Performance of a Brace

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The paper is divided into two parts. T h e first part deals with the systematic program of measurc-
ments ~ ~ n d e r t a k eonn a n open braced cut in dense sand at the Greenway Pollution Control Centrc
in London, Ontario. I n the second part, the experimental data are analyzed and a new solution is
presented based o n Dubrova's analysis, which related qualitatively and quantitatively the active
earth pressure distribution t o the mode of deformation of a retaining structure.
T h e roughly L-shaped excavation measured 68 ;: 42 ft (20.7 :: 12 .8 m) for the longest leg, the
other leg was 30 :: 23 ft (9.1 ' 7 . 0 m). The temporary bracing system consisted of interlocking
For personal use only.

steel sheet piles (Larssen I l l s ) , and wales and struts from wide-flanged steel sections. The maximum
depth of the cut was 50 ft (15.2 m) below ground elevation of 722 ft (220.1 m). T h e soil consisted
of fine uniform dense sand having a relative density varying from medium t o very dense. T h e natural
water level was approximately 20 ft (6.1 ni) below the ground surface prior t o construction.
The instrumentation prograni was carried out during the 6-month construction period (January-
June 1964) and consisted of measuring: (I) The strut loads with a mechanical strain indicator (Whit-
more gauge) over 8 in. (20.3 cm) gauge lengths, (2) T h e deformation of the north wall in a horizon-
tal and a vertical plane, (3) T h e water levels and water pressures from borehole and standpipe ob-
servations, and (4) The active and passive earth pressures over the cut with 'Geonor' vibrating-wire
pressure transducers mounted flush o n two adjacent sheel piles of the north wall.
Field and laboratory tests supplied the necessary soil data.
Comprehensive measurements of this kind in deep cuts in sand, prior to this London investigation,
had only been made in Berlin, Munich, and New York. But at London, for the first time
the actual distribution of earth pressures in sand were measured o n a full-scale braced wall.
The analysis of the experimental data showed that the earth pressure distribution can be approxi-
mated by the extended Dubrova's solution. The agreement between the total active earth pressure
obtained from the pressure cells and the corresponding Coulomb values varied from excellent (upper
bound) to good (lower bound).
An experimental relationship between the horizontal soil strain and the variation of K-values
over the depth of the cut was established.
The different theories for predicting K,-values d o not seem 10 apply to over consolidated dense
sand deposits. T h e experimental K,-values, rather, agree with other p ~ ~ b l i s h eexperimental
d values
for similar soils.
T h e str~11load readings were somewhat erratic, not necessarily corresponding to the excavation
progress. The total strut loads were lower than the corresponding forces from the earth pressure cells
o r the corresponding Coulomb values.
L'article est divisC en dcus sections. La prcmitre traite du programme systcimatique d'observa-
tion d ' ~ ~ nfouille
e CtanGonnCc dans u n sable dense a u Greenway Pollution Control Centre de Lon-
don, Ontario. La deuxibme section prCsente I'analysc des donntcs expCrirnentales et unc nouvelle
solution basCe sur I'analysc dc Dubrova, qui relie qualitativement et q~~antitativement la clistribu-
tion des contraintes de poussCe au mode de diforniation d u souttnemcnt.
L'excavation cn forme de L mesurait 68 X 42 pieds (20.7 X 12.8 ni) dnns une direction, 30 X 23
pieds (9.1 X 7 . 0 m ) dans l'autre. Le soutenement temporaire Ctait constituC de palplanches d'acier
Larssen I l l s , avec C t a n ~ o n set moiscs en profilts W F . La profondcur n~aximunide la fouille Ctait
cle 50 pieds (15.2 m) sous le niveau du terrain n a t ~ ~ r(El. e l 722 picds (220.1 m)). Le sol Ctait consti-

~Psesentcda t the 24Lll Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Nova Scotia Technical College, September 2-3, 1971

C'anndinn (;colccl~~~icnl
Joulnnl, 9 , 384 (19i2)
 SCOTT ET AL.: A BRACED CUT 1N SASD

tuC d'un sable fin ~lniformcayant unc densite relative variant clc moyennc i tres dcnsc. La nappc
phreatiquc ttait situCe ii environ 20 pieds (6.1 m ) sous le niveau ~ L terrain
I naturcl avant les travaux.
Le programme d'instrumentation a et6 realise pendant la periodc de constructiou d'une durde dc
h mois (janvier-juin 1964) et comportait la rnesurc: ( I ) des charges dans les t t a n ~ o n sau moyen dc
jauges de deformation mecaniques d'une longueur active dc 8 pouccs (jauges Whitman), (2) dcs de-
formations du rideau nord dans les plans vertical et horizontal, (3) des niveaux pidzometriqucs ct
dcs pressions hydrostatiques A l'interieur de forages et de pitzomttres, et (4) des contraintes de pous-
see ct dc butdc agissant sur Ic soutkncment au moyen de cellules 'Geonor' l cordc vibrantc montCc
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i f l e ~ de
~ r surface sur dcux palplanchcs (111 rideau nortl.
Des essais de laboratoire et in situ ont fournis les informations geotechniques neccssaircs.
Des mesures dCtaillees de ce type dans des fouilles t t a n ~ o n n i e sdans le sable n'ont CtC rtalisecs
qu'l Berlin, Munich et New York avant I'ttude de London. Cependant, pour la premiere fois i
London, la distribution reelle des contraintes de poussee et de b ~ ~ t edans e Ic sable a Ctd rnes~~ree sur
un ouvrage en vraie grandeur.
L'analyse des donnees expCrimentales a rnontrd que la distribution des pressions des terres pcut
ttre approchec par la solution de Dubrova developpee. La concordance entre la poussec totale me-
suree et les valeurs deduites de la methode de Coulomb variait d'excellente 6 bonnc.
Une relation experimentale entre la deformation horizontale du sol et le coefficient K a ete etablic
sur toute la hauteur de I'excavation.
Les diffkrentes theories pour l'kvaluation de K, ne sernblent pas s'appliquer au cas des depBts dc
sable s~~rconsolides. Les valeurs de K, observees concordaient plut6t avec les valeurs experirnen-
tales publiees, observees dans des sols similaires.
Les observations des charges dam les e t a n ~ o n sont ete quelque peu erratiques, et sans correla-
tion avec I'avancement de I'excavation. Les charges d'etan~onstotales etaient infkrieures aux forces
correspondant aux observations des cellules de pression des terres ou aux valeurs deduites de la me-
For personal use only.

