Vanders Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function 12th Edition by Widmaier - Test Bank

Vanders Human Physiology The
Mechanisms of Body Function 12th

Edition By Widmaier – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 03
Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A major function of plasma membranes is to

A.Store calcium ions
B. Store organic chemicals for metabolism
C. Provide genetic information
D. Generate ATP
E. Regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

2. In the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure,

A.The proteins exist in a bilayer formation
B. The phospholipids are tightly bound in place
C. The term “mosaic” refers to the cholesterol component
D. Integral proteins are amphipathic
E. None of the choices are true

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

3. Cell membranes
A.Are components of the cytosol
B. Are passive barriers against the passage of molecules from one side to the
other
C. Consist primarily of protein and carbohydrate
D. Consist primarily of phospholipids and protein
E. Both are passive barriers against the passage of molecules from one side
to the other and consist primarily of protein and carbohydrate are correct

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

4. Cholesterol
A.Is slightly amphipathic
B. Is a prominent lipid component of all membranes in a cell
C. Allows the plasma membrane to form vesicles that deliver their contents to
cell organelles
D. Both is slightly amphipathic and is a prominent lipid component of all
membranes in a cell are correct
E. Both is slightly amphipathic and allows the plasma membrane to form
vesicles that deliver their contents to cell organelles are correct

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

5. Phospholipids form effective barriers between the aqueous cytosol of cells

and the aqueous extracellular fluid because they are
A.Polar
B. Nonpolar
C. Lipids
D. Rigid
E. Amphipathic
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

6. Tight junctions
A.Hold cells tightly together so that they cannot readily be pulled apart
B. Form barriers that regulate the passage of materials across epithelial
membranes
C. Are commonly found in smooth muscle
D. Both hold cells tightly together so that they cannot readily be pulled apart
and form barriers that regulate the passage of materials across epithelial
membranes are correct
E. Both form barriers that regulate the passage of materials across epithelial
membranes and are commonly found in smooth muscle are correct

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

7. Which of the following is not true regarding cell membrane junctions?

A.Tight junctions anchor cells to basement membranes in tissues that are
subjected to stretch
B. Desmosomes anchor adjacent cells together
C. Gap junctions seal spaces between cells and control permeability across
epithelial membranes
D. Both tight junctions anchor cells to basement membranes in tissues that
are subjected to stretch and desmosomes anchor adjacent cells together are
correct
E. Both tight junctions anchor cells to basement membranes in tissues that
are subjected to stretch and gap junctions seal spaces between cells and
control permeability across epithelial membranes are correct

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

8. Desmosomes represent a type of cell to cell connection resembling a rivet

A.Well suited to locations in the body where considerable stresses due to
stretching are likely to occur
B. Which is enhanced by proteins that extend from the cell into the
extracellular space
C. That can be strengthened by keratin filaments that extend to interior cell
structures
D. Both well suited to locations in the body where considerable stresses due
to stretching are likely to occur and which is enhanced by proteins that extend
from the cell into the extracellular space are correct
E. All of these choices are correct

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

9. In contrast to “spot type” cell junctions, _____ junctions resemble tightly

drawn belts, completely encircling the cell and leaving gaps above below them
at the points of attachment with adjacent cells.
A. Cadherin
B. Tight
C. Gap
D. Connexin
E. Nexus

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

10. Since their discovery, vaults appear to be associated with pores in the
nuclear membrane
A.And may have an ability to influence the effectiveness of anticancer drugs
B. And could be used as a treatment for viral infections
C. Consequently representing a point of potential vulnerability to cells
infected by bacteria
D. Clearly representing an organelle with functions that are similar if not
identical to mitochondria
E. That participate in the process of mitotic cell division

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

11. Functions of agranular endoplasmic reticulum include

A.Synthesis of proteins for use in the cell
B. Synthesis of steroids
C. Storage of intracellular calcium ion
D. Synthesis of proteins for use in the cell and storage of intracellular calcium
ion
E. Synthesis of steroids and storage of intracellular calcium ion

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

12. The organelles that digest engulfed bacteria and cell debris are the
A.Peroxisomes
B. Endosomes
C. Lysosomes
D. Ribosomes
E. Mitochondria

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

13. Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells that
expend a great deal of energy in the form of ATP?
A.Peroxisomes
B. Endosomes
C. Lysosomes
D. Ribosomes
E. Mitochondria

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

14. Functions of the Golgi apparatus include

A.Modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes
B. Modifying proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with granular
endoplasmic reticulum
C. Allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in
vesicles
D. Modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and allowing the
distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles
E. Modifying proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with granular
endoplasmic reticulum and allowing the distribution of modified proteins
throughout the cell in vesicles

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

15. Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?

