https://books.google.co.in/books?

id=nzmbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=Why++star+poin

t+in+4+core+CT&source=bl&ots=hqIB67_pWC&sig=ACfU3U3DA3u8uOOWB1oyTrhQ0H5XgEE4hQ&h

l=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-

k5yLwKzpAhW993MBHdvhCP8Q6AEwEXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Why%20%20star%20point%20i

n%204%20core%20CT&f=false

https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-earthing-transformer-or-grounding-transformer/

https://www.powergrids.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=44

https://www.scribd.com/archive/plans?doc=141923830&metadata=%7B%22context%22%3A%22ar

chive_view_restricted%22%2C%22page%22%3A%22read%22%2C%22action%22%3A%22download%

22%2C%22logged_in%22%3Atrue%2C%22platform%22%3A%22web%22%7D

Connections of Overcurrent and

Earth Fault Relays
1. 3 Nos O/C relay for overcurrent and earth
fault protection
It’s used for:
 3-phase faults the overcurrent relays in all the 3-phases act.
 Phase to phase faults the relays in only the affected phases operate.
 Single line to ground faults only the relay in the faulty phase gets the
fault current and operates.
Even then with 3 overcurrent relays, the sensitivity desired and obtainable
with earth leakage overcurrent relays cannot be obtained in as much as
the high current setting will have to be necessarily adopted for the
overcurrent relay to avoid operation under maximum load condition.

3 Nos O/C Relay for Over Current and Earth Fault Protection

Over current relays generally have 50% to 200% current setting while earth
leakages over current relays have either 10% to 40% or 20% to 80%
current settings.
One important thing to be noted here is that the connection of the star
points of both the C.T. secondary’s and relay windings by a neutral
conductor should be made.
A scheme without the neutral conductor will be unable to ensure reliable
relay operation in the event of single phase to earth faults because the
secondary current in this case (without star-point interconnection) completes
its circuit through relay and C.T. windings which present large impedance.

This may lead to failure of protection and sharp decrease in reduction of

secondary currents by CTs.
It is not sufficient if the neutral of the CTs and neutral of the relays are
separately earthed. A conductor should be run as stated earlier.

2. 3 No O/C Relay+ 1 No E/F Relay for

Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
The scheme of connection for 3 Nos Over current Relay 1 No Earth Fault
Relay is shown in figure below.

3 No O/C Relay+ 1 No E/F Relay for Overcurrent and

Earth Fault Protection

Under normal operating conditions the three phase fault conditions and
current in the 3-phase are equal and symmetrically displaced by 12
Deg. Hence the sum of these three currents is zero. No current flow
through the earth fault relay.
In case of phase to phase faults (say a short between R and Y phases) the
current flows from R-phase up to the point of fault and return back through
‘Y’ phase. Thus only O/L relays in R and Y phases get the fault and operate.
Only earth faults cause currents to flow through E/L relay. A note of
caution is necessary here. Only either C.T secondary star point of relay
winding star point should be earthed.
Earthing of both will short circuit the E/L relay and make it inoperative
for faults.

3. 2 No O/C Relay + 1 No E/F Relay for Over

Current and Earth Fault Protection
The two over current relays in R and B phases will respond to phase faults.
At least one relay will operate for fault involving two phase.
 2 No O/C Relay + 1 No E/F Relay for Over Current and
Earth Fault Protection

For fault involving ground reliance is placed on earth fault relay.

This is an economical version of 3-O/L and 1-E/L type of protection as one
overcurrent relay is saved. With the protection scheme as shown in Figure
complete protection against phase and ground fault is afforded.

Current Transformer Secondary

Connections
For protection of various equipment of Extra High Voltage class, the star
point on secondary’s of CT should be made as follows for ensuring correct
directional sensitivity of the protection scheme.
Transmission Line , Bus Bar and Transformer:
 For Transmission Lines – Line side
 For Transformers – Transformer side
 For Bus bar – Bus side
 Transmission Line , Bus Bar & Transformer
scheme
Generator Protection:
 Generator Protection – Generator Side

Generator protection scheme

The above method has to be followed irrespective of polarity of CT’s on

primary side.

For example, in line protection, if ‘P1’ is towards bus then ‘S2’s are to be
shorted and if ‘P2’ is towards bus then ‘S1’s are to be shorted.

Standard Overcurrent and Earth

Fault Protection
No Name of the Protection
Equipment
 1 11 KV Feeders A) 2 No Over Current and one no Earth Fault
IDMT relays
B) 2 No Instantaneous Overcurrent (highest)
and one no Instantaneous Earth fault relay
2 8 MVA Capacity OR HV side: 33 KV Breaker (Individual or Group
Two Transformer in a Control with 3 Over Current and One Earth
Substation Fault IDMT relays
(Irrespective of LV Side: Individual 11 KV Breakers with 3
capacity) Over Current and One Earth Fault IDMT relays
3 8 MVA Power Differential relays OR REF relays on LV side
Transformer
4 Only one PTR in a HV Side: HG fuse
Sub Station (Less LV Side: 11 KV Breaker with 3 Over Current
than 8 MVA) and one E/F IDMT relay

Instrument transformers
(CTs, VTs) in the system
By Edvard | May, 19th 2014 | 28 comments | Save to PDF
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Home / Technical Articles / Instrument transformers (CTs, VTs) in the system

Instrument transformers from ABB

Three main tasks of CTs and VTs

The three main tasks of instrument transformers are:
1. To transform currents or voltages from a usually high value to a value easy to
handle for relays and instruments.
2. To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system.
3. To provide possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few
rated currents and voltages.
Instrument transformers are special types of transformers intended to measure cur-
rents and voltages. The common laws for transformers are valid.

