Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.

org on March 19, 2015

Meteoric interaction with magmatic discharges in Japan

and the significance for mineralization
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, Masahiro Aoki
Mineral Resources Department, Geological Survey of Japan, 1 -1 -3 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305 Japan

ABSTRACT fluids, intermediate situations can occur at the

The andesitic volcanoes Kirishima, Kyushu, and Esan, Hokkaido, discharge 94 to 225 °C interface of magmatic and meteoric dominance,
HQ-bearing vapors from summit fumaroles. At Kirishima a geothermal system exists on the where acid components are neutralized by wall-
flanks of the large volcanic massif (1500 m relief and 12 km radius). In contrast, Esan is a small rock reaction (Giggenbach, 1988).
dome (600 m relief and 1 km radius) with ephemeral hot springs. The chemical and isotopic
compositions of the fumarole gases and condensates, and of waters from hot springs, indicate GEOLOGIC SETTING AND
that Esan discharges are dominated by magmatic water and gases, whereas those at Kirishima HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY
are mainly meteoric. The Kirishima geothermal system contains acid fluids that are neutralized Esan volcano rises to a maximum altitude of
by interaction with the host rock and dilution by meteoric ground water; the acidity is probably 618 m only 1 km from the south Hokkaido
of magmatic origin. A large ground-water carapace at Kirishima condenses a majority of coast (Fig. 1), and comprises andesitic domes
magmatic volátiles and metals before they can discharge to the surface, in contrast to Esan, and lava flows of Holocene age (Ando, 1974).
where the volátiles (including metals) degas to the atmosphere. This suggests that a meteoric The youngest magmatic eruption was several
system may be necessary to condense metals in this high-level volcanic environment to provide hundred years ago, and phreatic eruptions oc-
a situation conducive to hydrothermal mineralization at epithermal depths. curred 140 yr ago. Kirishima volcano, southern
Kyushu (Fig. 1), comprises at least 20 eruptive
INTRODUCTION Vapor discharge from a magmatic-related centers of late Pleistocene to Holocene age (Ko-
In order to examine directly the interaction of acid brine will transport volatiles to the surface bayashi et al., 1981). Cones and lavas that
magmatic fluids and overlying meteoric waters, as high-temperature fumaroles, or it may con- erupted up to about 6 ka overlie Mesozoic sedi-
we sampled the fumarolic discharges of two re- dense to form an acidic, oxidized water (Gig- mentary basement and older andesites. More
cently active volcanoes in Japan, Esan and Kir- genbach, 1987). In contrast, the deep water in than 40 eruptions have occurred since A.D. 742;
ishima. Representative hot springs associated most meteoric-dominated geothermal systems the most recent was at Iwoyama in 1768. The
with each volcano, as well as geothermal wells has a dilute chloride composition, is reduced, composite andesitic cones form a massif 12 km
at Kirishima, were also sampled. The chemical and has a nearly neutral pH (Giggenbach, in radius and having a relief of 1500 m (Fig. 2).
composition, including trace metals of economic 1988), and minor steam-heated acid sulfate The composition of the parent magmas of both
interest, and isotopic signatures of all samples ground waters. Despite this pH and redox dis- andesitic volcanoes is probably similar. Both
were analyzed to identify the degree of mag- tinction between magmatic and geothermal volcanoes have been active recently, and are
matic contribution to the hydrothermal systems.
1700-
Pioneering studies of stable isotopes in active
% J \ W 1300-
geothermal systems and extinct epithermal ore Esan Kirishima y \ i ' -
deposits indicated that the water reflects both a 5x
900-
dominantly meteoric source and reaction with N

VÍ14
host rocks (e.g., Taylor, 1979). However, mag- O V 500-
matic fluids are a major source of fluid compo-
Sealevet 100-
nents in deep-seated hydrothermal ore systems
(e.g., Taylor, 1979). If there is a transition from
deep magmatic domination to shallow meteoric
A fumaroles
domination in the hydrothermal environment, V acid springs
then there should be some evidence for mag- • neutral-pH springs
> neutral-pH wells
matic contamination of meteoric systems. This A acid wells
study seeks to identify how magmatic fluids de-
gassing from volcanoes interact with meteoric
waters and their host rocks, and how this inter-
action may affect mineralization in this
environment.
Hokkaido \

