For satejMSL - About D.-E. Simulation - 2019 - English-1

Introduction to
Discrete - Event Simulation of

Manufacturing Processes
Professor Yuri Merkuryev

October 2, 2019
Simulation (in general, by R. Shannon):
The process of designing a model of a real system

and conducting experiments with this model for
the purposes of understanding the behaviour of the
systems and/or evaluating various strategies for
the operations of the system
© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

Simulation (in general, by R. Crosbie):
Modelling:
Developing a conceptual model
Simulation:
Converting the conceptual model into a
computer programme that realises that model,
and experimenting with it

Simulation (in “Discrete-Event System
Simulation”):
Model:
A representation of a system for the purpose
of studying the system
Simulation:
The imitation of the operation of a real-
world process or system over time
One of the most widely used and accepted
tools in Operations research and Systems
analysis

Role of Simulation
Problem
Real-world Conceptual Simulation

system model model
Modelling

Model (in general) –
Abstract or material system that:
- describes essential features of the modelled system,
- describes the modelled system in a way that is
convenient for a conducted study,
- could be used for solving problems, that could not be
solved, using the modelled system itself.
General aim of simulation:

To improve operation of the simulated system

Discrete - Event Simulation:
1. Deals with discrete - event systems, that change
their state instantaneously, at discrete time
moments.
Examples:
Queuing Systems with
- clients to be served (e.g., details to be processed or
parts to be assembled)
- servers (e.g., processing details or assembling parts )
- queues, where clients wait for serving (e.g., buffers)
- routing of served clients (e.g., to the next processing
or to a warehouse)

Reliability Studies
- were breakdowns (e.g., of a technological equipment)
are considered
Inventory Management Studies with goods:
- supplied (to clients)
- ordered and received (from suppliers)
2. Deals with complicated systems

- of a large scale
- with complicated relations between elements
- influenced by random factors
- when analytical models actually cannot be used
3. Is a computer based abstract, mathematical, algorithmic

modelling
Discrete - Event Simulation approach:
1. Describe how the modelled system operates

(specify its operation algorithm – develop a
conceptual model)
2. Develop a computer programme that realises this
algorithm (develop a simulation model)
3. Experiment with the developed programme
(simulate)
4. Analyse and implement simulation results

Problem formulation
Setting of objectives and

overall project plan
Model
conceptualization
Data collection
Structure of a
simulation study
Model programming
No
Verified?
Yes
No No
Validated?
Yes
Experimental design
Simulation runs and analysis
Yes Yes
More runs?
No
Documentation and reporting
Implementation
Typical simulated systems:
- manufacturing systems
- transport systems
- inventory systems
- logistics systems
- service systems

Typical simulation tasks:
- better understanding of MS behaviour

- analysis of MS operation in different situations
("what - if" analysis)
- analysis and removal of bottlenecks
- optimisation of MS parameters
- comparing alternative decisions
- evaluating different control algorithms
- personal training (e.g., managerial personal)
- analysis of different scenarios (e.g., evacuation
plans)
Simulation in Manufacturing
Modern manufacturing systems:
highly automated, computer controlled integrated systems,
asking for essential investments
Traditional (analytical) approach:

often not capable to study their operation enough precisely
Simulation:
intensively used for dynamic analysis of operation under
different decisions, prior to their implementation,
searching for the best solution

Main application areas:
- as a design and analysis aid for factory layouts,

equipment decisions, operating policies, etc.
- as a planning and scheduling tool for production
processes
- as a part of a real-time, on-line control system
(e.g., generating a new schedule when a piece of
equipment has broken down; a concept of Digital
Twins)

Typical questions, to be answered by
simulation in a design mode:
 What will be the throughput of a particular design?

 Where are the bottlenecks? How can we remove
them?
 How does the system performance change in a
function of number and type of machines, number of
workers, in-process storage and transportation, etc.?
 How will breakdowns affect the throughput?

Simulation in the Life Cycle of a Logistics System
(Prof. Gaby Newmann, TH Wildau, Germany)
•simulating complex materials flow, control and warehousing

•planning systems, processes, staff allocation; testing parameters,
analyzing performance, alternatives, bottle necks
•simulating warm-up phases and step-by-step extensions; training
•implemen-
systems; testing control algorithms and implementing them into
tation the control station
•supervising systems and processes; supporting disposition of
•operation technical equipment and staff; analyzing “what-if” scenarios;
training systems
•incoming •stock of •manufacturing •stock of •outgoing

•process •area •materials and assembly •products •area
level •flow of materials and products (transport system)
•permanent observation and control by simulation

Some examples:
 Typical ARENA models

 Simulation at the Riga Radio Factory
 Simulation of containers processing at the Riga
Commercial Port