thode -de Coulomb. [Traduit par le journal]

driven around the perimeter of the excavation and con-

During the period from December 1963
to July 1964, a systematic program of rneas-
urements was undertaken of a n open braced
cut at the Greenway Pollution Control Centre
in London, Ontario. It was considered of
importance t o determine the nature a n d
magnitude of the forces and of the movements
of the soil mass associated with the excava-
tion, a n d to obtain quantitative data which
could be used as the basis for economical
design of bracing systems for future excava-
tions in similar soil.
In general, the field instrumentation pro-
gram was carried out over the 6-month con-
struction period of the cut and consisted of
measuring the earth and water pressures,
the strut loads, and the vertical and hori-
zontal deformation of a test section. Field
and laboratory tests were performed t o supply
the necessary soil data t o guarantee a meaning-
ful interpretation a n d analysis of the measure-
ments.
Description of the Site
Layolrt of Excnvafion
The roughly L-shaped excavation m e a s ~ ~ r e 68 d
42 ft (20.7 :, 12.8 m) for the longest leg, the other leg
was 30 X 23 ft (9.1 :,: 7 . 0 m). A plan of the location of
the site is shown in Fig. 1. Continuous sheet piling was
sisted of 225 interlocking U-shaped Larssen 1 1 1 ~ steel
piles from 41 t o 55 ft (12.5 to 16.8 m) long, as well as
horizontal wales and struts. The maximum depth of the
excavation was approxin~ately50 ft (15.2 m) below the
ground surface elevation of 772 ft (220.1 m). The
three main strut levels A, B, and C were at elevations
753 .O, 741 .O, and 729.0 ft (229.4, 225.8, and 222.1 m),
respectively. Additional sloped braces were installed
at elevations 762.0 and 772.0 ft. (232.0 and 235.2 m),
Figure 2 shows the bracing system of the north wall of
the excavation. The sheet piles of this wall were numbered
consecutively from west to east from I to 32. The north
wall was chosen for instrumentation because it was the
deepest section of the excavation and the surface behind
the sheeting was relatively free from structures.
Soil Condilirions
The soil profile consisted exclusively of a cohesionless
fine uniform sand of two distinct densities. Above an
elevation of approximately 740 ft (225.5 m) the relative
density was medium and below this the N values from
the standard penetration resistance were generally greater
than 100, which classified the soil as very dense. Field
densities were obtained during excavation at seven loca-
tions. The greatest field dry unit weight was 125.3 Ib/ft3
(2.0 grn/crn.,) at an elevation of 735.0 ft (223.9 m).
Above 740 ft (225.5 m) the sand has an average dry
density of l03 lb/ftj whereas below this elevation the dry
density averaged 123 Ib/ft" (1.97 grn/cnl") for the same
type of soil. The underlying bedrock was of sedimentary
origin from the Devonian Age, mainly limestone. It
was encountered in one borehole at a depth of 97 ft
(29.6 m) (elevation 675). Pres~~mably, the bedrock was
approximately flat lying, its s ~ ~ r f a cgenerally
e being
almost horizontal in this region.
Before excavation the groundwater table was ap-
proximately at elevation 753 ft (229.4 m). BoreholeNo. 6
 C:\N.\DIXN GEOTECHNIC;\L JOURii;\L. VOL. 9, 1972
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8
B.H. 7

L'
SITE PLAN
1"=2500 f t
LONDON ONT.
For personal use only.

m @"
e T PILES

B.H. 28
8
@B.H.5

SCAL E : l " = 60'- 0 "

Ftc. 1. Location of boreholes.

which was located just north of the excavation and the
three piezometers installed on sheet pile No. 13 werc
taken as indicative of the ground water table in the so11
just north of the north wall. Generally speaking then thc
soil behind the retaining structure consisted of a thrcc-
layered system; considering thc soil below the water
table as aseparatestratum. This was reduced to a two-
layered system whcn thc water lcvcl coincided with the
interface of thc mcdium and dense sand dcposits. In
order to refer easily to thc differcnt layers, the top medium
dense deposit is referred to as layer 1, and the dense layer
as layer 2. Even within one stratum the density was not
 SCOTT ET ;\L.: BRACED C U T 1N SAND

A -t
PILE NO.1 12 3 4 . . . l 3 9 31 3 2
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STRUTS AT ELEVATIONS ELEV. 772.0'

For personal use only.

7 6 2 . 0 ' , 753.01, 741.0' AND

7 2 9 . 0 ' WERE EQUIPPED
WITH STRAIN GAUGES FOR
L O A D MEASUREMENT.

14 WF 87

BRACKETS 10 WF 4 9 . 3 ' 6 - LG
WELDED TO SHEET PILING

GRADE EL-. 724.88'

l//////-://

L ELEV. 714.0'

SECTION A-A
FIG. 2. Bracing system for north wall.

quite uniform, a s can be expected from any natural
deposit. Figure 3 gives the soil profile behind the north
wall and also indicates the soil parameters as deter-
mined from laboratory tests.
Instrumentation
The loads in the struts of the north wall were detcr-
mined by measuring the strains in the struts with a
Whitmore dial gaugc. All the struts, except the top in-
clined braces at elevation 772, which were practically
load free, were instrumented with strain gauge points.
The forces in the instrumcnted struts were measured by
recording the strains over an 8-in. (20.3-cm) gauge
lcngtli. The strain gauge points were nlountcd 5 ft from
the welded connections to keep away from concentra-
ted stresses at the connection. A dummy gauge welded
to the strut was used for reference and temperature cor-
rection. One division on the Whitmore dial gauge cor-
responded to a strain reading of 1.25 10-"inin for
an 8-in. (20.3-cm) gauge length. For the 14 W F 87 strut
this corresponded to an axial load of 9 . 2 kips (4140 kg)
for a modulus of elasticity of 29 000 ksi (2.04 106
kgIcm2). The gauges points which were mounted on
both sides of the neutral axis, were protected from cor-
rosion and damage by grease and by a plywood cover.
 CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL. VOL. 9, 1972

Orig Ground el. 772'

SITE EXCAVATED

i
TO EL. 7 6 0 ' t BE-
FORE START OF FILL PLACED ON DAY 3 6
SHEET PILE
DRIVING ?

