Review paper symposium[font size Title[font

14] size10]
Rain water harvesting:

copy from pdf8 because I'm not able to copy.

Surface and groundwater resources are being utilized faster than they can be recharged. Rainwater
harvesting is an old practice that is being adopted by many nations as a viable decentralized water source
with a collaborative & development of affordable technologies for capturing & retaining runoff including
that from roof tops and roads using this as a valuable sources of water and artificially recharge the
percolation well and ultimately increase the ground water level. This can be helpful as a valuable water
source in future. One of the most logical steps towards this goal would be acknowledging the importance of
rainwater harvesting. This should not only encompass rooftop rainwater harvesting but also storm water
harvesting systems. Hence, an equal and positive thrust is needed in developing and encouraging the water
harvesting systems and a harvest total annually 1, 46, 27, 284 lit water which is 29.68% of total water
demand could be obtained. So by using Rain water harvesting methods we can harvest and store the rain
water into ground aquifer or into percolation well. [pdf10 ] Patel, et.al. 2015

Quality of rain water :

Rainwater samples were collected from rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems at seven sites located in a 30
km radius around the City of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. The rainwater cistern and at the point of use—and
analysed for pH, turbidity, colour, total and fecal coliforms, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and UV
absorbance. Additional parameters, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, total metals,
Campylobacter and Legionella were examined in selected samples. Following data collection, statistical
analysis was performed to investigate the factors that influenced rainwater quality. The results indicate that,
while quality can be expected to vary with environmental conditions, the rainwater from a RWH system can
be of consistently high quality through the selection of appropriate catchment and storage materials and the
application of post-cistern treatment. The physicochemical properties of rainwater were most influenced by
the catchment and storage materials and site environment. Catchment surfaces employing steel roofs
provided rainwater runoff of higher quality than did asphalt shingle roofs. The material properties of asphalt
shingles may have contributed to poorer quality runoff, owing to the adsorption of atmospheric particulates
deposited on the catchment surface between rainfall events. The pH of rainwater stored in plastic cisterns
tended to be slightly acidic, whereas rainwater pH was slightly basic when stored in concrete. The quality
of harvested rainwater appears to depend, in part, on the location in which RWH systems are operated.
Season, temperature and extent of treatment had the greatest impact on the microbiological quality of the
rainwater. During the summer and fall seasons total and fecal coliforms were detected in a greater
proportion of samples, and were also detected in greater numbers. the number of samples with detectable
levels of total and fecal coliforms was reduced, on average, by 96% and 97%, respectively. The average
reduction in turbidity was 42%. While quality can be expected to vary with environmental conditions, the
rainwater from a RWH system can be of consistently high quality through the selection of appropriate
catchment and storage materials and the application of pre- and post cistern treatment. [pdf4] Despins,
et.al. 2009 The aim of the “SOSTAQUA-L3 Sustainable Rainwater Management” project is to identify
sustainable management benefits, and potential urban uses for rainwater, as well as, in accordance, to
analyze how to collect, store and treat the rainwater. In this context, sampling campaigns focus on
enhancing data on both pollutant occurrence and the significance of concentrations in rainwater. Rainwater
collected at these points ranges from pure rainwater toextremely polluted stormwater (where it comes into
contact with wastewater) and includes: pure urban rainwater, roof runoff, surface runoff, rainwater resulting
from urban SUDS, storm sewers, combined sewers and storm tanks. Analytical results on microbiological
pollution, solids, nutrients, organic matter and heavy metals are discussed. Depending on the resulting
quality found at each of the collecting points, rainwater management strategies are suggested. Taking into