Esan

Figure 1. Location map
showing Esan volcano in
southern Hokkaido and
Kirishima volcano in
southern Kyushu, Japan.
Figure 2. Cross sections and plan-view maps of Esan and Kirishima volcanoes
(contours every 400 m). Locations ot Ginyu and Shiramizugoe (Shira.) faults and
Hayashida valley are shown. Cross sections (5x vertical exaggeration) show de-
duced schematic flow patterns. Kirishima waters are neutralized by water-rock
interaction (see Fig. 4) and meteoric dilution during ascent. Solid arrows—deep
U7Kirishima upllow; open arrows—vapor; downward-pointing arrows with bars—meteoric
waters.

GEOLOGY, v. 19, p. 1041-1044, October 1991 1041


now in repose. However, we have no evidence
of the depth to, or degassing state of, the under-
lying magmas.
At Esan, moderate-temperature (100 to 225
°C), HCl-bearing fumaroles discharge from the
highly altered southern flank at an altitude of
about 400 m (Fig. 2). An acid sulfate spring
discharges at 100 m altitude, and some neutral-
pH warm springs of low to seawater salinity are
present along the coastline. Condensed samples
of the fumaroles contain up to 2000 mg/kg
chloride; pH is 1.5, owing to condensed HC1.
At Kirishima, fumarolic discharges of 94 to
167 °C occur at altitudes of 1300 m to about
900 m. The high-altitude fumaroles at Iwoyáma
contain HC1 (maximum of 170 mg/kg CI; con-
densate pH values of 2.5), and are the highest
temperature. Lower altitude fumaroles are
related tó the geothermál system .on the west
flank of Kirishima.,Ebino spring discharges acid
(pH 2.3) chloride-sulfate water at an altitude of
1200m. , .
Before geothermal development for hot-
spring baths in the Hayashida valley, neutral-pH
chloride springs discharged at altitudes of 800 to
500 m; dilute chloride, bicarbonate-rich warm
springs still discharge át altitudes to 200 m as far
as 15 km from the summit. Steam-heated acid
sulfate springs range in altitude from about 900
to 700 m. Shallow wells reach chloride water at
about 300 m altitude in the Hayashida valley
where chloride springs once discharged. Water
samples from these wells are plotted on an
enthalpy-chloride diagram (Fig. 3) to illustrate
their interrelation.
Several wells were drilled into two major
faults for geothermal development. The wells
penetrating the northern Ginyu fault produce
neutral-pH waters; in contrast, the Shiramizugoe
1500
TOc Parent
9
-300
\
/ \ \
1000" V \ ^ \
Xo* .A
®Tearai
150
# "
#
500
-100
Ginyu
Shiramizugoe (acid)
Hayashida
500 1000
CI mg/kg
Figure 3. Enthalpy-chloride mixing diagram for
samples from Kirishima wells (reservoir con-
centrations at quartz geothermometer tem-
peratures), showing dilution relation for Shira-
mizugoe and Ginyu fluids, and' another for
Hayashida valley waters. If these are related
(through boiling), higher temperature parentis
implied, with neutralization occurring from
Shiramizugoe (and parent) water(s) to Ginyu
and Hayashida waters. Symbols as in Figure 2
(open stars—acid waters).
1042
Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on March 19, 2015
fault has acid chloride-sulfate waters at ele-
vations near sea level (Kodama and Nakajima,
1988). The acid waters have higher sulfate
contents and higher temperatures than the
neutral-pH waters, and variable chloride con-
tents (Fig. 3).
The compositions of a range of Kirishima wa-
ters are plotted in Figure 4, where full equilib-
rium with K-feldspar-illite-chlorite is repre-
sented by an invariant curve; the opposite
extreme, simple rock dissolution by acidic, im-
mature waters (Giggenbach, 1988), is shown by
a line' for varying amounts of Kirishima andesite
dissolved into 1 kg of water. Neutralization of
immature waters through water-rock reaction
will result in the compositions shifting upward
to the full equilibrium mineral assemblage
buffer.
Figure 5 shows the S 1 8 0 and <5D values of
fumarolic condensates and hot-spring waters at
both locations. In addition to our sampling, we
also summarize results for two Esan fumaroles
