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Ever since the universe was created the total amount of energy within it has stayed the same, this
is because energy cannot be created or destroyed. We call this the law of conservation of energy.
Not matter what we do we cannot make more energy or get rid of any energy. The only thing we
can do is move energy around. It is this movement of energy that allows everything in our universe
to happen, from a light bulb switch on to planets moving around the stars, all this is possible thanks
to energy.
Energy is found in stores, there are several different ways energy can be stored, these are the
following:
The amount of energy in any stores is measured in Joules (J). When anything happens, it is due to
energy moving from one store to another, this happens via a pathway – a way for energy to move
from store to store. For example, light from a torch will transfer energy from the torch itself and
fill the thermal store of the surroundings, hence it is a pathway.
Pathways Example
Light Torch, star, phone screen.
Sound
Heating
Electricity
Forces
A radio is a good example of an energy transfer. Energy is stored as chemical energy in the
batteries, the energy is moved from the chemical store by electricity and then sound, eventually
the energy is transferred to the thermal store of the radio and the surroundings.
Electrical current in
wires heats up
Chemical energy is radio
stored in the
batteries.
Sound waves heat up
the surroundings
We show this transfer as
follows:
Energy must always be conserved so how ever much energy you have in the store at the start of
the energy transfer must be the same as the total amount of energy in the stores after the transfer.
4. In your exercise book identify the energy transfers happening in the following cases
e.g. kettle:
chemical store of fuel thermal store of the water, kettle and surrounding
a) Someone riding a bike
b) A Pendulum
c) Someone firing a bow and arrow
Energy transfers can also be shown and described using the bar model below. Each bar is named
after a store of energy and is shaded to show how much energy exists in the store. Remember the
total energy before and after the transfer must be the same, this will be shown by having the same
number of boxes shaded at the start and end.
Torch
5. Have a go at completing some of the energy transfer bar models yourself; use the energy
transfers you write down earlier, remember to:
1. Label the bars with the stores involved in your transfer
2. Make sure total energy before and after is the same
3. Give a written explanation of what is happening.
Session 2: Efficiency.
Not all energy is always in stores that are useful to us, any energy in a store that is not needed
is known as waste energy. For example, when the chemical energy stored in the fuel is
transferred to the thermal energy of a car instead of the cars kinetic store that energy is
wasted.
Efficiency is a way we can measure how effective a transfer is, the more energy that is
transferred to a useful store the better and the higher the efficiency will be. Efficiency is
measured as a percentage, 100% would mean that all the energy transferred ends up in a useful
store. We use the following equation to work out efficiency:
Example: A light bulb will transfer 150J in one minute, 100J of this energy is used to light the bulb
and 50J is used to heat up the surroundings. What is the bulbs efficiency?
So we need to determine the useful output and total input then substitute these values into the
equation.
100
Efficiency= ×100=67 %
150
19. In your exercise book write out the efficiency equation and rearrange is to get the
equations for useful energy output and total energy input.
20. In a fan 250J of energy are transferred from the chemical store to the kinetic and thermal
stores. The thermal store gets 100J and the kinetic store receives 150J, work out the fans
efficiency.
Sankey diagrams are another way we can show the efficiency of an energy transfer. They are scaled
drawings used to show the total input, useful output and wasted output.
The total input, useful output and non-useful output are indicated by the width of there arrows.
These values can be worked out either by measuring the widths of each arrow and using scale or by
counting the squares that make up the width of the arrows.
21. Draw a Sankey diagram for the energy transfer in the kettle from the previous question.
Thermal energy is the most common store of energy found in transfers, it makes up a huge amount
of the energy that exists in our universe and everyday more energy is being transferred into this
store.
It is possible for thermal energy to move around and how this happens depends on what medium
the thermal energy is trying to be transferred through.
Through solids thermal energy is transferred via conduction, in fluids (liquids and gases) thermal
energy is transferred by convection and through a vacuum it’s transferred as infra-red radiation.
34. Complete the table to show which type of thermal energy transfer happens for each
medium.