4
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BOTTOM OF

TRENCH EL. 7 5 8 ' 1

ydl - 103 p c t
y , = 113 p c t
= 42O
C =O

Orig. W.T. d. 7 5 0 1 *

INTERFACE OF ysat, = 127.2 p c t

MEDIUM AND
ysubI= 64.8 p c t el. 740'
VERY DENSE LAYER --
y2 = l 3 0 pcf

G,= 1 2 3 pcf
FINAL GRADE OF ysat2=139.8 pcf
For personal use only.

E XCAVATION
EL. 7 2 2 . 8 8
------- - - --- -- I
Gub, = 7 7 . 4 pcf

PIP .l. 714

( PILES COMPLETELY DRIVEN )

SCALE: HOR. = VERT. : 1" = 10'

FIG. 3. Soil profile and properties.

With these precautions only one set of gauge points
was lost. These were replaced taking a s zero reading the
previous load measurement.
Three water pressure indicators were mounted on
sheet pile No. J3. These gauges consisted of plastic
tubing with a n open end and werc attached to the pile
during the excavation. The ground water level was also
determined from borehole and stand pipe observations.
The water pressures were measured by observing thc
height of the water level in the plastic tubes or in the case
of the boreholes by determining the water level by means
of an electric probe.
A total of thirteen earth pressure transducers were
installed at various elevations o n sheet piles No. 14 and
No. 15. T h e cells, leads and protective steel angles were
attached t o the piles prior t o driving. Figure 4 shows the
location of the cells on these two adjacent test piles.
D u e to the particular U-shape of the pile sections, the
cells on pile No. 14 were mounted on the recessed face o r
trough of thc section, whereas thc cclls on pilc No.
15 wcrc mounted o n the front face. Two adjacent piles
wcre chosen to obtain the average pressure, since it was
expected that passive arching and active arching would
occur across the trough and front face of the piles,
respectively. One cell, G-7, on pilc No. 14 was located
below thc bottom of the excavation with the membrane
facing to the inside of thc cut to measure the passive
carth pressure. All gauge5 were calibrated in thc labora-
tory and zero readings wcrc taken before arid during pilc
driving as long as thcy were abovc the ground surfacc.
The carth pressure cells uscd werc the 'Geonor'
vibrating-wirc typc and their reliability and precision
have been disc~~sseclelscwhcre (Bailer 1967, 1969).
Thc reading accuracy of these cclls were within 0.3(/{,
of thc maximunl pressure.
Sheet pile movenlcnts wcrc measured directly from a
baseline which was located south of thc north wall. T o
mcasure thc ~novementof thc top of the pilcs, rcferencc
points were marked at the top of piles 2, 4, 6,. . ., to
32 as indicated in Fig. 2. The deflections of piles 13 and
15 in thc vertical plane were measured directly by estab-
lishing referencc points on these piles at approximately
3 ft (0.9 m) vertical intervals. The order of accuracy of
these direct measurements was 0. I in. (0.25 cm).
 SCOTT ET .U .: A BRACED C U T I N SAND
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T ~ P
OF P I L E S AT ELEVATION 767:

PlLE NO.

p--;-:,
ELr48.251)
W.5, E L E V . 754.25'
YY-6, ELEV.

G.5, ELEV.
For personal use only.

ELEVATION W 2 , E L E V. 742.25'
------+ H

1 wli
VIEW Gd,ELEV.

F--------/
W.4, ELEV. 730.25
,+
H '
G 3 , ELEV. 7 3 5 '

Gl, ELEV. 7 2 9 '

G-2, ELEV. 7 2 6 '

( EXCAVATION GRADE 722.88'
I

G-7 4 I

I
l
I
I I

I G-6,ELEV.718.5'
&

P I L E T I P ELEV. 714.0' !I
l
I Ii ! \

FK,. 4. Location o f earth pressurc cells on pilcs N o . 14 and No. 15.