Cost efficiency of Simulation
Costs:
- Software (if to be used by a customer)
- Hardware (PC)
- Labour
Average relation of Cost to Saving:
- between 1:6 and 1:10

Some examples:
Looking for the optimal product mix for a newly

installed assembly line:
production throughput  by 30%,
labour  by 5%
saving 60.000 Eur per year
cost of simulation 3.500 Eur

Some examples:
Reconstructing of an automated footwear
distribution warehouse (by RSG Software):
rejecting the original plan, that would cost
200.000 $, but decrease the throughput by 30%
finding an efficient solution, re-assigning
positions for different clients at the warehouse

Some models, used in teaching Simulation at
Riga Technical University
 Furniture manufacturing
 Multimodal transportations
 Supply management
 Distribution management

National Import
House
Plant
Warehouse
Wholesaler Wholesaler Wholesaler
Retailers Retailers Retailers

Some useful links:
1. MIK: http://www.itl.rtu.lv/mik → <saites> →

→ <Ar IM saistītās lapas>
2. The Society for Modeling and Simulation

International, SCS:
www.scs.org
3. European Council for M & S:

www.scs-europe.net

Some useful links:
4. The McLeod Institute of Simulation Sciences (MISS):

www.mcleodinstitute.org/
5. Latvian Simulation Society:
www.itl.rtu.lv/imb/
6. Federation of European Simulation Societies
EUROSIM:
www.eurosim.info

Some useful links:
7. Department of Computational Modeling and Simulation
Engineering, Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA:
www.odu.edu/cmse
8. Educational Simulations, Inc.:
https://reallivesworld.com
9. NTSA: National Training and Simulation Association:
trainingsystems.org/
Modeling & Simulation 101:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-6zxImekOE
I/ITSEC Conference and Expo (Interservice/Industry Training,
Simulation
and Education Conference): www.youtube.com/user/NTSAToday

Some useful links:
10. Winter Simulation Conference:

www.wintersim.org/
www.informs-sim.org/
11. Society for Simulation in Healthcare

www.ssih.org
12. US DoD Modeling and Simulation

Coordination Office (M&S CO):
www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=36106

Some useful links– IM programlīdzekļi:
13. Simulation software survey (OR/MS Today):

www.informs.org/ORMS-Today/Public-
Articles/October-Volume-42-Number-5/Simulation-
Software-Survey
14. Simulation tools:
www.capterra.com/simulation-software/
15. Simulation Encyclopedia:
www.raczynski.com/pn/encyk.htm

Some useful links – Projektu apraksti:
16. International Simulation Group “Simulation Team”:

www.simulationteam.com/
17. International Consulting Company PMC:

www.pmcorp.com/Services/ConsultingServices/Simul
ationModeling.aspx
18. Experiential Simulations Ltd:

www.experientialsimulations.com/

Some recent/future conferences:
1. Winter Simulation Conference:
– WSC Programs with Full Papers:
www.informs-sim.org
− Šā gada konference: WSC 2019: National Harbor, Maryland,
December 8-11, 2019: www.wintersim.org/
− WSC 2018: Gothenburg, Sweden, December 9-12, 2018
− WSC 2017: Las Vegas, NV, USA, December 3-6, 2017
− WSC 2016: Washington, D.C., USA, December 11-14, 2016
− WSC 2015: Huntington Beach, CA, USA, December 6-9, 2015
− WSC 2014 Savannah, GA, USA, December 7-10, 2014
− WCS 2013 Washington, DC, USA, December 8-11, 2013
− WSC 2012 Berlin, Germany, December 9-12, 2012
− WSC 2011 Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A., December 11-14, 2011
− WSC 2010: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., December 5-8, 2010
− WSC 2009: Austin, Texas, U.S.A., December 13-16, 2009
− ...
2. European Conference on Modelling and Simulation:
- ECMS2005: Riga, Latvia,
www.scs-europe.net/conf/esm2005/index.html
...
- ECMS2013: Alesund, Norway
- ECMS2014: Brescia, Italy
www.scs-europe.net/conf/ecms2014/index.html
- ECMS2015: Albena, Bulgaria
www.scs-europe.net/conf/ecms2015/index.html
- ECMS2016: Regensburg, Germany
www.scs-europe.net/conf/ecms2016
- ECMS2017: Budapest, Hungary
- ECMS2018: Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- ECMS2019: Caserta, Italy
3. European Modelling and Simulation Symposium:
- EMSS2006: Barcelona, Spain
- EMSS2007: Bergeggi, Italy
- EMSS2008: Calabria, Italy
- EMSS2009: Tenerife, Spain
- EMSS2010: Fes, Morocco
- EMSS2011: Rome, Italy
- EMSS2012: Vienna, Austria
- EMSS2013: Athens, Greece
- EMSS2014: Bordeaux, France
- EMSS2015: Bergeggi, Italy
- EMSS2016: Cyprus
- EMSS2017: Barcelona, Spain
- EMSS2018: Budapest, Hungary
www.msc-les.org/conf/emss2018/
- EMSS2019: Lisbon, Portugal
4. Harbour, Maritime and Multimodal Logistics Modelling and
Simulation:
- HMS2003: Riga, Latvia
- HMS2004: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- HMS2005: Marseille, France - HMS2006: Barcelona, Spain
- HMS2007: Bergeggi, Italy - HMS2008: Calabria, Italy
- HMS2009: Tenerife, Spain - HMS2010: Fes, Morocco
- HMS2011: Rome, Italy - HMS2012: Vienna, Austria
- HMS2013: Athens, Greece HMS2014: Bordeaux, France
- HMS2015: Bergeggi, Italy - HMS2016: Cyprus
- HMS2017: Barcelona, Spain
www.msc-les.org/conf/hms2017/
- HMS2018: Budapest, Hungary
www.msc-les.org/conf/hms2018/
- HMS2019: Lisbon, Portugal