Solid
Fluid
Vacuum
Conduction.
35. Draw a particle diagram for a solid and describe the motion of the particles.
36. Would conduction happen faster in a metal or a non-metal?
37. Draw two diagrams to show the difference between conduction in metals and non-metals –
write an explanation to go along with this.
38. Would conduction happen faster in a more or less dense solid?
39. Give three uses of conduction.
40. Why is insulation always made from non-metals?
41. What is the advantage of using a air gap in a insulated wall?
Convection.
Liquids and gases like solids are made of particles, in a liquid and a gas the particles are not held in
position and so can move around.
When heat rises, it does so because of convection. Convection is a process explaining how thermal
energy moves through out liquids and gases, it can be broken down into simple steps.
This recurring process is known as a convection current and explains how thermal energy moves
throughout a fluid.
42. Label the diagram below using the steps above to show your understanding of convection.
Most of thermal energy on earth is transferred from the sun. The energy can’t get to us by
conduction or convection as these require particles and space is a vacuum, so no particles. There is
a third way, thermal energy can be transferred as a wave. Infrared radiation is a type of
electromagnetic wave, meaning it needs no particles to move through. It carries thermal energy
and is given off by all objects. The sun gives out huge amounts of infrared radiation which travels
through space and eventually warms up our planet, making it suitable for life.
When this infrared radiation is incident on a surface, meaning it hits it, it will do one of three
things, it will either reflect of the surface, be absorbed by the object or travel through the
object.
Some surfaces are transparent, this means that an electromagnetic wave like infrared will
travel straight through, a window is common example of this. This is called transmission
Light, smoot, shiny surfaces will reflect any wave that hits them this includes infrared
waves.
Dark, rough matt surfaces will absorb the waves the hit them, once the energy from the
wave has been absorbed it is emitted back out as another infrared wave.
Infrared radiation investigation.
Using different coloured surface cans we can test how well the different surfaces reflect or absorb
infrared radiation. Take a silver surface and black matt surfaced can and fill them with boiling
water, take a starting temperature then allow the water to cool for 5 minutes and retake the
temperature. The results would show that the black can will have cooled by the most.
Insulation.
A large number of products are required to either keep things or cold, a thermos is a good example
of this. These products need to use insulators to stop thermal energy transferring by conduction,
convection or radiation. Insulators make use of materials that are poor conductors of heat, things
like plastic, trapped air or vacuums are most commonly used.
It is important to know how much energy is transferred by a device every second, this will help us
to know which device uses more electricity and how much devices will cost us to run.
The amount of energy transferred per second is known as power and is measured in Watts. Power
can be calculated using the following formula:
Converting time:
Example: A kettle transfers 5000J to the thermal store in 2 minutes, what tis the power of the
kettle.
63. Copy the formula into you exercise book and rearrange it to make energy transferred and
time taken the products.
64. Use the power equation fill in the blanks in the table, show your working in your exercise
book:
200 2
4000 1000
20 2
30 175
20 2000
There is a large cost in producing electricity that must be covered by the consumer. To cover these
costs electricity companies, charge people for the electricity they use. They do this by measuring
the energy a household uses per month, Joules are too small a unit to measure this much energy, a
house will use over a billion joules of energy a month. Instead the following formula is used to work
out the energy used by a household in Kilowatt hours KWh.
Example: A 42W kettle takes 2 minutes to boil, how much energy is transferred?
42
Convert Watts into Kilowatts: = 0.042 KW
1000
2
Convert minutes into hours: = 0.03 hours
60
Using the energy transferred in KWh the electricity companies can work out how much to charge
using the following formula:
65. What is the power of a bulb that transfers 300J of energy every 30 seconds?
66. What is the power of a television that transfers 6750J of energy every 45 seconds?
67. A toaster runs for 3 minutes. During this time, it transfers 216,000J of energy. What is the
toaster’s power?
68. Toaster 1 has a power rating of 700W and toaster 2 has a power rating of 900W, which
microwave will heat up my dinner fastest and why?