Coristr~lctioraProcedures thc north wall began. Tlic piles were driven down 4-5
1'1 (1 .?-l .5 m ) and thcn tlic driver was movcd to thc
Interlocking sheet pilcs wcrc cniploycd bccnusc of tlic next pile. T o hold the pilcs i n a vertical alignment, a steel
proximity o f adjacent struct~lrcsand thc high g r o ~ ~ n t l - tcmplatc was ~lscd.The first l 0 ft (3.0 m) wcrc driven
water table. Construction started i n January 1964 and witli a Dclmag D-12 diesel hamnicr and thcn a vibrator
the reinforced concrete slabat elevation 722.9 ft (219.0 ni) driver Model Foster Vibro, having a maximum freq~lcncy
was P O L I I T ~ in July 1964. The area inside the cxcava- o f 1000 cycles per n i i n ~ ~was
t c ~lscdto drive the pilcs to
tion bo~~ndaries was cxcavatcd I 0 ft (3.0 m ) to a gcncral grade at a tip clcvation o f 714.0 ft (217.5 m). Whcn
clcvation o f 762 ft, (232. 1 m), thcn a 2-ft (0.6-111) dccp tlic resistancc to driving became too severe, a 2-in. (5.1-
trench was cxcavatcd around thc perimeter o f tlic cni) pipe witli a l-in. (2.5-cni) nozzle was ~lsctlto jet the
whole cxcavation. pilcs into place. Thc soil within the cxcavation was
For convcniencc i n rcfcrring to p a r t ~ c ~ l l atimcs,
r tlic rcniovcd witli a clam slicll. Whcn t lic excavation rcaclicd
days Iiavc bccn n ~ ~ n i b c r cconscc~~tivcly
d starting with a strut Icvcl, stccl brackets 3.5 ft (1 . I 111) long werc weld-
rcro on January 6th when the pile driving operation at cd at 13-ft (4.0-ni) ccntcrs to the piling and the wale was
 390 CAN:\DI:\N GEOTECHNIC.\L JOURNAL. VOL. 9, 1972
placed o n top of them. None of the struts were prestress-
ed.
In July, the concrete mat was poured onto the floor
of the cut. Before the concrete walls were poured, using
the steel sheeting a s a back form, the earth pressure cells
above the bottom of the excavation were removed from
sheet piles No. 14 and N o . 15. They were taken back t o
the laboratory for recalibration. For the two cells
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remaining o n the piles below excavation grade, a final
field zero reading was obtained.
Theoretical Concepts
As early as 1910 (Meem) it was recognized that thp
earth pressure distribution over a cut is not linear a s given
by Coulomb's o r Rankine's solution. It is recognized
that the difference between distribution of pressure for
rigid retaining structures and flexible ones is a function
of displacement that occurs over the height of the struc-
ture. Therefore all earth pressure measurements have to be
interpreted with respect to deformation. The first attempt
was made by Terzaghi (19360, b), but his method never
gained the recognition it deserved because it was hamper-
For personal use only.
( a ) MOVEMENT A
(C) MOVEMENT C
FIG. 5. Different modes of wall movement.
cd by the difficulty in determining o r choosing the 'prop-
er' confinement index which depended both on the type
of the expansion of the soil mass a s well a s on its strength
parameters. Ohde's attcrnpt in 1938 was mathematically
far too complicated to find p o p ~ ~ l acceptance
ar with tlic
practising engineer. In contrast, Dubrova's (1963) solu-
tion a s discussed by Harr (1966) appears to have con-
siderablc merit. In this paper, it has been modified in
some instances to comply with any mode of movemcnt
a braced cut might mdergo, this is shown in Fig. 5.
Movements D and E arc obtained by combining the
tlirec basic wall movements A, B, and C.
In movement A , it is assumed that the struts arc in-
stalled very close to the top of the wall and wedged tightly
o r even prcstrcssed so that no lateral yield towards the
excavation will occur at this level. If thc upper s t r ~ ~ t
level is installed at a distance 114 N below thc ground
surface and no lateral yield is allowed then the wall will
linvc to tilt a b o ~ ~this
t lcvcl as shown by movement B.
For both modes of movement it is further assumed that
the limiting active state is mobilized at the bottom and
the resultant force F o n thc rupturc line passing through
the foot of the wall will be inclined at an angle 4 t o the
( b ) MOVEMENT B
 SCOTT ET XI,.: X BRACED CUT I N SAND
normal as shown in Fig. 5(/)). The anglc between thc
normal and the force o n any quasi rupture line is C and
it is further assumed that this angle varies linearly with
depth Z. I n the case of the wall rotating outward about
its top (movement A)
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For movement B, will vary as
- --
which will mean for Z 0, i- - 113 o r one-third of the
passive resistance is mobilized at the top of the wall
simultaneously as the full active strength is mobilized at
For personal use only.
where r - - effective unit weight of soil, 4 - angle of
internal friction, and 6 =- angle of wall friction 7 4
Equation 4 is for a vertical wall and a horizontal ground
T o find the latcral distribution of the pressure against
the back of the cut, the proper substitution for C has
to be made, depending o n the type of wall movement
anticipated, and then Eq. 5 has to be differentiated
with respect to Z. T o make the resulting relationship
dimensionless both sides were multiplied by the factor
I l r H . Figure 6 gives a graphical representation of the
variation of lateral earth pressure distribution with
depth of a wall rotating about the top (movement A).
Figures 7-9 give similar plots for movements B, D,
and E, respectively. Each diagram shows five curves, one
for each particular angle of internal friction which
varies from 10" to 50" in 10" intervals. F o r any casc,
the total earth thrust will be equal to the corresponding
Coulonlb value.
The effect of the wall friction o n the total value of
earth pressure has been illustrated in Fig. 10. As an
example, movement A and a value of internal friction
total lateral forces for 6 = 0 and 6 -
o f 4 = 30" was chosen. The difference between the
4 is approximately
10-15%. Therefore, n o appreciable error will be intro-
duced by neglecting the wall friction, since it is o n the
safe side t o d o so. Neglecting the effect of wall friction
391
thc bottom. For the case of a wall rotating about its
bottom, movement C,
This type of movement has never been observed to occur
o n braced cuts but will be employed in combination with
movements A and B to simulate deformations D and E.
According to field and experimental measurements,
(Terzaghi 1934; Spilker 1937; Lehmann 1942; Peck
1943; Tschebotarioff 1948; Miiller-Haude and Schreiber
1965) and theoretical calculations (Terzaghi 1936, 1941)
the total active lateral earth thrust is in close agreement
to o r exceeds Coulonlb's value by not more than 15yc.
Therefore, the assumption of the validity of Coulonlb's
solution for calculating the total force by the earth
wcdgc method is not unreasonable.
The general equation of the horizontal component
of earth pressure of Coulomb's solution is given by
surface and the definition for C as given in Eqs. 1-3
can be substituted. Then the horizontal component o f
the force against the wall for any depth Z will bc
will bring the theoritical value closer to the experi-
mental one. Spilker (1937) and Lehmann (1942) found
that their observations never exceeded corresponding
Coulomb values by more than 15%.
The deformation of a properly executed braced ex-
cavation should correspond to either movement A , o r
movement B, o r movement D. F o r these movements
the resulting lateral pressure distribution is parabolic
o r pear-shaped.
Results of Field Measurements
Thc measurements from the thirteen
earth pressure cells mounted at different
elevations of the two piles No. 14 and No.
15 were recorded over a period of 175 days
during the construction progress. The pressure
cells recorded total pressures with the effective
stresses being obtained by subtracting the
water pressures on the cells. A graphical
representation of the lateral earth pressure
 C.\N:\DIXN GEOTECI-INICXL JOURNAL. VOL. 9, 1972

M O V E M E N T A : S = 0'
WALL ROTATING ABOUT TOP
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For personal use only.