A.It refers to the cellular components of bone
B. It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments
C. It is important for cellular movement
D. It helps to determine a cell’s shape
E. None of the choices are false

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

16. Cell A is a gland cell that makes and secretes proteins. Cell B is another
type of cell that synthesizes and secretes steroids. If you were to look at
electron micrographs of the two cells, what differences would you expect to
see?
A.Cell A would have more granular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B
B. Cell A would have fewer secretion granules than cell B
C. Cell A would have more agranular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B
D. Both cell A would have more granular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B
and cell A would have fewer secretion granules than cell B are correct
E. Both cell A would have more granular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B
and cell A would have more agranular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B are
correct
Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

17. Neurons have a very prominent nucleolus which indicates that they are
actively
A.Making ATP
B. Synthesizing lipids
C. Manufacturing ribosomes
D. Breaking down carbohydrates
E. Dividing by mitosis

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

18. In Tay Sach’s disease, lysosomes do not carry out their normal function.
Predict which condition would be a symptom of Tay Sach’s disease.
A.There is excessive accumulation of damaged organelles in a cell
B. Cells are unable to synthesize proteins
C. Cells can only make ATP by glycolysis
D. Proteins cannot be secreted by exocytosis
E. Steroid hormones can’t be produced


Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

19. Carbohydrate chains can be added to glycoproteins by the

A.Golgi apparatus
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Nucleus
D. Lysosomes
E. Mitochondria

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

20. A gene
A.Contains information necessary for the synthesis of proteins
B. Is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA
C. Is composed of many molecules of DNA
D. Contains information necessary for the synthesis of proteins and is a
sequence of nucleotides in DNA
E. All of the choices are correct

Section 3A.03
Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

21. A genome is
A.A cluster of genes that are all regulated in the same manner
B. A measure of the genetic variability in a population
C. A region of DNA that codes for a single protein
D. All of the DNA and RNA in a cell at a given point in time
E. The total genetic information in a typical cell of an organism

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

22. A codon is
A.A triplet of deoxyribonucleotides
B. A triplet of ribonucleotides
C. A sequence of ribonucleotides on tRNA
D. A triplet of ribonucleotides and a sequence of ribonucleotides on tRNA
E. None of the choices are correct

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

23. The codon that corresponds to the DNA sequence G-T-A is

A.G-T-A
B. A-T-G
C. C-A-T
D. C-A-U
E. T-A-C

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

24. The genetic code

A.Consists of one code word for each amino acid
B. Is the same for all cells
C. Is the same for all organisms
D. Is the same for all cells and is the same for all organisms

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

25. Which of the following statements about RNA transcription and translation
is true?
A.All of the nucleotide sequences in a gene are transcribed into RNA
B. The entire transcribed message of a gene is translated into amino acid
sequences
C. The mRNA that enters the cytosol is considerably shorter than that
synthesized during transcription
D. Both all of the nucleotide sequences in a gene are transcribed into RNA and
the mRNA that enters the cytosol is considerably shorter than that synthesized
during transcription are correct

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

26. RNA synthesis from a DNA template

A.Is called translation of the message
B. Requires DNA polymerase
C. Is regulated
D. Occurs in the nucleolus

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

27. The segments of primary RNA that are cleaved off by spliceosomes are
called
A.Codons
B. Introns
C. Exons
D. Anticodons

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

28. During protein synthesis,

A. rRNA and ribosomal proteins are required to identify the beginning of the
mRNA coding sequence
B. Ribosomal enzymes catalyze the formation of hydrogen bonds between
amino acids
C. mRNA is used up during the formation of peptide bonds
D. Both rRNA and ribosomal proteins are required to identify the beginning of
the mRNA coding sequence and ribosomal enzymes catalyze the formation of
hydrogen bonds between amino acids occur
E. All of the choices take place

Section 3B.02
Topic: Cells

29. Transfer RNA

A. Functions to transport mRNA out of the nucleus
B. Binds specifically to mRNA and nonspecifically to amino acids
C. Binds specifically to amino acids and nonspecifically to mRNA
D. Binds specifically to mRNA and to amino acids

Section 3B.02
Topic: Cells

30. The signal sequence of a protein is

A. The amino acid sequence of the binding site of the protein
B. The sequence that targets a protein for packaging in the granular
endoplasmic reticulum
C. Usually cleaved in the Golgi apparatus
D. The amino acid sequence of the binding site of the protein and usually
cleaved in the Golgi apparatus
E. The sequence that targets a protein for packaging in the granular
endoplasmic reticulum and usually cleaved in the Golgi apparatus