(Matsubaya et al., 1978), a sample of Ebino
spring collected in 1974 (Matsubaya et al.,
1975), and the compositions of waters dis-
charged from the Ginyu wells, in addition to
meteoric waters local to the wells (Shimizu et
al., 1988). There are no isotopic (or metal)
compositions available for the Shiramizugoe
fluids.
The N2-Ar-He gas signature of vapor dis-
charges indicates the source(s) of these relatively
nonreactive gases (Giggenbach, 1986). Meteoric
ground waters that have no other source of these
gases preserve atmospheric N2-Ar ratios even
after circulating at depth and heating, though
they may acquire some radiogenic helium; con-
tribution from typical N2-rich magmatic fluids
disturbs the meteoric signature. The gas compo-
sitions of fumarole discharges from Esan and
Kirishima are plotted in Figure 6.
\
•
Wells
•
• Figure 4. K / C a - K / M g dia-
1500
1000 g
log(K 2 /Mg)
METAL TRANSFER BY
MAGMATIC VAPORS
High-temperature volcanic discharges contain
C 0 2 , S0 2 , H 2 S, HCl, HF, and other gases in
decreasing amounts (Giggenbach, 1987). These
vapors also contain many other components as
molecular chlorides and complexes (Symonds et
al., 1987), including alkalies and trace metals.
Despite low concentrations of metals, an active
andesite volcano such as White Island, New
Zealand, has a yearly metal flux in the vapor
discharging to the surface of Zn—73001; Pb—
600 t; Cu—300 t; As—5 t; Ag—50 kg; and
Au—29 kg (i.e., 291 of Au for a 1 ka period of
degassing) (Le Cloarec et al., 1989). Merapi vol-
cano, Indonesia, has similar fluxes (within a fac-
tor of 5 for the base metals; Symonds et al.,
1987), indicating that a degassing calc-alkaline
magma is a signifiant potential source of
metals. These figures are minima, because some
fraction is being absorbed into the volcanic hy-
drothermal system at depth (Giggenbach, 1987).
We have analyzed all samples collected at
Esan and Kirishima for major and minor ele-
ments, including trace metals. Some compo-
nents of interest in the fumarole samples are
reported as ranges of concentration in Figure 7
(we have no flux data); the concentrations in
high-temperature Merapi fumaroles are included
for comparison. In general, the concentrations of
elements, particularly the base metals, are high-
est in the high-temperature Merapi fumaroles,
and lowest in the low-temperature Kirishima
vapors (different by several orders of magni-
tude), HCl in the Kirishima fumaroles being at
least 1.5 orders of magnitude lower than at
Merapi; Esan values are intermediate.
DISCUSSION
Esan fumarole condensates lie on a simple
isotopic mixing trend (Fig. 5) between local me-
gram (Giggenbach, 1988)
showing full equilibrium and
rock dissolution trends; Kiri-
shima waters are plotted.
(Symbols as in Figs. 2 and 3.)
Parent
9
GEOLOGY, October 1991
 Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on March 19, 2015
teoric water and 900 °C andesitic volcano dis-
charges (Matsuo et al., 1974). These results
indicate less than a 50% meteoric component in
the Esan fumarolic discharges. The ephemeral
neutral pH and acid-spring discharges are sim-
ilar to local meteoric values, though they could
have a small (<10%) component of magmatic
water.
In contrast, the Kirishima features are domi-
nated by meteoric water. Local meteoric SD
ranges from -50°/oo to -40°/oo with decreasing
altitude (Shimizu et al., 1988). Iwoyama HC1-
bearing fumaroles and the adjacent acid chlo-
ride-sulfate spring at Ebino (sampled in 1974)
indicate a maximum magmatic component of
30%. The evidence for the magmatic shift from
local meteoric SD values for these acid features
comes from comparison with the Ebino sample
collected in 1989, the day following 300 mm of
rainfall; although still acid, the isotopic composi-
tion of the spring lies on the meteoric line 10°/oo
lighter in <5D than the 1974 sample. High-
chloride samples from wells in the Hayashida
valley (Fig. 3) are also shifted a similar amount