5. EUROSIM Congress:
- EUROSIM Congress 2007, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EUROSIM Congress 2010, Prague, Czech Republic
- EUROSIM Congress 2013, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- EUROSIM Congress 2016, Oulu, Finland:
http://eurosim2016.automaatioseura.fi/
- EUROSIM Congress 2019, La Rioja, Spain
https://www.eurosim.info/events/eurosim-congress/
6. Asia Modelling Symposium:
- AMS2007: Phuket, Thailand
- AMS2008: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- AMS2009: Bandung & Bali, Indonesia
- AMS2010: Kota Kinabalu, Borneo, Malaysia
- AMS2011: Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) – Manila (Phillipines)
- AMS2012: Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) – Bali (Indonesia)
- AMS2013: Hong-Kong - Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
- AMS2014: Taipei (Taiwan) – Kuala-Lumpur (Malaysia)
- AMS2015: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; - AMS2016 and 2017: Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
- AMS2018: Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; uksim.info
7. . IASTED International Symposium on Modeling, Simulation and
Identification:
- MS 2008, Quebec City, Canada - MS 2009, Banff, Alberta, Canada
- MS 2010, Banff, Alberta, Canada - MS 2011, Calgary, Canada
www.iasted.org/conferences/pastinfo-735.html
- MS 2012, Banff, Alberta, Canada
www.iasted.org/conferences/cfp-783.html
- MS 2013, Banff, Alberta, Canada
- MSI 2014, Banff, Alberta, Canada
- MSI 2016, Campinas, Brazil
- MSI 2017, Calgary, Canada
- MSI 2018, Calgary, Canada

I3M 2011 konference:
The 8th International Mediterranean and Latin American Modelling

Multiconference, I3M 2011
www.msc-les.org/conf/i3m2011/
Included: HMS 2011 and EMSS 2011
Held: 12-14 September 2011, Rome, Italy, Ergife Palace Hotel
In coordination with: CAX 2011 FORUM

CAX = Computer Assisted eXercising
Participants (with CAX): about 500, from 52 countries

I3M 2011
Ergife Palace Hotel, Rome
September 12, 2011
Supply Chain Dynamics:

Simulation-Based Training and Education
Prof. Yuri Merkuryev

Department of Modelling and Simulation
Riga Technical University
Riga, Latvia
merkur@itl.rtu.lv
www.itl.rtu.lv/mik/ymerk
I3M Conferences
I3M 2011: www.msc-les.org/conf/i3m2011/

Since 2012, re-named to
International Multidisciplinary Modeling and Simulation
Multiconference
M&S in the US Congress:
M&S group in the U.S. House of

Representatives

H. Res. 487 - a resolution recognizing the contributions of
modeling and simulation (M&S) and recognizing M&S as a
National Critical Technology.
Historically, a National Critical Technology is one that has
particular value to the national security of the United States
and/or significant economic impact on the country. H. Res. 487
was referred to the House Science Committee, where it passed
unanimously by voice vote. It now faces consideration by the
full House.
www.scs.org/newsletters/2010-01/index_file/Files/MSResolution487.pdf
https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-
resolution/487?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22modeling+and+simulation
%22%5D%7D&r=1

H.R.4165
Title: To provide grants to encourage and enhance the study of
modeling and simulation at institutions of higher education.
Sponsor: Rep Scott, Robert C. “Bobby” [VA-3] (introduced
11/13/2007) Cosponsors (5)
Latest Major Action: 2/5/2008 Referred to House
subcommittee. Status: Referred to the Subcommittee on
Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness.
bill/4165?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.4165%22%5D%
7D&r=1