HY
FIG. 6. Lateral earth pressure distribution.

d i s t r i b u t ~ o nwas plotted for each set of read- forces arc shown in Fig. 12. The shaded
ings. Figure I l shows sucli a typical plot area represents the contribution from tlie
for day 45 (Feb. 21). bottom reaction a n d was considered t o be
Flow nets were constructed for difreerent equal t o the pressure intensity of the lowest
steady seepage conditions and they were strut.
considered to be sufficiently accurate in de- T h e variation of the individual strut loads
termining the water pressures. They were with time are plotted in Fig 13. T h e contribu-
coordinated with tlie readings from the three tion of the water pressure, where applicable,
stand pipe readings of sheet pile No. 13. is also sliown.
l-here were also several stand pipes north o r T h e deformation beliavior of two sheet
the wall a n d inside the pit t o allow a reason- piles, No. 13 a n d N o . 15 were observed over
ably accurate location of the equipotential a 5 - m o n t l ~period. T h e bottom o r the excava-
lines inside a n d o ~ ~ t s i dthe e excavation. tion was reached o n March 7th (day 59)
T h e strut loads were calculated from strain and readings of lateral deflections a n d move-
measurements in the struts. It was assumed ment o r pile tops were continued until June
that each strut carried the total pressure 23rd (day 168). Figures 14(rr) a n d 14(b) sllow
contributed from an area of one half of the the movement of piles No. 13 and No. 15,
bay's width to each side of the strut a n d the respectively. It I S a s s ~ ~ m ethat d the movenlent
distance halfway to the next adjacent strut of tlie two test piles can be considered t o be
level. From this an apparent pressure dis- representative or, at least, the center portion
tribution diagram was derived after subtract- of the wall. The general trend of deformation
ing the total water force from the strut load. of' the wall was initially a pronounced trans-
This earth pressure distribution diagram lational movement towards the excavation.
as well as the average a n d ma-'mum s t r ~ ~ tT h e top strut at elevation 762 ft (232. 1 111)
 SCOTT ET AL.: .?. BRACED CUT IN SAND

MOVEMENT B : 6-0"
WALL ROTATING ABOUT H/4
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0.0 0.1 0.2 p 0.3 0.4 0.5

HY
FIG. 7. Lateral earth pressure distribution.

was placed at day 24. By this time the wall
at this elevation had moved 0 . 5 of an inch
(1 . 3 cm). l t deformed an additional 3 in.
(7.6 cm) on the average by day 168. There-
fore, the installation of the struts at this
level did not prevent the top of the wall from
~novingfurther towards the excavation. As
the excavation proceeded below elevation
750 ft (228.5 m), a distinct rotational move-
ment of the piles towards the excavation
was measured having a pivot point at the
second strut level (elevation 753 ft (229.4 m)).
For the lower part of the wall most of the
movement did occur before the struts were
installed at their respective levels. The final
movement of the two sheet piles is shown
by the curves of day 168 in Figs. 14(a) and
14(b) and resembles approximately the move-
ment of a rigid wall translating and at the
same time rotating about its top point.
Figure 15 shows the movement of the pile
tops at elevation 763 of the entire north wall.
The top of pile No. 13 deflected 2 . 4 in.
(6. l cm) whereas the top of pile No. 15
moved 3 . 9 in. (9.9 cm) towards the open
cut. The movement of the pile tops at the
center bay of the north wall over the 5-month
period averaged 3 . 5 in. (8.9 cm), 1 in. (2.5 cm)
of it occurring after the excavation had reach-
ed final grade.
Interpretation and Discussion of Experimental
Results
Deformrrtions
In the final stage (day 168) the deformations
were similar to movement D of Fig. 5, which
illustrates the deformation of a stiff retaining
wall rotating about the top and at the same
time moving horizontally towards the ex-
 CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL. VOL. 9,1972

I
MOVEMENT D:$2A+C) 6=0°
WALL ROTATING ABOUT TOP AND MOVING
OU T LATERALLY
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Frc. 8. Lateral earth prcssure distribution.

cavation. The Lop of sheet piles No. 13 and
No. 15 had moved an average of 3 . 2 in.
(8.1 cm) or 0.005 H, where H is the depth to
the bottom or the excavation, whereas the
piles at the bottom of the cut had moved i n
about 7 . 8 in. (19.8 cm) or 0.013 H.
Terzaghi (1934) had observed from his
large retaining wall tesls on dense compacted
sand, that slip occurred after the wall moved
tllrougll an average distance of 0.0027 H
for tilting about the foot and 0.005 H for
a translational movement. Here H is also the
total height of the retaining wall. He further
observed that the average movement (about
0.007 H ) of the wall that reduced the lateral
pressure to a minimum was independent of
the type o r movement. This leads to the con-
clusion that Coulomb's active state in the
sand had been reached after this minimal
deformation had occurred.
This deformation requirement was satisfied
for the portion of the pile exposed by excava-
tion at all stages of construction. Even as
soon as the depth of excavation reached
13 ft ( 4 . 0 m), the average movement O F the
sheeting was 0.0027 H, four times the move-
ment required L O bring about active pressure
conditions.
Esfetit q/' Mowliients
It must be empllasized that the movements
recorded on this project should be regarded
as abnormally excessive as a consequence o f
dewatering problems and construction pro-
cedures. Peck (1969) in his outstanding
'state of art' review at the Mexico Conference
indicated that few records are available for
 SCOTT E T AL.: A BRACED CUT I N SAND
MOVEMENT E: +(A+B+c)
WALL ROTATING ABOUT
OUT LATERALLY
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FIG. 9. Lateral earth pressure distribution.
the settlement of the ground surface adjacent
to cuts in cohesionless s a n d ; however, Ile
indicated that, for drained dense sand o r
where groundwater has been properly con-
trolled, settlement was normally inconse-
quential. In this project, the dewatering and
construction operations had considerable in-
fluence on the in-place density of the sand.
(i) Dewrtering
The well points were installed fairly late,
in fact, after some areas of the excavation
bottom had gone soft a n d thereby reduced
some of the toe resistance; up to that time,
tlie excavation h a d proceeded using open
pumping. When the well points were first
installed, the filters were not satisfactory.
T h e consequences were that some of the
well points became silted-up a n d inefficient;
s . Z3+
H/4 AND MOVING
the manifolds accumulated a significant weight
of silt causing the horizontal struts to sag
under the load and, presumably, allow wall
movement. Subsequently, some crossbracing
was installed between the layers of struts to
provide a vertical truss a n d minimize any
further vertical deflection of tlie llorizontal
struts.
Ultimately, i t was necessary to partially
llood tlie excavation so that the well points
c o ~ ~be
l dreinstalled with large-diameter graded
sand iilters.
( ii) Wood Weclgcs
The original specifications called ror 3 in.
( 7 . 6 c m ) of wood wedges to provide the lateral
restraint. T h e design of tlie wedges is just a s
i ~ n p o r t a n tas the design of the sheeting a n d
bracing; tlie wedges provide the means of
 CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL. VOL. 9, 1972