Section 3B.04
Topic: Cells

31. How does the synthesis of proteins that are destined to be secreted differ
from that of proteins with functions inside the cell?
A.Proteins destined to be secreted have a signal sequence
B. Proteins destined to be secreted are synthesized on free ribosomes
C. Proteins destined to be secreted are packaged into secretory vesicles in
the granular endoplasmic reticulum
D. Both proteins destined to be secreted have a signal sequence and proteins
destined to be secreted are synthesized on free ribosomes are correct
E. Both proteins destined to be secreted have a signal sequence and proteins
destined to be secreted are packaged into secretory vesicles in the granular
endoplasmic reticulum are correct

Section 3B.04
Topic: Cells

32. Functions of the Golgi apparatus include

A.Sorting of proteins destined for various destinations in the cell
B. Modifying proteins destined for secretion
C. Packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes
D. Sorting of proteins destined for various destinations in the cell and
modifying proteins destined for secretion

Section 3B.04
Topic: Cells

33. Which of the following does not affect the rate of synthesis of a protein in
a cell?
A.The rate of its gene’s transcription
B. The rate of initiating protein assembly on ribosomes
C. The rate of mRNA degradation
D. The presence or absence of transcription factors
E. The rate of its tRNA synthesis

Section 3B.02
Topic: Cells

34. A ligand is a molecule that binds to

A.A protein by covalent bonds
B. A protein by noncovalent bonds
C. Any other molecule by means of noncovalent bonds
D. A protein by noncovalent bonds and any other molecule by means of
noncovalent bonds

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

35. A binding site on a protein is

A.An area of the protein with a shape complementary to that of a ligand
B. Determined by the amino acid sequence of the protein
C. Formed by a region of amino acids that must be adjacent to each other on a
polypeptide chain
D. An area of the protein with a shape complementary to that of a ligand and
determined by the amino acid sequence of the protein

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

36. A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter
epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate or
serotonin. This is because the receptor displays
A.Saturation
B. Inhibition
C. Specificity
D. Acclimatization

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

37. The affinity a binding site has for a ligand

A.Can be influenced by the shape of the binding site
B. Can be influenced by the presence of charged groups on the ligand and the
binding site
C. Is a measure of how readily a bound ligand can be released from the
protein
D. Both can be influenced by the shape of the binding site and can be
influenced by the presence of charged groups on the ligand and the binding
site are correct

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

38. Binding site A requires twice the concentration of ligand to achieve

saturation as does binding site B. From this one can conclude that
A.Binding site A has a higher affinity for the ligand than does binding site B
B. Binding site B has a higher affinity for the ligand than does binding site A
C. Both binding sites have the same affinity for the ligand
D. Site B is a competitive antagonist of site A

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

39. Two receptors, A and B, can bind the same chemical signaling molecules
but the concentration of those molecules required to reach 50 percent
saturation is twice as great for receptor B. Therefore the receptors have the
same ________, but different ________.
A. Specificity, affinity
B. Specificity, saturation
C. Affinity, specificity
D. Affinity, competition
E. Saturation, affinity

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

40. Which of the following does not describe the 50 percent saturation point

of a solution of ligands and proteins?
A.It refers to the amount of protein required to bind 50 percent of the ligand
B. It refers to the amount of ligand required to bind 50 percent of the binding
sites
C. It refers to the amount of ligand required to bind one binding site 50
percent of the time
D. It can be used to measure the affinity of a binding site for a ligand

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

41. A competitive antagonist for a ligand

A.Does not interfere with the action of the ligand
B. Blocks the binding of the ligand to its binding site and prevents activation
of the protein
C. Causes covalent modulation of the ligand, usually by phosphorylation or
dephosphorylation
D. Both blocks the binding of the ligand to its binding site and prevents
activation of the protein and causes covalent modulation of the ligand, usually
by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation are correct

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

42. Allosteric proteins

A.Contain more than one kind of binding site
B. Undergo a change of shape when a ligand binds to the regulatory binding
site
C. Are always activated when a modulator molecule binds to the regulatory
site
D. Both contain more than one kind of binding site and undergo a change of
shape when a ligand binds to the regulatory binding site are correct

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

43. The term “allosteric modulation” refers to

A.Regulation of physiological functions by the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system
B. Modification of the functional state of a protein by temperature or pH
C. The change in the shape and functional state of a protein that occurs when
a ligand binds to a receptor site
D. The fact that all of the receptors must be occupied to have a biological
effect