from local meteoric compositions of S 1 8 0 and
SD, the shift lying along a magmatic mixing
trend. The Ginyu waters, on the same trend,
may also have a small magmatic component.
Steam-heated acid sulfate hot springs all he close
to the meteoric line.
The residual gas compositions of fumaroles
(Fig. 6) indicate magmatic dominance at Esan
(N2-rich) vs. meteoric domination at Kirishima
(N2/Ar ratios similar to atmospheric). These
data independently support the evidence from
water isotopes and suggest that the sources of
these gases and the water in these systems are
coupled.
At Kirishima the waters from Hayashida val-
ley wells and representative water from wells
penetrating the Ginyu fault (Shimizu et al.,
1988) fall close to full equilibrium with the
neutral-pH assemblage of hydrothermal miner-
als (Fig. 4). In contrast, waters from the Shira-
mizugoe fault derive their alkalies from the
partial dissolution of 100 to 300 g of andesite
1s
Figure 5. ôD-ô O diagram showing magmat-
ic-dominant signature of Esan fluids, and
meteoric-dominant signature of Kirishima
fluids. Symbols as in Figure 2.
1042 GEOLOGY, October 1991
into every 1 kg of solution; this strong acidity
may be related to condensation of magmatic
volatiles deeper in the system. Compositions of
the ephemeral steam-heated acid sulfate waters
and bicarbonate waters reflect less aggressive
rock dissolution, consistent with their shallow
origin.
There is a hydraulic differential of 15 bar
from the Shiramizugoe fault to the Ginyu fault
at the same altitude (Kodama and Nakajima,
1988), suggesting flow from the former to the
latter through 500 m of wall rock; if this is true,
neutralization of the acid waters will occur by
reaction with the host rocks (Fig. 4). Dilution
and boiling (Fig. 3) can account for the differ-
ences in chloride and heat content among the
Shiramizugoe, Ginyu, and Hayashida waters, all
originating from a higher temperature (acid)
parent. Neutralization by reaction with the host
rock is also implied, from the Shiramizugoe (and
parent) fluid to the neutral waters. These proc-
esses (neutralization, boiling, and dilution) may
account for the low metal concentrations of the
neutral waters (Fig. 7), compared with higher
metal concentrations implied for the deep
magmatic component.
The Esan hot-spring waters have not been
plotted in Figures 3 and 4 because they are
simply steam-heated acid sulfate waters or are
located close to the shoreline and are domi-
nantly meteoric water or contaminated by
seawater.
On the basis of our chemical and isotopic
results, magmatic fluids reach the surface at
Esan with a relatively small degree of interaction
with meteoric waters (<50%), though extensive
cooling has occurred from the underlying mag-
matic system (degassing magma and/or mag-
matic brine). In contrast, fumaroles at the
summit of Kirishima, as well as geothermal dis-
charges on its lower flanks, are dominated by
meteoric waters, though with a minor magmatic
component (possibly up to 30%; Fig. 5). This
difference may be caused by the presence of a
larger carapace of meteoric water at high levels
Figure 6. N 2 -Ar-He residual gas relations for
Esan and Kirishima fumaroles. Several Kiri-
shima samples are from geothermal wells.
Symbols as in Figure 2.
in the Kirishima massif (Fig. 2, cross section);
the carapace condenses the majority of mag-
matic volatiles and other components before
they can discharge to the surface.
IMPLICATIONS FOR
MINERALIZATION IN
VOLCANIC SYSTEMS
Some mineralization in the volcanic envi-
ronment is related to extensive leaching by an
acid fluid, followed by deposition of copper and
precious metals. Such epithermal mineralization
is commonly termed "acid sulfate" (Heald et al.,
1987) or "high sulfidation" (Hedenquist, 1987).
Good examples are the Summitville, Colorado,
deposit (Stoffregen, 1987) and the Nansatsu
deposits of southern Kyushu (Hedenquist et al.,
1988). Detailed stable-isotope studies of this en-
vironment (Rye et al., 1989) indicate that mag-
