THEORITICAL REVIEW

Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry which deals with quantitative

relationships of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction. The quantity of
substance involved in measurement has different states (solid, liquid and gas) and
forms (mixture and compound).
The stoichiometry calculations are basically arithmetic calculations, but
confounded by scores of measuring terminologies. These terms are required to
represent atomic or molecular level of association involved in chemical reactions.
Besides chemical substance reacts or combines in definite proportion which we
account by valence factor. Corresponding to valence factor, there are measurements
which measures the proportion in which one element or group of elements reacts or
combines with another element or group of elements.
xA + yB → AxBy
A good part of stoichiometry is about mastering measuring terms (Singh, K, 2012).
The oxidation of ferrous complexes by hydrogen peroxide has been cited as a
source of hydroxyl radical that can cause damage in living cells. However, the
evidence that hydroxyl radicals are formed under conditions that exist biologically is
indirect. In model systems where the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is
catalyzed by ferric EDTA or other such polyaminocarboxylate (pat) complexes, the
ferric species is reduced by a biological reductant, e.g., O 2- or ascorbate, and then
reoxidized by H202 to form either OH radicals or another oxidizing species
frequently identified as ferryl, Fe(IV)O2+, or ferrous-hydrogen peroxide. FeO2+ as an
alternative to the hydroxyl radical was first proposed by Bray and Gorin. Evidence
for this species in acetonitrile was obtained by Groves and co-workers. All possible
intermediates are here referred to as I,, the product of reaction
(1): Fe(II)pac + H2O2 + I, (1) I, + Fe(II)pac -+ 2Fe(III)pac + 20H- (2) I, + RH
-+ Fe(III)pac + Hz0 + OH- + R * (3) In reaction (3), RH is a scavenging molecule,
which under conditions where reaction (2) is unlikely to occur, such as in biological
conditions. is the substrate for I,. Ethanol, I-butanol, and formate are commonly used
as scavengers in biochemical model systems.
The binding stoichiometry between Cu(II) and the full-length â-amyloid
Aâ(1-42) and the oxidation state of copper in the resultant complex were determined
by electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass
spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS) and cyclic voltammetry. A stoichiometric ratio of 1:1
was directly observed, and the oxidation state of copper was deduced to be 2+ for all
of the complexes, and residues tyrosine-10 and methionine-35 are not oxidized in the
Aâ(1-42)-Cu(II) complex. The stoichiometric ratio remains the same in the presence
of more than a 10-fold excess of Cu(II). Redox potentials of the sole tyrosine residue
and the Cu(II) center were determined to be ca. 0.75 and 0.08 V vs Ag/AgCl [or 0.95
and 0.28 V vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)], respectively.
 REFERENCES

Jiang, D., Men, L., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Chickenyen, S., Wang, Y., and Zhou, F .,
(2007), Redox Reactions of Copper Complexes Formed with Different â-
Amyloid Peptides and Their Neuropathalogical Relevance, Journal of
Biochemistry, Vol 46, 9270-9282

Singh, K., (2012), Stoichiometry, Texas: Rice University