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

44. When a chemical binds noncovalently to a protein at a distance from its
functional site and causes a conformational change in the site that prevents
the natural ligand from binding, this is an example of
A.Allosteric modulation
B. Noncompetitive antagonism
C. Competitive modulation
D. Allosteric modulation and noncompetitive antagonism

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

45. Phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of proteins is a common means of

A.Covalent modulation of the proteins
B. The activation or inactivation of kinases
C. Allosteric modulation of the proteins
D. Covalent modulation of the proteins and the activation or inactivation of
kinases

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

46. In skeletal muscle, when calcium binds to the regulatory protein troponin,
it increases the affinity of neighboring troponin molecules for calcium. This is
an example of
A.Allosteric modulation
B. Cooperativity
C. Covalent modulation
D. Phosphorylation
E. Saturation

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

47. Modulator molecules

A.Bind to proteins and cause a conformational change that facilitates or
inhibits the binding of the functional ligand to its binding site
B. Enable ligands to bind to their binding sites by phosphorylating the ligand
C. Prevent ligands from binding to their binding sites by phosphorylating the
ligand
D. Denature proteins containing binding sites for ligands
E. Do none of the choices

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

48. Protein kinases

A.Add phosphate groups to proteins
B. Produce effects similar to allosteric modulation
C. Perform the opposite function as phosphatases
D. Use ATP to carry out their reactions
E. Do all of the choices

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

49. The term “metabolism”

A.Refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
B. Includes the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
C. Includes the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules
D. Includes anabolism and catabolism
E. Is described by all of the choices

Section 3D
Topic: Chemistry

50. Which of the following would be a possible effect of a dietary supplement

that claims to increase metabolism?
A.It would increase the chemical breakdown of molecules in the body
B. It would increase the chemical synthesis of molecules in the body
C. It would increase the concentration of DNA in a cell
D. It would increase the energy released from a chemical reaction
E. Both it would increase the chemical breakdown of molecules in the body
and it would increase the chemical synthesis of molecules in the body are
correct

Section 3D
Topic: Chemistry

51. The probability of a reaction occurring is increased

A.By decreasing reactant concentrations
B. By increasing the activation energy
C. By increasing the product concentration
D. If the reaction uses a great deal of energy
E. By none of the choices

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

52. A chemical catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by

A.Acting as one of the reactant molecules
B. Decreasing the energy of activation
C. Increasing the energy content of the product molecules
D. Increasing the temperature of a solution

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

53. With regard to chemical reaction rates, which of the following statements
is true?
A.Increasing the concentration of the reactants will increase the reaction rate
B. Increasing the temperature will increase the reaction rate
C. Increasing the activation energy will increase the reaction rate
D. Both increasing the concentration of the reactants will increase the
reaction rate and increasing the temperature will increase the reaction rate
are correct

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

54. When a chemical reaction is at equilibrium

A.The rate of the reaction in one direction is equal to the rate in the reverse
direction
B. The concentration of the reactants is equal to the concentration of the
products
C. The ratio of reactants to products varies according to the amount of energy
released in one direction
D. The rate of the reaction in one direction is equal to the rate in the reverse
direction and the concentration of the reactants is equal to the concentration
of the products occur
E. The rate of the reaction in one direction is equal to the rate in the reverse
direction and the ratio of reactants to products varies according to the amount
of energy released in one direction occur

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

55. Consider the reaction: M + N Y + Z

Which of the following is correct?
A. The reaction is reversible
B. At chemical equilibrium, increasing the concentration of M will drive the
reaction to the left
C. At chemical equilibrium, decreasing the concentration of M will drive the
reaction to the left
D. Both the reaction is reversible and at chemical equilibrium, increasing the
concentration of M will drive the reaction to the left are correct
E. Both the reaction is reversible and at chemical equilibrium, decreasing the
concentration of M will drive the reaction to the left are correct

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

56. Consider the reaction: H2CO3 CO2 + H2O + 4 kcal/mol

Which of the following statements is true?
A. The reaction is anabolic
B. The reaction is catabolic
C. The energy content of the reactants is greater than the energy content of
the products
D. Both the reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the reactants is
greater than the energy content of the products are correct
E. Both the reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the reactants is
greater than the energy content of the products are correct

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

57. At equilibrium, in an irreversible reaction

A. Almost all of the reactants will have been converted to products
B. There will be an equal number of products and reactants
C. There will be very few molecules of product
D. Small amounts of energy will have been released
E. There will be an equal number of products and reactants and small
amounts of energy will have been released will occur

