Dam Feasibility

WHEN considering investment in an infrastructure project, responsible investors or

donors would ask: what is the need? What are the financial, social and
environmental costs? What are the risks and the unknowns? Is the project likely to
yield higher costs than benefits? Is the project the best option to address the need?
Pakistan`s judiciary and government have called upon Pakistanis to invest in the
Diamer-Basha and Mohmand Dam Fund, and yet they have insufficiently addressed
these questions. The Supreme Court`s online appeal is not accompanied by a
feasibility study.

From the outside looking in, this is a red flag.

The court explained the need in uploads to its website related to Petition 57 of 2016:
a) Pakistan f aces an issue of water scarcity, and b)it sees water reservoirs as
essential to the survival of Pakistan`s people and economy.

The Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources corroborates the former claim.

The argument for reservoirs rests on the premise that insufficient storage capacity
causes water shortages. These assumptions merit scrutiny.

Is it necessary to target water storage capacity when water can be used more
efficiently? Agriculture accounts for more than 95 per cent of Pakistan`s water
consumption, and it is being used suboptimally.

For a start, distribution losses can be as high as two-thirds along unlined

watercourses. These can be curbed with lining at a fraction of the cost. Secondly,
Pakistan`s portfolio of crops needs to be rethought. The government should
incentivise a shift away from water-intensive crops towards droughtresistant strains
and species.

If optimising water use is insufficient on its own to solve Pakistan`s looming water
crisis and additional storage is needed, would construction of the Diamer-Basha and
Mohmand dams be the best way of addressing that need? What would be the shortf
all if existing dams were desilted, maintained and rehabilitated? What would be the
shortfall of capacity needed if instead of mega dams, smaller dams, with their
smaller risks and costs, were built? Savvy impact investors would need these
questions answered in a publicly available feasibility study.

Amongthesocialcostsof theDiamer-Basha dam foreseen by Wapda in 2011 in a

document once made available online were the dislocation of over 30,000 people,
the submersion of over 2,500 acres of agricultural land and the loss of many of the
33,000 prehistoric rock carvings that cannot be relocated.

As a remedy to the social costs, nine model villages with amenities were envisioned
for the displaced, and selected rock carvings would be moved to a museum in Chilas.

Environmental costs were not mentioned.For these, in the absence of a published

feasibility study, we turn to Engineer Bashir Malik`s opinion published in The Nation
in 2012. Described by King`s College geographer Daanish Mustafa as a former adviser
to the World Bank and UN and `one of the most ardent supporters of dam-building in
Pakistan`, Malik first distinguished Diamer-Basha from Tarbela and Kalabagh as `not
a natural site for a storage dam`. He then proceeded to illustrate the seismic risks
that the rollercompacted concrete Daimer-Basha dam would face as well as cause.
The dam would be `vulnerable to cracks and leakage`.

A serious risk f actor, Malik wrote, is reservoir-induced seismicity due to the

immense weight of water stored behind the unprecedentedly high dam in the middle
of an earthquake zone. The dam, in other words, could trigger tremors. `India`s
Koyna dam induced [a] magnitude 6.4 earthquake killing 180 people in 1967 [...]`,
while the Zipingpu mega dam may have been responsible for triggering a 7.9
magnitude earthquake in China in2008, which killed 80,000 people.

Professor of Geological Sciences Shemin Ge of the University of Colorado Boulder

and her coauthors have suggested the same. Greater than any other financial,
economic or social cost is the chance that the Diamer-Basha dam, by virtue of being
a mega dam in an earthquake zone, could cause loss of life on a catastrophic scale.

If the Diamer-Basha dam were the miracle that it would have to be to justif y all the
risks and costs, why would CPEC or development banks not finance it? Could it be
that they read the feasibility studies? Mega projects are inherently political,
according to Andrew Edkins, UCL professor of the management of complex projects.
Harvard international development professor Lant Pritchett predicts that policy
advocates withhold information about a project`s effectiveness when they believe
this information would deter support; they instead use emotive rhetoric to hoodwink
prospective supporters.

One cannot doubt the sincerity of the new government or the judiciary. One does
wonder, however, at the politics of the policy advocates. Pakistanis should demand
answers to hard questions before they part with their money.