H.R. 4321 – the Enhancing SIMULATION (Safety in Medicine Utilizing
Leading Advanced Simulation Technologies to Improve Outcomes Now) Act
of 2007.
The Enhancing SIMULATION Act of 2007 would:
Creates medical modeling and simulation Centers of Excellence across America
to provide leadership and research into advancing the field;
Establish medical M&S grants for academic and professional organizations;
Promote innovation in medical M&S with in the Department of Health & Human
Services; and,
Establish a coordinating council for federal government collaboration on medical
M&S efforts.
bill/4321?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+4321%22%5D%7D&r=1

M&S in the
US Congress:
Announcement FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 202-225-6365

July 3, 2014
about the
9th Annual Forbes Announces Ninth Annual Modeling & Simulation Expo
on Capitol Hill
M&S Expo
on Capitol Hill
Washington, D.C. – Congressman J. Randy Forbes (VA-04), Chairman of the Congressional Modeling & Simulation (M&S) Caucus,
announced today that the Caucus, in conjunction with the National Training and Simulation Association, will join in hosting the Ninth
Annual M&S Exhibition on Capitol Hill. As the premier M&S event in the nation’s capital, the expo draws exhibitors from diverse
industries to showcase M&S applications to lawmakers in an effort to promote the development of these high-tech tools in a growing
number of fields and specialties.
“Critical to both expanding America’s economy and enhancing national security, modeling and simulation technology continues to push
our country forward,” said Forbes. “The important role that M&S plays as a catalyst for growth in the United States’ innovation
economy will only grow in the years to come.”
WHAT: Ninth Annual Modeling & Simulation Exhibition
WHEN: Thursday, July 10, 2014, 10:30 AM to 2:00 PM
WHERE: Rayburn Foyer, Rayburn House Office Building, Washington, DC.
Demonstrations at the Expo will allow participants to control city-wide emergency responses during a natural disaster; perform virtual
surgery using state of the art robotics; role-play in an immersive virtual environment, and other innovative uses of simulation
technology.
###

M&S in the
US Congress:
NTSA
Invitation
to the
9th Annual
M&S Expo
on Capitol Hill

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g. 54
M&S in the
US Congress:
Report
on the
9th Annual
M&S Expo
on Capitol Hill
www.prweb.com/releases/2014/07/p
rweb12057188.htm

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g. 55
M&S ASV Kongresā:
Congressional
Modeling and
Simulation
Event at NTSA
I/ITSEC 2016:
«The World’s
Largest
Modeling,
Simulation &
Training
Conference»
www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6ol5Tbh4qI
I/ITSE 2019: www.iitsec.org/
Nobel Prize 2013
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 was awarded jointly to

Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical
systems".
The Nobel Prize winners have delivered chemical experiments to
a cyberspace, which has allowed the complex chemical
processes to be simulated with the software, thus creating a
research revolution. This performance has enabled scientists to
better understand and predict chemical processes, which are
useful in various fields, from production of medication and up to
solar panels.
www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2013/

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Introduction to

Discrete - Event Simulation of

Professor Yuri Merkuryev

The process of designing a model of a real system

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

Real-world Conceptual Simulation

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

General aim of simulation:

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

2. Deals with complicated systems

3. Is a computer based abstract, mathematical, algorithmic

1. Describe how the modelled system operates

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

Setting of objectives and

Simulation runs and analysis

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

- better understanding of MS behaviour

Traditional (analytical) approach:

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

- as a design and analysis aid for factory layouts,

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

 What will be the throughput of a particular design?

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

•simulating complex materials flow, control and warehousing

•incoming •stock of •manufacturing •stock of •outgoing

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

 Typical ARENA models

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

Looking for the optimal product mix for a newly

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

Wholesaler Wholesaler Wholesaler

Retailers Retailers Retailers

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

1. MIK: http://www.itl.rtu.lv/mik → <saites> →

2. The Society for Modeling and Simulation

3. European Council for M & S:

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

4. The McLeod Institute of Simulation Sciences (MISS):

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

10. Winter Simulation Conference:

11. Society for Simulation in Healthcare

12. US DoD Modeling and Simulation

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

13. Simulation software survey (OR/MS Today):

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

16. International Simulation Group “Simulation Team”:

17. International Consulting Company PMC:

18. Experiential Simulations Ltd:

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

© Prof. J. Merkurjevs, 2019. g.

The 8th International Mediterranean and Latin American Modelling

Held: 12-14 September 2011, Rome, Italy, Ergife Palace Hotel

In coordination with: CAX 2011 FORUM

Participants (with CAX): about 500, from 52 countries

Supply Chain Dynamics: