivity towards nucleophiles
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 529 5
Reducing Agents
(Chemoselectivity)
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 530 6
Chemoselectivity in the reduction of carbonyl groups
Reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols
Can be done with NaBH4
How to reduce aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. “Hydride transfer”
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 531 7
How to reduce esters to alcohols. Hydride transfer
LiAlH4/THF
LiAlH4 is often the best reagent. It is pyrophoric and requires aprotic solvents and
anhydrous conditions.
Lithium borohydride (LiBH4) in alcoholic solution will reduce esters to alcohols. It is more
selective for esters over acids or amides than LiAlH4.
Sodium borohydride reduces most esters only very slowly.
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 531 8
How to reduce amides to amines. Hydride transfer
Again, LiAlH4 is a good reagent for this transformation.
Borane (BH3) is an alternative
9
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 531
How to reduce carboxylic acids to alcohols. Hydride transfer
Borane is the best reagent to reduce acids to alcohols
RCOCl NO
Borane reduces electron‐rich carbonyl groups fastest RCOOR Slowly
RCOOH GOOD
RCONR2 GOOD
10
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 532
Reducción selectiva de ácidos en presencia de ésteres y cetonas
Borano y LiBH4 presentan las mejores quimioselectividades para la reducción de
ésteres en presencia de ácidos y viceversa
11
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 532
Borano es una buena alternativa al LiAlH4 para reducir amidas
Mechanism
12
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 532‐3
How to reduce esters or amides to aldehydes
13
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 533
DIBAL or DIBALH (Alane)
Lactols from lactones
14
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 533 Synthesis of prostaglandins (Corey)
Reduction of amides to aldehydes with LiAlH4 or DIBAL
15
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 534
16
Summary
17
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 534
Hydrogen as a reducing agent: Catalytic hydrogenation
Hydrogen is the most simple reducing agent. It requires a catalyst.
Hydrogen does not reduce carbonyl groups normally, but it reduces C‐C multiple bonds
18
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 535
How to reduce alkenes to alkanes
Adams’ catalyst
19
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 535
How to reduce ,‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds
frambuesa
MeOH
Luche reduction (mechanism?)
20
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 536‐7 Hard, Lewis‐acidic metal salt, such as CeCl3
How to reduce benzene rings to cyclohexanes
How to reduce alkynes to alkenes
Pd/BaSO4+ quinoline
21
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 537
How to reduce acid chlorides to aldehydes
Rosenmund reaction
?
A hydrogenolysis of a C–Cl bond
How to reduce nitro groups to amines
Sn/HCl ??
22
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 538
Reductive amination by catalytic hydrogenation
Intermediate in the synthesis of salmefamol
23
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 538
Hydrogenolysis: breaking C‐O and C‐N bonds
Intermediate in the synthesis of salmefamol
24
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 538‐9
Hydrogenolysis: breaking C‐O and C‐N bonds
25
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 539
We can draw up a sequence of
reactivity towards hydrogenation.
The precise ordering varies with
the catalyst, and some catalysts
are particularly selective towards
certain classes of compound—for
example, Pt, Rh, and Ru will
selectively hydrogenate aromatic
rings in the presence of benzylic
C–O bonds, while with Pd
catalysts the benzylic C–O bonds
are reduced faster.