69. A dishwasher transfers 2,160,000J in 30 minutes. What is its power in kW?
70. My washing machine’s wash cycle takes 30 mins. During each wash cycle, it transfers
900,000J of energy. What power rating does my washing machine have?
71. The play station has been on for 3 hours this evening. During this time, it transferred
1,782,000J of energy. What is the power rating of the play station?
72. How many kiloWatts is 2000 W?
73. How many kiloWatts is 500 W?
74. If I use a 3 kW oven for 2 hours, how much electrical energy do I use?
75. How much electrical energy is used by a 2 kW appliance in 5 hours?
76. A 5000 W washing machine is used for 6 hours, how much electrical energy is transferred?
77. A 0.5 kW light bulb is left on for 10 hours. How much electrical energy is used?
78. A 2000W hairdryer is used for 30 minutes. How much electrical energy is used?
Electricity can be generated in a number of different ways using a number of different sources.
These are broken into two groups; renewable and non-renewable.
Non-renewable energy comes from sources that cannot easily be replenished once used, these
include fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) and nuclear power.
Renewable energy sources are easy to replace or replenish, these include sources such as solar
power and hydroelectricity.
Non-renewable sources.
Fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels are produced when living material buried deep underground for millions of years
breakdown forming either coal, oil or gas. Coal is produced by plant life undergoing this process
whereas oil and gas originate from animal life.
To produce electricity these fuels are burnt in a power station, the heat is used to boil water to
produce steam. This steam is used to spin a turbine which in turn runs a electricity generator. In
terms of energy transfer the chemical store of the fuel is transferred to the thermal store of the
water and steam, this transfers to the kinetic store of the turbine which eventually transfers to the
electrostatic store in the generator.
Burning these fuels releases a huge amount of energy but unfortunately many of the products
produced during the combustion of the fuels are carbon-based gases such as carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide. These carbon products would have stayed trapped away in the fossil fuel
indefinitely, but burning the fuel releases them. These gases are known as greenhouse gases and
are partly responsible for global warming.
Nuclear
Nuclear power uses energy released when atoms a broken apart, a process known as nuclear fission,
this process releases lots of energy but leaves us with radioactive waste.
Renewable resources.
Biofuel
Plant matter such as wood and vegetable oils can be used in the same way fossil fuels are to
produce electricity, these don’t release as much energy as fossil fuels but the carbon emissions
have much less impact than those released from coal, oil and gas.
Solar
Solar power uses photovoltaic cells to harness energy from light and other waves given off by the
sun, this energy is free but is not always readily available.
Wind
Wave
Wind across the oceans generate waves, the minetic energy in these waves can be used to generate
electricity, this again is free but not reliable. Like wind turbine wave power generators pose a
threat to wildlife.
Tidal
The moons orbit around the planet causes tidal patterns in our oceans, the slow moving of water in
and out from our shores. This movement can be used to genertate electricity. Due to the
predictability of the tides, this source is very reliable, but similarly to wave power does threaten
wildlife.
Geothermal
The core of our planets releases a vast amount of thermal energy, we only need to dig down 10km
to find temperature hot enough to boil water, this steam can be used to generate electricity just
like in a fossil fuel power station. This form of power is reliable but has big impact on the local
environment as large bore holes need to be dug.
Hydroelectric
Name of
renewable
Detail Advantages Disadvantage
energy
source
82. As water flows from the top to the bottom lake it turns a turbine coupled to a generator
that produces electricity.
What is the energy transformation that takes place as the water flows?
84. Renewable energy sources can be used to generate electricity. However these sources are not
always available.
Match words from the list with the numbers 1 to 4 in the table.
(b) Which of these energy sources is most appropriate to generate electricity to run a
well in a remote African village?
A falling water
B solar energy
C tides
D waves
(c) Which of these energy sources is most likely to produce noise pollution when used to
generate electricity?
A solar energy
B tides
C waves
D wind energy
(d) Which of these energy sources is least likely to be associated with damaging wildlife or
the habitat of wildlife when used to generate electricity?
A falling water
B tides
C waves
D wind energy
Heat rises