Here we will cover six important aspects of using instrument transformer in the
power system:
1. Terminal designations for current transformers
2. Secondary grounding of current transformers
3. Secondary grounding of voltage transformers
4. Connection to obtain the residual voltage
5. Fusing of voltage transformer secondary circuits
6. Location of current and voltage transformers in substations
 Different substation arrangements

1. Terminal designations for current

transformers
According to IEC publication 60044-1, the terminals should be designated as
shown in the following diagrams. All terminals that are marked P1, S1 and C1 are to
have the same polarity.

Figure 1 left – Transformer with one secondary winding; Figure 2 right –

Transformer with two secondary windings
Figure 3 left – Transformer with one secondary winding which has an extra tapping;
Figure 4 right – Transformer with two primary windings and one secondary winding

Go back to main aspects ↑

2. Secondary grounding of current

transformers
To prevent the secondary circuits from attaining dangerously high potential to
ground, these circuits have to be grounded. Connect either the S1 terminal or the S2
terminal to ground.

For protective relays, ground the terminal that is nearest to the protected objects. For
meters and instruments, ground the terminal that is nearest to the consumer.

When metering instruments and protective relays are on the same winding, the
protective relay determines the point to be grounded.
 If there are unused taps on the secondary winding, they must be left open.
 If there is a galvanic connection between more than one current transformer,
these shall be grounded at one point only (e.g. differential protection).
 If the cores are not used in a current transformer they must be short-circuited
be- tween the highest ratio taps and shall be grounded.
It is dangerous to open the secondary circuit when the CT is in operation. High
voltage will be induced.
 Figure 5 left –
Transformer; Figure 6 right – Cables

Figure 7 – Busbars

Go back to main aspects ↑

3. Secondary grounding of voltage

transformers
To prevent secondary circuits from reaching dangerous potential, the circuits shall
be grounded. Grounding shall be made at only one point on a voltage transformer
secondary circuit or galvanically interconnected circuits.
A voltage transformer, which on the primary is connected phase to ground, shall
have the secondary grounding at terminal n.

A voltage transformer, with the primary winding connected between two phases,
shall have the secondary circuit, which has a voltage lagging the other terminal by
120 degrees, grounded. Windings not in use shall be grounded.

Figure 8 –
Voltage transformers connected between phases

Figure 9 – set of
voltage transformers

Go back to main aspects ↑

4. Connection to obtain the residual voltage

The residual voltage (neutral displacement voltage, polarizing voltage) for earth-
fault relays can be obtained from a voltage transformer between neutral and
ground, for instance at a power transformer neutral.

It can also be obtained from a three-phase set of voltage transformers, which have
their primary winding connected phase to ground and one of the secondary windings
connected in a broken delta.
Figure 10 illustrates the measuring principle for the broken delta connection during
an earth-fault in a high-impedance grounded (or ungrounded) and an effectively
grounded power system respectively.

From the figure, it can be seen that a solid close-up earth-fault produces an output
voltage of

Ursd = 3 x U2n
in a high-impedance earthed system and

Ursd = U2n
in an effectively grounded system. Therefore a voltage transformer secondary
voltage of

U2n = 110 / 3 V
is often used in high-impedance grounded systems and U2n = 110 V in effectively
grounded systems. A residual voltage of 110 V is obtained in both cases. Voltage
transformers with two secondary windings, one for connection in Y and the other in
broken delta can then have the ratio:

for high-impedance and effectively grounded systems respectively. Nominal

voltages other than 110 V, e.g. 100 V or 115 V, are also used depending on national
standards and practice.
Figure 10 – Residual voltage (neutral displacement voltage) from a broken delta
circuit
5. Fusing of voltage transformer secondary
circuits
Fuses should be provided at the first box where the three phases are brought
together. The circuit from the terminal box to the first box is constructed to
minimize the risk of faults in the circuit.

It is preferable not to use fuses in the voltage transformer terminal box, as this
will make the supervision of the voltage transformers more difficult. The fuses in the
three-phase box enable a differentiated fusing of the circuits to different loads like
protection and metering circuits.
The fuses must be selected to give a fast and reliable fault clearance, even for a fault
at the end of the cabling. Earth faults and two-phase faults should be checked.

Go back to main aspects ↑

6. Location of current and voltage
transformers in substations
Instrument transformers are used to supply measured quantities of current and
voltage in an appropriate form to controlling and protective apparatus, such as
energy meters, indicating instruments, protective relays, fault locators, fault
recorders and synchronizers.

Instrument transformers are thus installed when it is necessary to obtain measuring

quantities for the above mentioned purposes.

Read more // Location of Current Transformers in HV Substation

Typical points of installation are switchbays for lines, feeders, transformers, bus
couplers, etc., at transformer neutral connections and at the busbars.

Figure 11 – Current and voltage transformers in a substation

Go back to main aspects ↑

Location in different substation arrangements

Below are some examples of suitable locations for current and voltage transformers
in a few different switchgear arrangements.

Figure 12 – Double busbar station

Figure 13 – Station
with transfer busbar

Figure 14 – Double breaker and

double busbar station
 Figure 15 –
Sectionalized single busbar station

Go back to main aspects ↑

Reference: Instrument Transformers Application Guide – ABB

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Edvard Csanyi
Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP. Highly specialized for design
of LV/MV switchgears and LV high power busbar trunking (<6300A) in power
substations, commercial buildings and industry facilities. Professional in AutoCAD
programming.