26
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 539
Getting rid of functional groups (to build long chains)
Mozingo reaction
27
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 540
Getting rid of functional groups
Wolff‐Kishner reduction
28
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 540
Two synthetic routes to muscalure – the house fly pheromone
Aceite de colza
29
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 540‐1
Two synthetic routes to muscalure – the house fly pheromone
30
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 542
Dissolving metal reductions
Many (reductive) metals react with acids to give hydrogen
More reactive metals (Na, K) do it even with mild acids
They release electrons to the medium
31
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 542
Birch reduction of arenes
Electrons released by reductor metals can be used to reduce functional groups
Solvated electrons
Quite slow
32
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 542
Birch reduction of arenes
33
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 542
Birch reduction of arenes
Electron‐donating groups promote ortho, meta Birch reduction
34
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 542
Birch reduction of arenes
Explaining regioselectivity
EW groups stabilize ipso
electron density
ED groups stabilize ortho‐meta
electron density
Isomerization is possible
35
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 543
Birch reduction of arenes
Summary
36
Birch reduction of alkynes
Alkynes are reduced to trans alkenes
No additional source
of H+ is required
37
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 543
SELECTIVITY IN OXIDATION REACTIONS
Oxidizing agents
Jones oxidation
Mechanism
39
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 544
How to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes
Water must be avoided
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 545 40
How to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes
Dess‐Martin periodinane
Other methods
Isomerize the
doublé bond
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 545 41
Mechanism
o‐iodosobenzoic acid
42
How to oxidize secondary alcohols to aldehydes
Swern oxidation
O O DMSO, (COCl)2 O O
OH O
CH2Cl2, -78 oC
después Et3N 98%
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 545 43
The Swern oxidation: mechanism
an ylid
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 27, page 668 44
How to oxidize primary alcohols or aldehydes to carboxylic acids
Benzylic position
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 546 45
Competing reactivity: choosing which group reacts
Reaction at one functional
Kinetic chemoselectivity
group is simply faster than
at another
Pain killer isobucaine
It is posible to inconvert the amide and the
ester by acidic or basic treatment
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 546 46
Competing reactivity: choosing which group reacts
thermodynamic chemoselectivity
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 546 47
How to react the less reactive group (I): react both then
“unreact” one
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 547 48
Chemoselectivity in the reactions of dianions
●Reactivity of dianions
The anion that is formed last reacts first.
Intermediate in
the synthesis of cis‐
jasmone
Synthesis of the perfumery
compound cis‐jasmone
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 547 49
Chemoselectivity in the reactions of dianions
Vollhardt, 1977
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 548 50
How to react the less reactive
group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 548 51
Protecting Group (PG) Ideal
52
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 548 53
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 549 54
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Porantherine: SYNTHESIS
55
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Porantherine: SYNTHESIS
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 549 56
Porantherine: SYNTHESIS
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 549 57
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Antiviral agent: Brefeldin A (intermediate)
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 549 58
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
TMS versus TBDMS
TBAF
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 550 59
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS (alkyl ether?)
Tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 550 60
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 551 61
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 551 62
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Benzyl ether group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 551‐2 63
How to react the less reactive group (II):
PROTECTING GROUPS
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 552 64
Salbutamol: anti‐asthma drug
Using a large excess of (cheap) PhMgBr permited the synthesis without protecting groups
The strategy did not work with MeMgBr. Protection of the phenol and amine was required
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 552 65
PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 553 66
PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
67
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 553
PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
unwanted by‐products
Favoured with acyl chlorides
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 553 68
PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 553 69
The amino acids
70
The Cbz protecting group: oxytocin
H2N–Cys–Tyr–Ile–Gln–Asn–Cys–Pro–Leu–Gly–CONH2
Amino esters are
normally stored as
hydrochlorides
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 555‐6 71
The t‐butyl ester
t‐Bu esters prevent nucleophilic attack (including OH). They are hydrolyzed in anhydrous
acidic media
However in this synthesis glycine was used as the ethyl ester. Why?
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 556 72
The Cbz protecting group
The benzyloxycarbonyl group is frquently used to protect amines
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 556 73
The Cbz protecting group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 557 74
The Cbz protecting group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 557 75
The Boc protecting group
Gastrin and aspartame
Asp–Phe–CO2Me
aspartame
Chemoselective hydrolysis
(difficult of preview)
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 558 76
Aspartame
Accidentally found extremelly
sweet (200 times more tan sucrose)
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 558 77
The Boc protecting group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 558 78
The Boc protecting group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 559 79
The Fmoc protecting group
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 23, page 559 80
HOBt and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide are an important reagents
in peptide synthesis
Formation of the amide moiety in
peptide synthesis can also be achieved by
activating the carboxylic acid with a
coupling reagent.
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 1‐
Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) are
frequently used for this purpose
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 29, page 747 81
HOBt and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide are an important reagents
in peptide synthesis
stable
Some isomerization
can occur
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 29, page 747 82
HOBt and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide are an important reagents
in peptide synthesis
HOBt accelerates the reaction preventing isomerization of the activated
carboxyl compound
Clayden, 2 ed. Unit 29, page 748 83
Activación de grupos carboxilo como anhídridos mixtos de aminoácidos N‐protegidos
84