MOVEMENT A 4.30'
WALL ROTATING ABOUT TOP
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FIG. 10. Lateral earth pressure distribution.

transferring the intended loads to the bracing.
Sliould there be any increase in lateral forces,
due to g r o ~ ~ n d w a t efreezing
r o r equipment
loads o n the surface, the wood wedges a r e
intended to compress so that tlie horizontal
struts are not overloaded to failure. During
construction wood blocks were used rather
than wedges. T h e use of thick wood blocks
rather driven wedges could be another reason
for the variability of the horizontal strut
loads.
As the pile-driving conditions were extrenie-
ly diflicult in this dense sand, the final align-
ment of tlie piles at depth was in doubt. The
walers were repositioned to provide approxi-
mately 12 in. ( 3 0 . 5 c m ) of wood between the
sheet piles a n d tlie face of the waler. Wood
blocks were placed in position a n d held i n
place by nails bent over the flange of the waler.
Consequently, the sheet pile was allowed t o
move o u t a n d compress the 12-in. (30.5-cm)
thickness of wood, rather than the wood
wedges being driven in to 'prestress' the wood.
T h e movement r e q ~ ~ i r et od close a n d compress
a 12-in. (30.5-cm) thickness of wood is
considerably greater than the movements
associated with 3 in. (7.6-cm) of driven wed-
ges.
(iii) Horizonto1 Struts
There is the possibility that some corn-
pression occurred in the llorizontal struts d u e
to the absence of filler plates a t the welded
intersections. This compression would be
in addition to the small elastic strains under
the design loads.
(iv) Sheet-Pile Ititerlo~li
T h e waler provided a force to the sheet-pile
wall by the use of wood blocks inserted be-
tween the waler a n d one trough of each pair
 SCOTT ET .\I,.: .l 1jR.lCED CUT I N S.\SD

D A T E : FEB. 2 1 / 6 4
DAY NO. 4 5
NORTH
C
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GRADE
/ / / l / / / / / / /l / / / / / / f

15

NO. 1 4
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WATER PRESSURE

I I I I I I
10 5 0 5 10 15
EFFECTIVE EARTH AND WATER PRESSURES ( p.3.i.)

F . l l. Effective earth pressure distribution, sheet piles No. 14 and No. IS.

of sheet piles. However, a t the corners where
the line of the waler was 12 in. (30.5 c m )
inside the face of tlie wall, there were four o r
five piles wliich could not be easily blocked
against tlie waler. The looseness of the sheet-
pile interlock allowed these piles t o move
like the links of a chain a n d allowed the sand
to change density a n d permeability.
( v ) Slleet-Pile Welding
Horizontal splices were required on tlie
sheet piles along the higher ( N o r t h a n d West)
walls as the piles could not be obtained in
sufficient lengths. T h e location of the splice
was alternated t o p a n d bottom. It was noted
that on a few occasions these horizontal
welds failed a n d the lower portion o f t h e
pile was dragged down by the interlock fric-
tion of the adjacent piles. T h e results was that
'windows' were left in the sheet-pile wall
which caused some unexpected problems
during dewatering a n d excavation. The failure
of the horizontal splice weld may have been
associated with the vibratory pile driver wliicl~
causes large vertical displacements of tlie pile
 C:\N:\DI:\?U'
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M: 99.5K
1 I
For personal use only.
MAX : 171.5 K
A V G E : 8 8 . 2K
//l/////,
I I
5 0
EARTH PRESSURE
FIG. 12. Maximu111and average strut loads.
during driving, in fact, it was possible to have
tlie interlocks 'fused together' by heat generat-
ed when sand was caught in tlie interlock.
It is recommended that further research on
the effects of vibratory pile drivers on welded
splices sliould be considered.
(11;) U l t i ~ i i n t eFrrilure
A serious condition existed a t tlie South-
West corner where tlie sand became 'quick'
a n d rapid erosion occurred providing a
water passage behind the sheeting. An ad-
jacent sewage treatment tank broke due to
ground settlement a n d the escaping sewage
'surcliarged' the water table resulting in ex-
tensive damage to the excavation a n d adja-
cent structures.
GEOTECI-INICAL JOURN>\L.VOL. 9 1972
-
NORTH
ELEVATION
I
I FAWERAGE PRESSURE
I
I
I
I l I 710 -
5 10 I5
(p.8.i.)
In conclusion, the comments by Peck
(1969) that settlement is normally inconse-
quential provided the groundwater has been
properly controlled remain valid. The move-
ments a n d settlements experienced on this
project must be considered as exceptionally
large due to tlie combinations of ground-
water problems, wood blocking, a n d un-
satisfactory welding.
C o 1 n l ~ r i s o 1 o7 f s t r u t Lonrls 119ithC e l l Pressures
Figure 16 sliows tlie total earth pressures
obtained from the strut loads and from tlie
cell pressure readings plotted against time.
A corresponding bottom reaction has been
added to tlie strut loads in order to obtain
a total earth pressure. Even so the strut loads
 SCOTT ET XL.: .A BR.-\CED CUT I N S.-\KD
ELEV. 7 6 2 ft
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LEVEL A
( ELEV. 7 5 3 f t )
For personal use only.
LEVEL C
(ELEv. 7 3 0 f t )
0 20 40
DAY NUMBER
FIG. 13.
yielded consistently lower earth pressures
than the cell readings, sometimes registering
only one third o r one half the earth pressures
recorded by the pressure cells. T h e strut
readings thenlselves change erratically, for
instance, from 8 . 4 kips/ft (1134 kg/m) to
2 1 . 7 kips/ft (2929 kg/ni) a n d back to 1 3 . 4
kips/ft (1809 kg/m) all within one week. T h e
relatively few strut readings d o not warrant
a statistical evaluation of the data. T h e strut
loads were measured o n the two center 14
60 80 100
Individual s t r ~ loads.
~t
W F 87 strut sections, whereas the end sections
consisted of relatively stiff a n d heavy 33 W F
130 beams. It is quite possible that a general
load transfer from the lighter center sections
to the more rigid end sections did occur,
which would explain the lower strut l o a d
readings as compared t o the pressure cell
readings. T h e inconsistent variation in strut
load readings seems t o represent a funda-
mental weakness of such measurements (Ter-
zaghi a n d Peck 1967) a n d a probable explana-
 C A S A D I A N GEOTECHNICAL JOURN.\L. \'OL. 9 , 19iL
- NORTH
,ORIGINAL GROUND SURFACE
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MOVEMENT
FIG. 140. Movement of pile No. 13
tion for this behavior could be the nonuni-
f o r m deformation of the wall in a horizontal
plane (Fig. 16) which could result in sudden
load adjustments in the relatively rigid bracing
system.
I n contrast the total earth pressure from
the cell readings are very stable a n d consistent.
T h e total pressure increased with increasing
depth of excavation, a n d after the final grade
h a d been reached the readings remain relative-
ly constant, changing only when the fluctuat-
ing water table caused a change in total earth
pressures. They are therefore used in the
comparison of the experimental to the
theo;etical values.
DAY B R A C I N G
WAS COMPLETED
(in.)
Magnitude of' Enrtli Pressures
T h e measured active earth pressure from
the pressure cells a n d the theoretical Coulomb
values versus construction time are shown
i n Fig. 17. T h e height of the wall was always
taken as the distance from the ground surface
to the respective bottonl of the cut. T h e earth
pressure cells on the two test piles were spaced
a t 6-ft ( l .S-m) intervals and a linear distribu-
tion was assumed between the cells. T h e
high dry field densities could not be duplicated
in the triaxial samples a n d the high values of
+, = 42" a n d +L = 52", as depicted in Fig. 3,
were obtained by a straight line extrapolation
of the triaxial test results a n d addin2 a cor-
 SCOTT ET AL.: A
. BRACED C U T I N SAND