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

58. A catalyst for a chemical reaction

A.Lowers the activation energy of the reaction
B. Is modified by the reaction
C. Changes the energy content of the reactants
D. Both lowers the activation energy of the reaction and is modified by the
reaction are correct
E. Both lowers the activation energy of the reaction and changes the energy
content of the reactants are correct

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

59. Enzymes
A.Are catalysts in chemical reactions
B. Can be carbohydrate molecules
C. Are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze
D. Have names generally ending in the suffix “-ose.”
E. Are described by all of the choices

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

60. Which of the following statements concerning enzymes is true?

A.Enzymes increase the activation energy of a reaction
B. Enzymes will generally change the equilibrium concentrations of the
products and reactants
C. Enzymes will generally decrease the time required to reach equilibrium
D. Both enzymes increase the activation energy of a reaction and enzymes
will generally change the equilibrium concentrations of the products and
reactants are correct
E. Both enzymes will generally change the equilibrium concentrations of the
products and reactants and enzymes will generally decrease the time required
to reach equilibrium are correct

Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

61. A cofactor may

A.Alter the conformation of an enzyme
B. Be a metal such as iron
C. Be a substrate in a catalyzed reaction
D. Alter the conformation of an enzyme and be a metal such as iron

Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

62. A coenzyme
A.Is an organic cofactor
B. May be a metal such as iron
C. Is a substrate for a catalyzed reaction
D. Both is an organic cofactor and is a substrate for a catalyzed reaction
E. Both may be a metal such as iron and is a substrate for a catalyzed
reaction

Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

63. Vitamins
A.May be precursors of coenzymes
B. May be synthesized by the body from precursor subunits
C. Are required in large amounts for metabolism
D. Both may be precursors of coenzymes and are required in large amounts for
metabolism

Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

64. Which of the following is commonly used to regulate enzyme-mediated

reactions in a cell?
A. Altering the enzyme concentration in the cell
B. Altering the enzyme’s activity
C. Altering the cell’s temperature
D. Both altering the enzyme concentration in the cell and altering the
enzyme’s activity are correct

Section 3D.03
Topic: Chemistry

65. Which of the following is a way that the activity of an enzyme can be
modified?
A. Allosteric activation
B. Allosteric inhibition
C. Covalent activation (e.g., by phosphorylation)
D. Covalent inhibition (e.g., by phosphorylation)

Section 3D.03
Topic: Chemistry

66. Which of the following is true concerning the rate-limiting step in a

metabolic pathway?
A. It is likely to be the slowest reaction in the pathway
B. It is likely to be the fastest reaction in the pathway
C. It may be subject to end-product inhibition
D. Both it is likely to be the slowest reaction in the pathway and it may be
subject to end-product inhibition are correct
E. Both it is likely to be the fastest reaction in the pathway and it may be
subject to end-product inhibition are correct


Section 3D.04
Topic: Chemistry

67. In order to increase the overall rate of a metabolic pathway consisting of

five reactions catalyzed by five different enzymes, which must occur?
A.Increasing the reaction rate of all five enzymes
B. Increasing the reaction rate of the fastest enzyme
C. Increasing the reaction rate of the slowest enzyme
D. Increasing the reaction rate of the first enzyme in the pathway
E. Increasing the reaction rate of the last enzyme in the pathway

Section 3D.04
Topic: Chemistry

68. ATP is
A.Formed during the hydrolysis of ADP
B. Used by cells for the storage of energy
C. Used to transfer energy within a cell
D. A protein
E. Both used by cells for the storage of energy and used to transfer energy
within a cell

Section 3E
Topic: Chemistry

69. The site where most of the ATP is generated in a cell is the
A.Nucleus
B. Plasma membrane
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Mitochondria

Section 3E
Topic: Cells

70. ATP is
A.A nucleotide
B. A lipid
C. An amino acid
D. A carbohydrate
E. A steroid

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

71. Glycolysis
A. Does not occur in the absence of O2
B. Does not occur in the presence of O2
C. May result in the formation of two molecules of lactate for each molecule
of glucose
D. Both does not occur in the absence of O2 and may result in the formation
of two molecules of lactate for each molecule of glucose are correct
E. Both does not occur in the presence of O2 and may result in the formation
of two molecules of lactate for each molecule of glucose are correct

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

72. Which of the following metabolic pathways does not require oxygen?
A. Glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Krebs cycle
D. The breakdown of fatty acids to CO2 and H2O