Dept of Civil 2019- Page

Engg,DSATM 2020 No.
 Review paper symposium[font size Title[font
14] size10]
account the first stages of the urban rainwater cycle (pure urban rainwater and roof runoff points), the
rainwater use could be made possible without the need for stringent treatments. If only first flush removal
was applied (this involves the removal of the most polluted fraction of rainwater) the rainwater could be
directly used for non-potable usages. In subsequent phases of the SOSTAQUA-L3 project, more detailed
water quality data and issues related to rainwater collection, storage and sustainable treatments (including
centralised and decentralised treatments) will be analysed in order to identify the potential and most
feasible urban uses for rainwater, along with the best sustainable rainwater management practices.
[pdf5] Mascaró, et.al. 2010 The rain water quality of first rain was assessed for the evaluation of air
pollution load of region. Selected physico-chemical character-istics like temperature, pH (6.23-6.85), TDS
(105-187 mg L-1), DO (4.2-5.6 mg L-1), Free CO2 (0.8 mg L-1), Pb (0.09 mg L-1), Fe (0.085-0.132 mg L-1),
sulphate (121.2-131.8 mg L-1), silica (3.51-7.26 mg L-1), turbidity (11-19 NTU), total hardness (81-120 mg
L-1), chloride (3.20-6.75 mg L-1), BOD (2-4 mg L-1), and COD (14-31 mg L-1) were detected for the
evaluation of pollution load in rainwa-ter. The present study revealed that the water quality of first rain was
found highly polluted in comparison to second rain. The trace amount of chloride, silica, lead, iron,
sulphate, free carbon dioxide was found in first heavy rain of the region while in the second rain all these
were found in very less quantity. Rainwater use for drinking purposes will promote the use of a
decentralized and low cost source of water, under user control. It will go a long way in meeting the
Millennium Development Goals and achieving household and community level clean drinking water, in a
sustainable manner. The rainwater can be treated by applying appropriate technology to remove the
impurities. . [pdf7 ] Kumar Bharti, et.al. 2017

Rain water filtration:

Water is as important for survival of human being as much as food, air etc, but hardly any attention is paid
for its economical use and conservation of this precious resource. Due to indiscriminate pumping of ground
water, the water table is going down abnormally. Rains are the main source of water and if rain water is
harvested, the scarcity of water can be eliminated altogether. Rain water is bacteriologically pure, free
from organic matter and soft in nature. Rain water harvesting as a technique to preserve fresh water was
adopted. [pdf9 ] Devappa, et.al. 2017 The issue of mosquito breeding in rainwater storage tanks often
occurs and this is causing dengue. This issue usually occurs due to improper rainwater harvesting system.
Majority people in rural areas do not approach a proper rainwater harvesting design. In order to design a
proper rainwater harvesting system, filter should be installed in the system. Filtration can be used as an
alternative method to prevent the larvae mosquitoes from entering the storage tanks and improve the water
quality of rainwater. Non woven geo textile fabrics were used as a filter fabric and tested using larvae
mosquitoes either those larvae passing through the filter fabric or not. Besides that, a few parameters such
as water temperature, pH, turbidity and dissolved oxygen (DO) are determined to evaluate the performance
of water quality after filtration, all the larvae does not pass through the filter fabric. Overall, the quality of
rainwater acceptance and the uses of filter in rainwater harvesting system is a must to get a good quality of
rainwater. The larvae also cannot pass through the filter and it can prevent the larvae from entering the
storage tank. Filtration process effective to filter larvae mosquitoes and contaminants before rainwater enter
the storage tank. The characteristics of the filtration concept designed are easy to conduct and give benefits
to the user compare with the rainwater harvesting system without any filtration process. Besides that, the
filtration concept with low maintenance requirement, no energy required and it does not affect the
environment. [pdf6] Faizah Wan Johor, et.al. 2017

Different types of roof top materials that could be used :

Samples collected from different runoffs; AR, GMR, TR, ASR, and DR for aluminum roof, galvanized
metal roof, thatch roof, asbestos roof and ambient rainfall respectively were analyzed for pH, conductivity,
Dept of Civil 2019- Page
Engg,DSATM 2020 No.
 Review paper symposium[font size Title[font
14] size10]
turbidity, TDS, TSS, NO3 -, PO43-, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb. Ranking of the heavy metal in roof runoff is in
the order; Fe>Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb. It could be deduced from the result that roof runoff may be a non point
source of environmental pollution owning to the release of heavy metals and other pollutants into the
environment, and increased concentration of some of the pollutants and that roofs could be a source of
pollution since the surfaces are available for deposition of atmospheric particles and the leach-ability of the
roof surfaces could have contributed to the level contamination observed in the roof runoff samples. So the
roof runoff water could impact negatively to the environment and if consumed without being treated may
be injurious to human health. [pdf3]Chizoruo, et.al. 2016