NORTH
__f_

DAY BRACING
/ORIGINAL GROUND SURFACE WAS COMPLETED
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MOVEMENT ( in.)

FIG. 14b. Movement of pile No. 15.

rection factor of 1 .S0 and 3", respectively,
according to Cornforth (1964) in order to
compare with plane strain conditions. This
curve is believed to be a lower bound solution.
If the shear strength parameter versus density
curve is assumed to be concave downwards
(as observed by Cornforth), then somewhat
lower +-values are obtained which are in
better agreement with the +values from the
direct shear box tests. This is believed to give
an upper bound curve.
After day 59, the day when the excavation
reached its final depth, the agreement with
the upper bound curve is excellent and the
lower bound curve lies 15-18?; below the
corresponding measured values.
K-stroin Relntionskil.,
Figure 18 shows the variation of K-values
vs. horizontal strain after day 24. The K-
values were calculated from the relationship:
K-, =
p.1
C
' :; l?;
in which P;., is the lateral earth pressure
measured by a respective cell and 2 y i hi is
the corresponding effective overburden pres-
 CANADIAN GEOTECI-INIC;\L JOURN.AL. VOL. 9. 1972

I (168)J U N E 23-,
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(26) APRIL 2
For personal use only.

I (PAY 21) JAN. 2 8 I

I I I I
I I I I I 1
I

t
Frci. 15.
STRUT

Movement o f pile tops.

l STRUT

sure. The strain of the soil at the elevation of of the retained soil mass. A logaritlmic spiral
a cell is obtained by the measured inward was chosen as rupture surface as suggested
movement of that cell divided by the horizon- by Terzaghi (1941). The spiral intersected the
tal distance from the cell to the rupture s ~ ~ r f a c esheet pile at the excavation level.
 SCOTT ET AI,.: A URACED CUT I N SAND

-X-*

LOADS
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I EXCAVATION REACHES FULL DEPTH

For personal use only.

DAYS

FIG. 16. Comparison of m e a s ~ ~ r eearth

d pressures.

U p to a horizontal strain of 5',; a consider- Ecirtli Pi.essui~~ Distributioll

able scatter o r K-values occurred ranging During the period of excavation the
from 0 . 12 to 0 . 7 0 . It can only be s ~ ~ s p e c t e dmeasured earth pressures were largest in the
that up to such a strain the strain conditions center a n d upper parts of the cut. T h e height
in the soil were not yet ~ ~ n i f o r m
within the of the resultant pressure above the bottom
deforming soil. Beyond a strain of 5(,; the of the excavation for this stage was found
K-values range from 0 . 1 0 to 0 . 19 with a n to ranee U
between 0 . 4 2 H a n d 0 . 5 0 H with
average /<-value of 0 . 15. At this point it is an average of approximately 0 . 4 6 H which
proper to draw a comparison to the Coulomb reilects a nontriangular distribution. Figure
values, which were 0 . 125 for the dense ( + = 19 shows the distribution of average earth
52") and 0 . 2 0 0 for the medium densc sand pressure during the second period, that is,
stratum ( + = 42") as indicated in Fig. 18. after the excavation h a d reached grade. T h e
A tentative curve had been drawn thl-OLI~IIcenter of pressure for this average distribu-
these points to show more clearly how abrupt- tion was 0 . 4 0 H. Thus. i t is evident that a
ly the K-values assumed a constant minimum significant redistribution of earth pressures
value after the horizontal soil strain exceeded had taken place during this latter period.
5 5 ; . Terzaghi (1934) observed i n his large The deformation behavior of the cuL can be
retaining wall tests that the K-values for a approximated by wall movement D of Fig.
dense sand increased slightly after a ccr-tain 5. T o a d o ~ tthis distribution for a multi-
strain was exceeded. As can be seen from Fig. layered sys;em the corresponding soil para-
18 there were too few experimental points meters had to be substituted. T w o theoretical
at larger strains to warrant a similar conclu- curves are plotted in Fig. 19, the one based
sion. o n +, = 42", +, = 52", a n d 8 = 0" a n d the
 CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL.
I BASED O N
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-
For personal use only.
EXCAVATION
/ FULL
DAYS
FIG. 17. Variation of theoretical and measured active earth pressure.
one for parameters 4, = 37", 4, = 47",
and g = 0" in order to obtain a lower and
upper bound curve, respectively.
The pressure of intensities of the theoretical
curves decrease below the depth of 748 ft
(227.9 m). Below elevation 736 the measured
values are in excess of the corresponding
theoretical values. Above an elevation of
approximately 757 ft (230.6 m) no cells had
been installed and a linear decrease in pressure
is assumed with zero pressure a t the ground
surface.
The theoretical distribution curves can be
considered as envelopes for the experimental
data. The measured distribution was not
hydrostatic.
Conclusions
The following conclusions based o n the
experimental test results, theoretical analysis,
and the interpretation and discussion of the
measured values seem to be warranted.
VOL. 9,1972
CELL PRESSURES
REACHED
DEPTH
1) The experimental distribution of the
lateral earth pressure on the braced cut was
nonhydrostatic with maximum pressures oc-
curring in the upper half of the cut. The
Dubrova solution (1963) can be used to
predict the lateral earth pressure distribution
for a given wall deformation. The four poss-
ible types of deformation of a braced cut for
which a graphical solution had been given
all result in parabolic lateral earth pressure
distribution curves.
2) The movement recorded on this project
should be regarded as abnormally excessive
as a consequence of dewatering problems and
construction procedures.
3) During excavation the experimental
total active earth pressures were sometimes
higher than the corresponding Coulomb
values, in some instances as much as 30%.
After the cut had reached its final depth (day
59) the agreement between the theoretical
upper boundary values and the experimental
values were generally within 3:4,. The theore-
 SCOTT ET AL.: A BRACED CUT I N S A N D
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K * F O R MEDIUM DENSE SAND, $ = 4Z0, 8 - 0