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

73. Glycolysis
A. Yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed
B. May yield two molecules of lactate for each molecule of glucose processed
C. Takes place in the mitochondria of cells
D. Includes both yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose
processed and may yield two molecules of lactate for each molecule of
glucose processed

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

74. Which of the following is not a product of glycolysis?

A. Carbon dioxide
B. ATP
C. Pyruvate
D. NADH
E. All of the choices are products of glycolysis

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

75. The reactions of the Krebs cycle

A.Take place in the cytosol of human cells
B. Generate ATP directly by substrate phosphorylation
C. Are important for the metabolism of carbohydrates but not other molecules
D. Both take place in the cytosol of human cells and generate ATP directly by
substrate phosphorylation are correct

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

76. Which of the following statements concerning complete oxidation of

glucose is true?
A.Carbon dioxide is not released
B. Oxygen is released
C. Oxygen is used during the Krebs cycle reactions
D. Carbon dioxide is released during the Krebs cycle reactions
E. None of the choices are true

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

77. When glucose is catabolized in the absence of oxygen,

A.Pyruvate formed in glycolysis will generally be converted to lactate
B. Pyruvate formed in glycolysis will generally be converted to acetyl
coenzyme A, which will enter the Krebs cycle
C. The number of ATP molecules formed per molecule of glucose will be less
than the number formed in the presence of oxygen
D. Both pyruvate formed in glycolysis will generally be converted to lactate
and the number of ATP molecules formed per molecule of glucose will be less
than the number formed in the presence of oxygen will occur
E. Both pyruvate formed in glycolysis will generally be converted to acetyl
coenzyme A, which will enter the Krebs cycle and the number of ATP
molecules formed per molecule of glucose will be less than the number formed
in the presence of oxygen will occur

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

78. Glucose
A.Is the only carbohydrate utilized as an energy source
B. Must be phosphorylated before it can be metabolized
C. Can be synthesized from other types of molecules, including amino acids
and triacylglycerol
D. Both is the only carbohydrate utilized as an energy source and must be
phosphorylated before it can be metabolized are correct
E. Both must be phosphorylated before it can be metabolized and can be
synthesized from other types of molecules, including amino acids and
triacylglycerol are correct

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

79. Oxidative phosphorylation

A.Requires the presence of unoccupied coenzymes
B. Requires phosphorylated organic molecules
C. Produces the great majority of useable energy for cell functions
D. Both requires the presence of unoccupied coenzymes and produces the
great majority of useable energy for cell functions are correct
E. Both requires phosphorylated organic molecules and produces the great
majority of useable energy for cell functions are correct

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

80. Fatty acid catabolism

A.Takes place in the cytosol of cells
B. Is initiated by the binding of a molecule of coenzyme A
C. Proceeds by a process called beta-oxidation
D. Generates one molecule of acetyl coenzyme A for every carbon atom in the
fatty acid
E. Both is initiated by the binding of a molecule of coenzyme A and proceeds
by a process called beta-oxidation are correct

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

81. Fatty acid synthesis
A.Takes place in the cytosol of cells
B. Results in molecules with an even number of carbon atoms only
C. Requires more energy than is produced by the catabolism of the same fatty
acid
D. Both takes place in the cytosol of cells and results in molecules with an
even number of carbon atoms only are correct

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

82. Which of the following statements concerning energy storage in the body
is true?
A.Most is stored in the form of ATP
B. Most is stored in the form of glucose
C. Most is stored in the form of fat
D. Most is stored in the form of protein
E. Most is stored in the form of DNA

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

83. Ammonia is
A.A waste product of fatty acid metabolism
B. Excreted by the kidneys into urine
C. Processed by the liver to form a less toxic compound
D. A waste product of fatty acid metabolism and excreted by the kidneys into
urine

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

84. Before an amino acid can be broken down for energy
A. The side chain must be removed
B. The carboxyl group must be removed
C. It must be converted to NAD+
D. The amino group must be removed
E. It must be phosphorylated

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

85. Electrons transferred along the electron transport chain can be used to
form
A.Water
B. Reactive oxygen species
C. ATP
D. NADH
E. Water and reactive oxygen species

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

True / False Questions
86. A light microscope can be used to view very large proteins in a cell.
FALSE

Section 3A.01
Topic: Cells

87. Living cells cannot be viewed under an electron microscope.

TRUE


Section 3A.01
Topic: Cells

88. One striking feature of plasma membrane structure is its symmetry, with
the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces virtual mirror images of each other.
FALSE

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

89. Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytoplasm.

