Heat Transfer:

Heat Transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one

region to another region due to temperature difference. A knowledge of the
temperature distribution within a body is important in many engineering
problems.

There are three modes of heat transfer. They are:

i. Conduction
ii. Convection
iii. Radiation
Conduction:
Heat Conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high
temperature to a region of low temperature within a medium (solid, liquid or gases)
or between different medium in direct physical contact
In Conduction, energy exchange takes place by the kinematic motion or
direct impact of molecules. Pure conduction is found only in solids.
Convection:
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid
surface and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
Convection is possible only in the presence of fluid medium.
Radiation:
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting
medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
Analogy between Structural and Thermal problems
1D Structural Problem 1D Heat Conduction Problem
u = N1u1 + N2u2 T = N1T1 + N2T2
N1 = (1-x)/l ; N2 = x/l N1 = (1-x)/l ; N2 = x/l
[B] = {dN1/dx, dN2/dx} [B] = {dN1/dx, dN2/dx}
[D] = Young’s Modulus (E) [D] = Thermal Conductivity (k)
[K] = ∫[B]T[D][B] dv [K] = ∫[B]T[D][B] dv

𝑨𝑬 𝟏 −𝟏 𝑨𝒌 𝟏 −𝟏
𝑲 = 𝑲𝑪 =
𝒍 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒍 −𝟏 𝟏

𝟎 𝟎
𝑲𝒉 = 𝒉𝑨
𝟎 𝟏
[K] = [KC] + [Kh]
{F} = [K] {u} {F} = [KC] {u} [for conduction]
FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR 1D HEAT CONDUCTION
Case (i): 1D Heat Conduction with free end convection

Stiffness Matrix: [K] = [KC] + [Kh]

𝑨𝒌 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝑲 = + 𝒉𝑨
𝒍 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Force equation: {F} = [K] {T}

𝟎 𝑨𝒌 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝑻𝟏
𝒉𝑻∾ 𝑨 = + 𝒉𝑨
𝟏 𝒍 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝑻𝟐

where, h = Heat Transfer Coefficient

T∾ = Fluid or Atmospheric Temperature
A = Area of the element
l = Length of the element
Case (ii): 1D Heat conduction with convection and internal heat generation
ℎ𝑃𝑙 2 1
𝐾ℎ =
6 1 2
Stiffness Matrix: [K] = [KC] + [Kh]
𝐴𝑘 1 −1 ℎ𝑃𝑙 2 1
𝐾 = +
𝑙 −1 1 6 1 2
Force vector: {F} = {FQ} + {Fh}
𝑄𝐴𝑙 1 𝑃ℎ𝑇∾ 𝑙 1
= +
2 1 2 1
Force equation: {F} = [K] {T}

𝑸𝑨𝒍 + 𝑷𝒉𝑻∾ 𝒍 𝟏 𝑨𝒌 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒉𝑷𝒍 𝟐 𝟏 𝑻𝟏

= + +
𝟐 𝟏 𝒍 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟐 𝑻𝟐
Where, Q = Heat generated
P = Perimeter
Numerical Problems on 1D Heat Conduction

Problem 1:
A wall of 0.6 m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/mK. The wall is
to be insulated with a material of thickness 0.06 m having an average thermal
conductivity of 0.3 W/mK. The inner surface temperature is 1000⁰C and outside
of the insulation is exposed to atmospheric air at 30⁰C with heat transfer
coefficient of 35 W/m2K. Calculate the nodal temperatures.
Answer 1:
T2 = 607.313 K (or) 334.313⁰C
T3 = 341.039 K (or) 68.039⁰C
Numerical Problems on 1D Heat Conduction

Problem 2:
A wall of 1 m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/mK. The wall is to
be insulated with a material of thickness 0.06 m having an average thermal
conductivity of 0.3 W/mK. The inner surface temperature is 1000⁰C and outside
of the insulation is exposed to atmospheric air at 27⁰C with heat transfer
coefficient of 30 W/m2K. Calculate the nodal temperatures.
Answer 2:
T2 = 512.843 K (or) 239.84⁰C
T3 = 330.406 K (or) 57.406⁰C
Problem 3:
A furnace wall is made up of three layers, inside layer with thermal conductivity
8.5 W/mK, the middle layer with thermal conductivity 0.25 W/mK and the
outer layer with thermal conductivity 0.08 W/mK. The respective thickness of
inner, middle and outer layer are 25 cm, 5 cm and 3 cm respectively. The inside
temperature of the wall is 600⁰C and outside of the wall is exposed to
atmospheric air at 30⁰C with heat transfer coefficient of 45 W/m2K. Determine
the nodal temperatures.
Answer 3:
T2 = 846.08 K (or) 573.08⁰C
T3 = 664.11 K (or) 391.11⁰C
T4 = 323.21 K (or) 50.21⁰C
Numerical Problems on 1D Fin Element:
Problem 1:
Find the temperature distribution in a straight fin with the physical properties
as shown in the figure. Thermal conductivity (k) = 70 W/cm⁰C. Convective heat
transfer coefficient (h) = 5 W/cm2 ⁰C. Temperature at fixed end of the fin (T) =
140 ⁰C. Surrounding temperature (T∾ = 40 ⁰C). Assume that the free end of the
fin is insulated.

Answer 1: T2 = 81.787 ⁰C ; T3 = 67.410 ⁰C