matic fluids interact with meteoric waters during
alteration and mineralization.
Much the same situation could be envisaged
to be occurring at depth beneath Kirishima now,
the magmatic volatiles and metals condensing
into a hydrothermal system dominated by me-
teoric water; dissociation of the acids (HC1,
H2SO4) will result in extensive leaching of the
host rock. The composition of fluid from the
Shiramizugoe wells (Fig. 4) indicates that such
leaching is now occurring. Although there may
also be acid condensates at depth at Esan, we
have no direct evidence for their presence. If we
assume that the deep, high-temperature mag-
matic component at both Kirishima and Esan is
relatively rich in metal (e.g., similar to Merapi;
Fig. 7), it is clear that the lower temperature
Figure 7. Concentrations of selected compo-
nents in volcanic fumarole condensates for
Esan and Kirishima (this study) and, for com-
parison, Merapi, Indonesia (Symonds et al.,
1987). No data (-) and below detection limit
(<) are also noted.
 Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on March 19, 2015
(and lower HC1) vapors at both volcanoes are
less able to transport metals than chloride-rich
vapors at 600 °C or more. However, the
meteoric-water dominance in the Kirishima hy-
drothermal system in comparison with that at
Esan suggests that the extensive meteoric system
at Kirishima serves as a "condenser" of mag-
matic volatiles and metals, thus accounting for
the lower metal concentrations discharging to
the surface. If this is true, then such meteoric
interaction with magmatic discharges may be
conducive to metal deposition, which if local-
ized could produce ore.
This interpretation leads to a model in which
highly leached rock is first formed by magmatic
volatile-charged meteoric waters, these zones
serving as permeable channels for later fluids.
Although the later fluids still contain magmatic
components, including metals, they are less reac-
tive due to waning of the volatile discharge from
the parent magma, an increase in the degree of
water-rock interaction, and/or an increase in the
meteoric diluent. During this later stage, miner-
alization may be possible if a precipitating
mechanism is coupled with metal-rich fluids fo-
cused into a restricted volume. This model ex-
plains the strong leaching of host rock and the
alteration zoning, the hosting of subsequent ore
by the residual silica, the magmatic signature of
sulfur-bearing minerals, the meteoric signature
of acid-altered clays and silica, and the com-
monly observed geochemical evolution in the
ore systems (Bethke, 1984; Stoffregen, 1987;
Hedenquist et al., 1988; Rye et al., 1989).
Speculation allows this model to be extended
to the deeper hydrothermal environment be-
neath geothermal systems (and their equivalent
epithermal ore deposits). The question is
whether a magmatic contribution of metals to
the meteoric system is necessary to form an
epithermal deposit. If a magmatic fluid is present
in the roots of a geothermal system, neutraliza-
tion of the acid components at depth (Giggen-
bach, 1988) and meteoric dilution can mask the
magmatic contribution, though the metals may
yet be sufficient for mineralization at higher lev-
els in the epithermal environment. Therefore,
situations where there is little or no magmatic
(i.e., metal) contribution to the meteoric cell
could explain the abundance of epithermal
prospects that have all the apparent geologic and
alteration attributes of epithermal deposits and
yet are barren in ore, or at best have low-grade
metal anomalies. If this suggestion is correct,
then assessment of the magmatic component in
an extinct epithermal system (e.g., by residual
gases of fluid inclusions) may help determine the
ore potential of a prospect.
CONCLUSIONS
Magmatic volatiles discharge to the surface at
both Esan and Kirishima volcanoes, though the
degree of magmatic contribution to the fuma-
1044
roles (including water, gases, and metals) is