FALSE

Section 3A.01
Topic: Cells

90. The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids.

TRUE

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

91. The special functions of plasma and organelle membranes depend

primarily on the specific composition of the phospholipids of those
membranes.
FALSE

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

92. One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of

cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell.
FALSE

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

93. Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and
motility.
TRUE

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

94. Desmosomes are structures that permit direct communication between

cells by allowing the cells to exchange small molecules in their cytoplasms.
FALSE

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

95. Chromosomes are condensed forms of chromatin.

TRUE

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

96. Free ribosomes differ from membrane-bound ribosomes in that free

ribosomes specialize in synthesizing proteins for export (secretion) from the
cell.
TRUE

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

97. Cells that require large amounts of energy for their activities contain more
ribosomes than do less active cells.
FALSE

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

98. Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular

debris or malfunctioning parts of cells.
TRUE

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

99. The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands

of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands.
FALSE

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

100. Ribosomal subunits are synthesized in the cytosol.

FALSE

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

101. A ribosome is composed of one molecule of RNA and several proteins.

FALSE

Section 3A.03
Topic: Cells

102. The nucleotide triplet in tRNA that base-pairs with a complementary triplet
in mRNA is called the codon.
FALSE

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

103. There are twenty different molecules of tRNA.

FALSE

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

104. Once protein synthesis is completed, the protein that was synthesized
may undergo further changes prior to its secretion or use within the cell.
TRUE

Section 3B.02
Topic: Cells

105. Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific

genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a
gene.
TRUE

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

106. Proteins destined to become integral membrane proteins have a signal

sequence.
TRUE

Section 3B.04
Topic: Cells

107. Most proteins that are secreted from cells are glycoproteins.
TRUE

Section 3B.04
Topic: Cells

108. During cell differentiation, certain genetic information is lost, which

accounts for the difference between, for example, a liver cell and a lung cell.
FALSE


Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

109. The consequences of mutation are invariably harmful.

FALSE

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

110. The deletion of a single base in a gene would alter the structure of the
gene’s protein more than the substitution of one base for another.
TRUE

Section 3B.02
Topic: Genetics

Fill in the Blank Questions
111. The central dogma of molecular biology states that the flow of genetic
information is _______.
from DNA to RNA to protein

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

112. Name the “letters” of the genetic language.

(adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine – any order)


Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

113. With respect to the genetic language, of how many letters are the words
composed? _______
3

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

114. With respect to the genetic language, how many words are there? _______
64

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

115. With respect to the genetic language what do the words mean or stand
for? _______
61 code for amino acids, 3 are “stop” signals

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

116. Assume the base sequence T-A-C-C-C-A-A-A-A-C-A-T is the beginning of a

gene. How many code words are there in the sequence? _______
4

Section 3B.01
Topic: Genetics

117. The slowest reaction in a metabolic pathway is called the _______ reaction.
rate-limiting

Section 3D.04
Topic: Chemistry

True / False Questions
118. In general, the larger the number of different ligands that can bind to a
particular binding site on a protein, the less the specificity of that binding site.
TRUE

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

119. The shape of a ligand and the shape of its binding site influence both the
specificity and the affinity of binding.
TRUE

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

120. Any given protein contains binding sites for only one kind of ligand.
FALSE

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

121. The greater the ligand concentration needed to achieve 50 percent

saturation of a particular binding site, the higher the affinity of the binding site
for that ligand.
FALSE

Section 3C.01
Topic: Chemistry

122. Allosteric modulation of a protein involves noncovalent binding of a ligand

to a regulatory binding site.
TRUE

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

123. The role of modulator molecules is to enhance the binding affinity of the
functional site of an allosteric protein.
FALSE

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

124. Proteins that mediate or catalyze, reactions in which the covalent bonding
of the reactant molecules changes are called substrates.
FALSE

Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

125. Coenzymes are organic cofactors.

TRUE

Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

126. An important function of coenzymes is to act as carriers to transport

hydrogen atoms.
TRUE

Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

127. The active site of an enzyme is a functional binding site.

TRUE

Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

128. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the catabolism of H2CO3 to H2O
and CO2.
TRUE


Section 3D.02
Topic: Chemistry

129. In a metabolic pathway, the same enzyme ordinarily catalyzes several

different reactions.
FALSE

Section 3D.04
Topic: Chemistry

130. The rate-limiting reaction in a metabolic pathway is one that occurs at a

faster rate than the other steps in the pathway.
FALSE

Section 3D.04
Topic: Chemistry

131. Allosteric inhibition of rate-limiting enzymes is a common means of

regulating anabolic pathways.
TRUE

Section 3D.04
Topic: Chemistry

132. During oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen atoms are passed serially from
a coenzyme down a chain of molecules called cytochromes.
FALSE