Calculation of area for RWH:

It is said that “water is life” because, the water is required from birth to death for human being. In the
global picture, India is identified as a country where water scarcity is expected to grow considerably in the
coming
decades. The infiltration rate of soil was studied by double ring infiltrometer. Depending upon design
requirements different runoff harvesting structures, like contour bunding, compartment bunding, nalah
bunding and farm pound also with the help of harvesting structures 60 to 70 % of rainfall can be harvested.
The basic thinking behind rainwater harvesting is that the rainfall in India is highly seasonal, with most of
the precipitation occurring within a few months of the year and within that period the intensity, being
concentrated within a few weeks, that precipitation is also highly variable between different parts of the
country and from year to year, that's why it is necessary to store rainwater with various structures suitable
for that area. Looking into the different losses and other factors it can also be concluded that about 70% of
the rain falling in that area can be harvested. Looking into the scarcity of water and high energy input for
water supply scheme, it should be made mandatory to implement such rain water harvesting techniques so
that the problem of water scarcity can be minimized. [pdf2]Jejurkar, et.al. 2012

To increase quantity and quality of ground water :

The design of RWH structures is site specific as it involves hydrometeorology, lithology and land use.
Consequently, its effectiveness depends on appropriate design and implementation. Water samples were
analysed for different quality parameters and checked with codal requirements of IS-10500 (1991) for
possible impact of RWH on groundwater quality. It is found that the recharge and quality have improved
due to the implementation of RWH. Groundwater recharge is assessed based on GEC-1997 Norms by water
level fluctuation method. From this, recharge per unit area was estimated and found to increase after the
implementation of RWH. In the later area, TDS and chloride values were found to be more than the
permissible limits confirming the sea water intrusion. This methodology could be adopted for any other
area and will be helpful in understanding the impact of RWH in quantity and quality aspects.[ pdf1]
Jebamalar, et.al. 2011.

RWH for different campus:

Rain water harvesting as a technique to preserve fresh water has been adopted for the study area of SGBIT
campus located at Belagavi. Providing a main storage tank of dimensions 5m X5m X3m ,providing a
Filtration tank as slow sand filter with dimensions 6m X 3m X 2.6m , providing a circular Infiltration
Dept of Civil 2019- Page
Engg,DSATM 2020 No.
 Review paper symposium[font size Title[font
14] size10]
gallery for the ground water recharge of dimensions of depth 3m with a diameter of 2.6m was done for
SGBIT campus.[ pdf9] Devappa, et.al. 2017 Rooftop rain water harvesting is one of the best methods
fulfilling those requirements. The technical aspects of this paper are rainwater harvesting collected from
rooftop which is considered to be catchment areas from Institutes departmental building at Y.C.C.E.
Campus. First of all, required data are collected i.e. catchment areas & hydrological rainfall data. Physical,
chemical as well as biological analysis of collected water was done experimentally in laboratory. Demand
on water resources witness a substantial increase due to development, population increase, and global
weather change. Adopting the concept of sustainability and conservation of water resources can help to
cope with the global water shortage. Promotion of rainwater harvesting technique for domestic,
landscaping, and agriculture can help to reduce the demand on water resources. Rainwater harvesting
systems used in housing schemes can provide water for potable and non-potable uses. The potable uses
include drinking, bathing, and cooking and dish wash. Usually the rainwater used for this purpose must be
treated to remove the contaminants and generally the main required treatment processes are filtration and
disinfection unless the rainwater contain heavy metals, then special treatment is required. Non-potable uses
of rainwater harvesting include flushing toilets, watering garden, and washing floors. [ pdf11] Shiras,
et.al. 2014

Dept of Civil 2019- Page

Engg,DSATM 2020 No.