larger at Esan because of less meteoric interac-
tion. At Kirishima, an extensive meteoric cara-
pace is effective at condensing and diluting most
of the magmatic components. In contrast, the
hydrology of the Esan system, perhaps related to
its much smaller catchment, precludes a large
amount of meteoric interaction.
A hydrothermal system analogous to that
present at Kirishima could be responsible for the
extensive acid leaching and subsequent enargite
and gold mineralization that occurs in the high-
sulfidation (acid and oxidizing) environment in
which some ore deposits throughout the circum-
Pacific region have formed. The interaction of
magmatic volatiles and metals with an overlying
meteoric system may be essential for mineraliza-
tion. Where there is not extensive meteoric in-
teraction, such as at Esan, the volatiles and
metals exsolved from a near-surface (1-3 km
deep?) magma largely degas to the surface rather
than condensing at shallow (< 1 km) depth. This
model is consistent with the geology, alteration
zonation, isotope signatures, and fluid-inclusion
data from ore deposits deduced to have formed
in this environment.
We have examined the possible effect of near-
surface processes and meteoric interaction on
the metal composition of volcanic discharges
and have also speculated on the importance of a
magmatic source of metals for epithermal min-
eralization. It is clear that the compositional var-
iation of high-temperature fluids derived from
magmas of differing composition and state of
degassing must also be considered. This requires
further sampling of volcanic fumaroles (and re-
lated hot springs) from volcanoes of diverse
compositions and stages of development.
REFERENCES CITED
Ando, S., 1974, Geology and petrology of Esan vol-
cano, Hokkaido: Japan Association of Petrology,
Mineralogy and Economic Geology, v. 69,
p. 302-312 (in Japanese).
Bethke, P.M., 1984, Controls on base- and precious-
metal mineralization in deeper epithermal envi-
ronments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 84-890,40 p.
Giggenbach, W.F., 1986, The use of gas chemistry in
delineating the origin of fluids discharges over the
Taupo Volcanic Zone: A review: International
Volcanological Congress, Hamilton, New Zea-
land, Proceedings Symposium 5, p. 47-50.
1987, Redox processes governing the chemistry
of fumarolic gas discharges from White Island,
New Zealand: Applied Geochemistry, v. 2,
p. 141-161.
1988, Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation
of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators: Geochimica et
Cosmochimica acta, v. 52, p. 2749-2765.
Heald, P., Hayba, D.O., and Foley, N.K., 1987, Com-
parative anatomy of volcanic-hosted epithermal
deposits: Acid-sulfate and adularia-sericite types:
Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 1-26.
Hedenquist, J.W., 1987, Mineralization associated
with volcanic-related hydrothermal systems in
the circum-Pacific Basin, in Horn, M.K., ed.,
Transactions, Fourth Circum-Pacific Energy and
Printed in U.S.A.
Mineral Resources Conference: Singapore, 1986:
Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Association of Pe-
troleum Geologists, p. 513-524.
Hedenquist, J.W., Matsuhisa, Y., Izawa, E., Marumo,
K., Aoki, M., and Sasaki, A., 1988, Epithermal
gold mineralisation of acid leached rocks in the
Nansatsu District of southern Kyushu, Japan, in
Proceedings, Bicentennial Gold 88: Geological
Society of Australia, Extended Abstracts, v. 22,
p. 183-190.
Kobayashi, T., Aramaki, S., Watanabe, T., and
Kamada, M., 1981, Kirishima volcano, in Kubo-
tera, A., ed., Field excursion guide to Sakurajima,
Kirishima and Aso volcanoes: Tokyo, Volcano-
logical Society of Japan, p. 18-32.
Kodama, M., and Nakajima, T., 1988, Exploration
and exploitation of the Kirishima geothermal
field: Chinetsu, v. 25, p. 1-30 (in Japanese).
Le Cloarec, M.F., Allard, P., Sheppard, D.S., and
Ardouin, B., 1989, Radioactive isotopes and