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

133. In the absence of oxygen, cells can derive energy to form ATP from the
metabolism of fatty acids.
FALSE

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

134. The first step in glycogen synthesis is the phosphorylation of glucose.

TRUE

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

135. Glucose cannot be synthesized from fatty acids because the reaction
converting pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A is not reversible.
TRUE

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

136. Although amino acids can be metabolized to form glucose, glucose cannot
be metabolized to form amino acids.
FALSE

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

137. Substrate phosphorylation takes place in the ribosomes of cells, whereas

oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria.
FALSE

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

138. During anaerobic glycolysis, a net of two molecules of ATP are generated
for each molecule of glucose broken down.
TRUE

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

139. More ATP is generated from glycolytic reactions under aerobic than under
anaerobic conditions.
TRUE

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

140. In the Krebs cycle, an acetyl fragment is broken down to CO 2 and H

atoms.
TRUE

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

141. The major waste product of metabolism is H2O.

FALSE


Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

142. Most of the energy stored in the body is in the form of glycogen.
FALSE

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

143. Sugar can be stored as fat, but fat cannot be stored (completely) as sugar.
TRUE

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

144. Proteins are broken down to amino acids by enzymes called

transaminases.
FALSE

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

145. Removal of the amino group from an amino acid is necessary before the
amino acid can be metabolized for energy.
TRUE

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

146. Human beings can synthesize all twenty amino acids the body must have.
FALSE

Section 3E.02
Topic: Chemistry

147. An essential nutrient is one necessary for good health that may or may not
be synthesized by the body.
FALSE

Section 3E.03
Topic: Chemistry

148. Glucose is not considered an essential nutrient because it is not essential

for good health.
FALSE

Section 3E.03
Topic: Chemistry

149. Fat-soluble vitamins are required for health because they act as
coenzymes.
FALSE

Section 3E.03
Topic: Chemistry

Fill in the Blank Questions
150. Increasing the concentration of a substrate for a reaction will increase the
rate of that reaction until the point of _______ is reached.
enzyme saturation

Section 3D.01
Topic: Chemistry

151. The series of reactions that result in ATP formation in the absence of
oxygen is called _________________.
anaerobic glycolysis

Section 3E.01
Topic: Chemistry

Multiple Choice Questions
152. ATP as substrate describes

A.Protein kinases
B. Phosphoprotein phosphatases
C. Both protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases
D. Neither protein kinases nor phosphoprotein phosphatases

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

153. Phosphorylated protein as substrate describes

A.Protein kinases

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

154. Acts on many kinds of protein describes

A.Protein kinases

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

155. Are very specific describes

A.Protein kinases

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

156. Are continuously active describes

A.Protein kinases

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

157. Are allosteric proteins describes

A.Protein kinases

Section 3C.02
Topic: Chemistry

158. Is amphipathic descriptive of

A.Integral membrane proteins
B. Peripheral membrane proteins
C. Both kinds of membrane proteins

Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

159. Span entire membrane is descriptive of


Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

160. May be able to move laterally in the membrane is descriptive of


Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

161. Located primarily on the inner membrane surface is descriptive of


Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

162. Forms channels through the membrane is descriptive of


Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

163. Helps confer cell shape and motility is descriptive of


Section 3A.02
Topic: Cells

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Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A major function of plasma membranes is to

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

2. In the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure,

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

5. Phospholipids form effective barriers between the aqueous cytosol of cells

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

7. Which of the following is not true regarding cell membrane junctions?

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

8. Desmosomes represent a type of cell to cell connection resembling a rivet

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

9. In contrast to “spot type” cell junctions, _____ junctions resemble tightly

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

11. Functions of agranular endoplasmic reticulum include

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

14. Functions of the Golgi apparatus include

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

15. Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply

19. Carbohydrate chains can be added to glycoproteins by the

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

23. The codon that corresponds to the DNA sequence G-T-A is

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

24. The genetic code

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

26. RNA synthesis from a DNA template

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

28. During protein synthesis,

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

29. Transfer RNA

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

30. The signal sequence of a protein is

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

32. Functions of the Golgi apparatus include

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

34. A ligand is a molecule that binds to

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

35. A binding site on a protein is

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply

37. The affinity a binding site has for a ligand

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

38. Binding site A requires twice the concentration of ligand to achieve

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

40. Which of the following does not describe the 50 percent saturation point