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V
Tin
Tin
is
extracted
from
cassiterite
ore.
The
extrac2on
involves
the
following
steps:
• a.
Concentra2on:
The
crushed
and
powdered
ore
is
washed
with
running
water,
which
removes
lighter
siliceous
ma<er.
Wolframite
is
removed
by
electromagne2c
separator.
• b.
Roas2ng:
S
and
As
are
removed
as
their
vola2le
oxides.
Iron
and
copper
pyrites
are
converted
into
their
oxides
and
sulphates.
• c.
Washing:
This
ore
is
then
washed
with
hot
water
to
dissolve
out
copper
sulphate
and
iron
sulphate.
• The
lighter
ferric
oxide
is
washed
off
while
the
concentrated
2n
stone
sinks
to
the
bo<om.
It
is
called
black
2n.
• d.
Smel2ng:
Black
2n
is
mixed
with
carbon
and
smelted
in
a
reverberatory
furnace.
The
ore
is
reduced
to
the
metallic
state
while
SiO2
is
removed
as
slag.
SnO2
+
2C
è
Sn
+
2CO
CaCO3è
CaO
+
CO2
CaO
+
SiO2è
CaSiO3
(Slag)
Molten
metal
is
cast
into
ingots
or
blocks.
It
is
known
as
block
2n
and
contains
about
99.5%
of
metallic
2n.
• e.
Purifica2on:
The
metal
is
purified
by:
i.
Liqua2on:
The
easily
fusible
2n
melts
away
and
less
fusible
impuri2es
(Fe,
W,
S,
As)
are
leV
behind.
ii.
Electroly2c†refining:
In
this
method,
impure
2n
is
made
anode
and
a
thin
sheet
of
pure
2n
is
made
the
cathode.
Electrolyte
consist
of
H2SiF6,
2n
sulphate
and
sulphuric
acid.
On
passing
current,
2n
is
dissolved
from
anode
and
gets
deposited
on
the
cathode.
3.
Fe2O3(s)
+
CO(g)
→
Fe(s)
+
CO2(g)
(300-‐800°C)
2.
CO2(g)
+
C(s)
→
2CO(g)
(800-‐1200°C)
-‐39
kcal
1.
C(s)
+
O2(g)
→
CO2(g)
(1500°C)
+95
kcal
Zone
3
1. 3
Fe2O3
+
CO
è
2
Fe3O4
+
CO2
2. Fe3O4
+
CO
è
3
FeO
+
CO2
3. FeO
+
CO
è
Fe
+
CO2
4. CaCO3èCaO
+
CO2
Zone
2
1. CO2
+
C
è 2
CO
2. Fe2O3
+
3
C
è
2Fe
+
3
CO
3. 2
CO
èCO2
+
C
4. CaO
+
SiO2
è CaSiO3
(slag)
5. SiO2
+
2
C
è Si
+
2CO
6. MnO2
+
2
C
è Mn
+
2CO
7. P2O5
+
5
C
è
2P
+
5
CO
Zone
1
Absorp2on
of
C,S,P,
Si,
Mn,
etc
in
iron
takes
place.
.
C(s)
+
O2(g)
→
CO2(g)
(1500°C)
Composi-on
of
Pig
Iron
Iron:
92-‐95
%
Phosphorus:
0.5-‐1.0
%
Manganese:
0.2-‐1.0
%
Sulphur:
0.1-‐0.3
%
Carbon:2.5
%-‐4.5
%
Silicon:
0.7
%-‐
3
%
Types
of
Iron
1. Cast
Iron:
C-‐
2.5
to
5%.
a. White
cast
Iron
:metal
is
cooled
rapidly.
Carbon
in
form
of
Fe3C.
Large
Amount
of
Fe3C
makes
it
very
hard,
bri<le
&
difficult
to
machine.
a. Grey
Cast
Iron:
Low
rate
of
cooling
promo2ng
decomposi2on
of
Fe3C
giving
Graphite
Cost
is
low,
mp
is
low,
soV
&
machinable,
compressive
strength
is
high.
Has
low
Tensile
strength,
low
duc2lity
and
low
toughness.Cas2ng
the
bodies
of
electrical
Machines,
the
cylinders
and
beds
of
engines,
bases
for
heavy
machines,
etc.
2.
Wrought
iron
is
Purest
form
of
iron.
Contains
0.1
to
0.25
%
C
and
0.3
%
other
impuri2es.
Made
from
pig
iron
by
puddling
process.
Proper2es
of
wrought
iron
1. It’s
extremely
tough,
highly
malleable
&
duc2le.
2. SoVens
around
1000°C
&
can
be
forged
&
welded.
3. Due
to
presence
of
around
2
%
slag,
it
has
a
fibrous
structure.
4. Resistant
towards
rus2ng
&
corrosion.
Material Iron Carbon Manganese Sulfur Phosphorus Silicon