ZOOLOGY • Ching
Guillermo (Checked by Rosarda)
LECTURE 04
FEBRUARY 10, 2020
DURING the shortest period:
- harsh environment, drastic but considered as
gradual change, fastest evolution
DURING the longest period:
- stable, minimal changes, no need for evolution as it
is very gradual, slowest
PRESENT (Quarternary):
- faster drastic changes, most species cannot cope up
and they face extinction.
- most changes are anthropogenic (caused by
human)
REVIEW OF CELLS
Organizations of Living Things
Types of Organization
Biochemical – atoms  cells
Physiological – cells  organisms
Ecological – organisms  biosphere
MOST important transition is from molecules  cells
called…
Assimilation – most important transition, non-living
molecules to living cells, could only take place inside
another cell
Assimilation cannot be done in the laboratory as…
• No artificial blood, cannot be perform assimilation
• Blood is a tissue, composed of cells
• No exact copy of blood
CELLS: BASIC UNIT
ANIMAL CELLS are irregular,
• no cell wall only plasma membrane
• easily affected by the concentration gradient
• different concentration of osmosis,
CELL WALL: cellulose material, therefore, they are not
easily affected by the concentration gradient
PLANT CELLS are regularly shaped
PROTOPLASM – living component inside the cell,
collective term, covered by a plasma membrane (non-
living part), composed of different components both
living and non-living
UNDER PROTOPLASM
LIVING STRUCTURES – called as organelles,
performs metabolic function
NON-LIVING STRUCTURES – called as inclusions,
non-metabolic function, chemical reaction  product.
[ex. vacuole for storage]
ORGANELLES – metabolic function
MOST IMPORTANT ORGANELLE – NUCLEUS,
governor of the cell
BUT it must be the powerhouse…
MITOCHONDRIA – creates, induces energy to perform
cellular respiration
CELLULAR RESPIRATION – includes the glycolysis,
kreb cycle and ETC
VIRUSES – no metabolic function, parasites (gets
energy from hose area: mentioned below are what virus
lacks in their systems…
2 COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
PHOSPHOLIPID LAYER (Outer and Inner Layer)
PROTEINS in random arrangement in the membrane,
structure is fluid  fluid mosaic model
PERMEASE – protein as the carrier molecule to
perform diffusion, osmosis and also to assist the entry
and exit of molecules in the body
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
HEAD – hydrophilic, attracts water molecules
TAIL – hydrophobic, repels water molecules
DIFFUSION – movement of molecules from higher to
lower/greater to lower concentration in order to attain
equilibrium
[ex. air freshener spray]
OSMOSIS – movement of water molecules
ZOOLOGY • Ching
Guillermo (Checked by Rosarda)
passing through a semi-permeable membrane: plasma
membrane.

SOLUTION CELLS only need some solute molecules, cell wall need
SOLVENT – dissolving agent, usually water molecules some solute molecules for metabolic act inside,
SOLUTE – to be dissolved
for it to go inside:
CONCENTRATION OF A SOLT’N: depends on the amt solute molecules can enter, through carrier protein
of solute = molecules  active transport molecules

10% concentrated solution  10% solute / 90% solvent water molecules  phospholipid layer, because cells are
70% isopropyl alcohol  70% alcohol / 30% water small

0.9% cell inside, 1.6% cell outside solute molecules  permease molecules  permease
EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID – outside the cell will open itself and goes back to its original position
INTRA CELLULAR FLUID – inside the cell

99.1% water = 98.3% water PERMEASE: if it does not fit, it shall stretch until it fits
and comes in
This solution, higher concentration: hypertonic
ACTIVE TRANSPORT DIFFUSION: energy is
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION: OUTWARD used/spent,
 cells will shrink as the outward movement of water
molecules called as…
SIMPLE – no permease, no energy
PLASMOLYSIS – plant cell FACILITATED – no energy thru permease
CRENATION – animal cell ACTIVE – through permease w/ energy
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION: INWARD
 cells will swell due to inward movement of water
Action of WBC
molecules entering the cell, called as…
Bulk Transport or ENDOCYTOSIS - entry of substance
without actually passing the plasma membrane
TURGIDITY – plant cell
HEMOLYSIS – animal cell
Pino or Phagocytosis (engulfing) – how WBC protects
the body from foreign body, by engulfing, through…
ISOTONIC SOLUTION: EQUAL
 equal concentration, equal vol. of those entering
ENDOCYTOSIS: entry of substance, foreign body into
and exiting the cell, no change in the shape, remain at
the cell w/o passing through the plasma membrane
equilibrium
Phagocytosis – bigger molecules
Pinocytosis – smaller/finer molecules
for PLANT CELL – HYPOTONIC:
becomes rigid/turgid  they must be exposed to water
to absorb water
ORGANELLE FUNCTIONS
URINE – HYPERTONIC: but acidic
GOLGI BODIES – secretion
OVERFERTILIZATION – HYPERTONIC:
LYSOSOME – digestion
CENTRIOLES – cell division
ANIMAL CELLS – most favorable ISOTONIC
ROUGH ER – protein synthesis, transport of material
 to avoid disorder/diseases
into the nucleus
SMOOTH ER – lipid synthesis, transport of material into
KARYOATOMIC MEMBRANE – plasma membrane of
on out of the nucleus
an egg
GOLGI BODIES – stacks of plate
[EX]
MITOCHONDRIA – kidney shaped
Honey/Syrup – hypertonic
Salt – concentrated salt solt’n, cell will swell, kulubot
ZOOLOGY • Ching
Guillermo (Checked by Rosarda)

NUCLEUS – responsible for DNA synthesis, has Some cells do not perform MITOSIS at all
chromosomes, heredity [EX. CELL of the VITAL ORGANS (cell that are
irreplaceable) heart, neurons, lungs, brain, kidney]

INSIDE THE NUCLEUS: CANCEROUS CELLS: caused by continuous

mitosis/cell division
NUCLEOLUS: counterpart of ribosome in the cytoplasm
for protein synthesis, protected by the nuclear BRAIN CELLS: intelligence, memory
membrane, NEUROGLIAL CELLS: protects the brain cells,
becomes cancerous, active in mitosis.
CHROMOSOMES: genetic material, DNA synthesis
and genetic material of chromosome protected by the CELL OF THE HEARTS
nuclear membrane,
LUNGS: Alveoli: thousands of alveoli die when polluted
air or second hand smoke is inhaled
UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS/STEM CELLS
 located in the adult body, specifically in the bone SMALLEST CELLS in the KIDNEYS:
marrow GLUMERULUS/GLOMERULI – actual site for blood
 plenty in the embryo, centration
 high potential cure/therapy for any diseases, stem
cell VITAMIN C – taken excess can be excreted
 source: placenta
OTHER VITAMINS & MINERALS – destroyed by liver or
some may be STUCK in the KIDNEYS
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
SOMATIC body cells
46 made in the nucleus, 23 pairs of chromosomes

SEX CELL haploid chromosome member, gametes

23 chromosomes, unpaired

LIFESPAN – All living cells, they die and have

replacement

MITOSIS – division of somatic cells

SOMATIC – VERY active in cell division:

• division is synonymous with multiplication

Some cells are continuously active In MITOSIS from

BIRTH  DEATH [EX. stem cells, blood cells]

While some are active only when young or when it gets

old: it stops
[EX. bone cells: most active in mitosis, rate becomes
slower when you ages. no more mitosis in bones when
there is wisdom teeth]