trace elements in gaseous emissions from White
Island, in Giggenbach, W.F., ed., Newsletter 4,
Commission on the Chemistry of Volcanic Gases:
Wellington, New Zealand, International Associa-
tion of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's
Interior, p. 12-15.
Matsubaya, O., Ueda, A., Kusakabe, M., Matsuhisa,
Y., Sakai, H., and Sasaki, A., 1975, An isotopic
study of the volcanoes and the hot springs in
Satsuma Iwojima and some areas in Kyushu:
Geological Survey of Japan Bulletin, v. 26,
p. 375-392.
Matsubaya, O., Sakai, H., Ueda, A., Tsutsumi, M.,
Kusakabe, M„ and Sasaki, A., 1978, Stable iso-
tope study of the hot springs and volcanoes of
Hokkaido, Japan: Okayama University, Institute
for Thermal Spring Research, no. 47, p. 55-67.
Matsuo, S., Suzuoki, T., Kusakabe, M., Wada, H., and
Suzuki, M., 1974, Isotopic and chemical compo-
sitions of volcanic gases from Satsuma-Iwojima,
Japan: Geochemical Journal, v. 8, p. 165-173.
Rye, R.O., Bethke, P.M., and Wasserman, M.D.,
1989, Diverse origins of alunite and acid-sulfate
alteration: Stable isotope systematics: U.S. Geo-
logical Survey Open-File Report 89-5,33 p.
Shimizu, A., Misu, S., and Gokou, K„ 1988, Geo-
chemical studies of the Ginyu reservoir in the
Kirishima geothermal field, in Proceedings, In-
ternational Geothermal Conference, Kumamoto:
Tokyo, Geothermal Research Society of Japan,
p. 136-139.
Stoffregen, R., 1987, Genesis of acid sulfate alteration
and Au-Cu mineralization at Summitville: Eco-
nomic Geology, v. 82, p. 1575-1591.
Symonds, R.B., Rose, W.I., Reed, M.N., Lichte, F.E.,
and Finnegan, D.K., 1987, Volatilization, trans-
port, and sublimation of metallic and non-
metallic elements in high temperature gases at
Merapi volcano, Indonesia: Geochimica et Cos-
mochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 2083-2101.
Taylor, H.P., Jr., 1979, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope
relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits, in
Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal
ore deposits: Volume 2: New York, John Wiley
& Sons, p. 236-277.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Sachihiro Taguchi, Mike Thompson, and
Masami Watanabe for help with field work, and
Antonio Arribas, Jr., Skip Cunningham, Werner
Giggenbach, Yukihiro Matsuhisa, Dick Sillitoe, Stuart
Simmons, Neil Sturchio, and particularly Noel White
and Stanley Williams for constructive reviews.
Manuscript received March 21, 1991
Revised manuscript received June 24, 1991
Manuscript accepted July 8,1991
GEOLOGY, October 1991
 Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on March 19, 2015

Geology

Meteoric interaction with magmatic discharges in Japan and the significance for
mineralization
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist and Masahiro Aoki

Geology 1991;19;1041-1044
doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1041:MIWMDI>2.3.CO;2

Email alerting services click www.gsapubs.org/cgi/alerts to receive free e-mail alerts when new articles
cite this article
Subscribe click www.gsapubs.org/subscriptions/ to subscribe to Geology
Permission request click http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/copyrt.htm#gsa to contact GSA

Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their
employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA,
to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in subsequent works and to make
unlimited copies of items in GSA's journals for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and
science. This file may not be posted to any Web site, but authors may post the abstracts only of their
articles on their own or their organization's Web site providing the posting includes a reference to the
article's full citation. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and
positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political
viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society.

Notes

Geological Society of America