--L--------------- -- --M

KA
FOR D E N S E SAND, $ = 52', 8 =O

0 1 I I l I I ,.

0 5 10 15 2 0 25

STRAIN, c , (%)
FIG. 18. Variation OF K with strain.

tical lower boundary values were on the aver-
age 18'; lower than the measured values after
day 59. I t therefore can be concluded that if
certain deformation requirements arc met
and the proper field shear strength parameters
can be calculated, the total active earlli pres-
sure of dense sand on open cuts can be pre-
dicted by Coulomb's theory.
4) An experimental relationship between
the horizontal soil strain and the variation of
K-values has been established (Fig: 19).
After tlle horizontal strain of the so11 had
reached 5(,;, the K-values approached abrupt-
ly an average value of 0.15. It is therefore
held that when the horizontal strain within
the soil mass exceeded 5 ' ; , the soil was in a
completely active state.
5) The total earth pressures from the
strut load measurements were lower than the
corresponding pressures from the earth pres-
sure cells or tlle corresponding Coulomb
values. The strut load readings were some-
what erratic, not necessarily corresponding
to the excavation progress.
Acltnowledgmerits
The authors acknowledge the cooperation
extended for this research by the General
Contractor, Piling Contractor and Consul-
tants. Financial support was provided by the
National Research Council of Canada, MC-
Master University, and the University of
Waterloo: recording equipment was loaned
by the National Research Council of Canada.

C:\NADI:\N GEOTECHNIC:\L JOUR?i;\L. VOL. 9,
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G 2-
FINAL GRADE3
For personal use only.
G6-cG7
I I
5 0
EARTH PRESSURES
FIG. 19. Earth pressure distribution curves.
BAUER,G . E. 1967. A critical evaluation of a vibrating-
wire pressure transducer. Bautechnik, 8, pp. 12-19.
-... --
1969. Soil stresses o n braced cuts in sand with
large deformations. Ph.D. thesis, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
CORNFORTH,D . H. 1964. Some experiments o n the
influence of strain conditions o n the strength of
sands. GCotechnique, XIX (2), pp. 143-167.
DUBROVA, G . A. 1963. Interaction of soil structures,
Rechnoy Transport, Moscow.
HARR, M . E. 1966. Foundations of theoretical soil
mechanics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, N . Y .
LEHMANN,H . 1942. Die Verteilung des Erddruckes
an einer oben drehbar gelagertem Wand. Bau-
technik, 31/32, pp. 273-283.
MEEM,J. C . 1910. Pressure resistance and stability O F
earth. Transactions of American Society of Civil
Engineers, New York, 70, 352-41 1.
M~~LLER-HAUDE,H. Ch., and SCHREIBER, V. 1965.Neue Bo-
dendruckmessungen an Baugruben und Tunnel-
bauten der Berliner U-Bahn. Bautechnik, 42, pp.
2-1 6
OHDE, J . 1938. Z u r Theorie des Erddruckes unter be-
sonderer Beriicksichtigung der Erddruckverteilung.
Bautechnik, 16, pp. 150-159, 176-180, 741-245,
331-335, 480-487, 570-571, 753, 761.
PECK, R . B. 1943. Earth pressure measurements in
open cuts, Chicago Subway. Transactions of
-
1972
NORTH
ELEV.
THEORETICAL
DISTRIBUTION
720-
I 710-
5
(p.si.)
American Society of Civil Engineers, 108, pp.
1008-1036.
- - - 1969. Deep excavations and tunneling in soft
ground. State of the Art Volume, Seventh Inter-
national Conference o n Soil Mechanics and Founda-
tion Engineering, Mexico, pp 225-281.
SPILKER,A. 1937. Mitteilung uber die Messung der
Krafte in einer Baugrubenaussteifung, Bai~technik,
15, pp 16-18,
T E R Z A G H IK, . 1934. Large retaining wall tests, I-V.
Eng. News Record, 112, pp. 136-140. 259-262,
3 16-3 18, 403-406, 503-508.
- 19360. Distribution of the lateral pressure o f
and on the timbering of cuts, Proceedings o f the
First International Conference on Soil Mechanics.
. .--- - . 19366. A fundaniental fallacy in earth pressure
c o n ~ p ~ ~ t a t i o n.l.s . Boston Soc. Civ. Eng., April,
p. 78-89
.- 1941. General wedge theory of earth pressure.
Transactions of American Society of Civil Engineers,
paper N o . 20099, 106, pp. 68-97.
TERZAGHI,K., and PECK, R . B. 1967. Soil Mechanics
in Engineering Practice, 2nd Edition, John Wiley
and Sons, N.Y.
TSCHEBOTARIOFF, G . P. 1948. Large scale model earth
pressure tests o n flexible bulkheads. Proceedings
o f Anierican Society of Civil Engineers, January.
pp. 9-48.