OSI Model

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a reference model for how applications communicate

over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.

TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP Reference Model. TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and

Internet Protocol. It is the network model used in the current Internet architecture as well. ...
These protocols describe the movement of data between the source and destination or the
internet.

UDP Protocol

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications protocol that is primarily used for
establishing low-latency and loss-tolerating connections between applications on the internet.

IP Address

IP Address. An IP address, or simply an "IP," is a unique address that identifies a device on the

Internet or a local network. It allows a system to be recognized by other systems connected via
the Internet protocol. There are two primary types of IP address formats used today — IPv4 and
IPv6
Subnet Mask

A subnet mask is a number that defines a range of IP addresses that can be used in

a network. ... A subnet mask hides, or "masks," the network part of a system's IP address and
leaves only the host part as the machine identifier. A common subnet mask for a Class C IP
address is 255.255. 255.0.

Gateway IP Address

A gateway IP refers to a device on a network which sends local network traffic to other
networks.

DNS

The main function of DNS is to translate domain names into IP Addresses, which computers

can understand. It also provides a list of mail servers which accept Emails for
each domain name. Each domain name in DNS will nominate a set of name servers to be
authoritative for its DNS records.

DHCP

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that provides quick, automatic, and
central management for the distribution of IP addresses within a network. DHCP is also used to
configure the subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server information on the device.

NAT

NAT. Stands for "Network Address Translation." NAT translates the IP addresses of computers

in a local network to a single IP address. This address is often used by the router that connects
the computers to the Internet.

MAC

MAC address stands for Medium Access Control Address. MAC address is also referred as
physical address or hardware address or Ethernet address. MAC address is unique to network
device. MAC address is composed of 48 bit or six hexadecimal digits, separated by colons or
dashes. Example - 00-14-2A-3F-47-D0

HUB
A hub, also called a network hub, is a common connection point for devices in a
network. Hubs are devices commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. The hub contains
multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all
segments of the LAN can see all packets.

Bridge

A bridge is a type of computer network device that provides interconnection with other bridge

networks that use the same protocol. Bridge devices work at the data link layer of the Open
System Interconnect (OSI) model, connecting two different networks together and providing
communication between them.

Switch

In a network, a switch is a hardware device that filters and forwards network packets from one
networking device (switch, router, computer, server, etc.) to another. ... Some switches can also
process data at the network layer (layer 3) by combining routing functions.

Router

The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and forward packets destined
either for its own networks or other networks. A router is considered a layer-3 device because
its primary forwarding decision is based on the information in the layer-3 IP packet, specifically
the destination IP address.

There are different types of routers viz. core routers, exterior routers and interior routers. These

routers use different protocols and algorithms to build the routing table.Interior routers use

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).

Gateway

A gateway is a networking device that connects two networks using different protocols together.
it also acts as a “gate” between two networks. It may be a router, firewall, server, or other
devices that enables traffic to flow in and out of the network.
Firewall

Firewall is a hardware and/or software which checks all the inbound and outbound packets from
any system/LAN connected with internet mainly. This helps prevent any unauthenticated
connection being established or prevent any spam/virus affecting the system/LAN.

ARP

The address resolution protocol (arp) is a protocol used by the Internet Protocol (IP), specifically
IPv4, to map IP network addresses to the hardware addresses used by a data link protocol. The
protocol operates below the network layer as a part of the interface between the OSI network
and OSI link layer.

RARP

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol by which a physical machine in a

local area network can request to learn its IP address from a gateway server's Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP) table or cache.

Simplex Transmission Mode

In this type of transmission mode, data can be sent only in one direction i.e. communication is
unidirectional. We cannot send a message back to the sender. Unidirectional communication is
done in Simplex Systems where we just need to send a command/signal, and do not expect any
response back.

Half Duplex Transmission Mode

Half-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal
carrier, but not at the same time.

Full Duplex Transmission Mode

In full duplex system we can send data in both the directions as it is bidirectional at the same
time in other words, data can be sent in both directions simultaneously.