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Contents
Inverting DC to AC different topologies
Optimising DC: MPP trackers
Optimising AC: functions to support the grid
Optimising Information: Basic Monitoring
Solar array
e.g. lights, TV
Inverter
Meters Converts DC
Power from the
For export and import of
modules to AC
energy
power to feed
into the grid
PLUS
Vi (Input Voltage)
PLUS
DC Voltage
VO = +Vi
MINUS
Alternating Voltage
MINUS
PLUS
Vi (Input Voltage)
MINUS
DC Voltage
VO = -Vi
MINUS
Alternating Voltage
PLUS
Vi (Input Voltage)
DC Voltage
Vre(rectangular- Vo(almost sine-
voltage) wave)
AC- voltage AC- voltage
f = 0 Hz f = 17 000 Hz f= 50 Hz
Inverter Topologies
advantages:
good price, good efficiency
~
~ relyable cause of small number of components
disadvantage:
low flexibility
(there is a minimum input DC level, depending on AC
output voltage)
Inverter Topologies
= disadvantages:
higher price and weight than
transformerless without DC/DC booster
Other topologies
Contents
Inverting DC to AC different topologies
Optimising DC: MPP trackers
Optimising AC: functions to support the grid
Optimising Information: Basic Monitoring
Kurzschlussstrom
Module current in Amps
| 12
PV Curves
Kurzschlussstrom
Module current in Amps
| 13
PV Curves
Kurzschlussstrom
Module current in Amps
| 14
PV Curves
voltage)
Leerlaufspannung
| 15
PV Curves
10
Module current in Amps
E= 1000 W/m²
08
E= 800 W/m²
06
E= 600 W/m²
04
E= 400 W/m²
02
E= 200 W/m²
00
10 20 1530 40
| 16
PV Curves
08
ϑ = 25°C
06 ϑ = 0°C
ϑ = -75°C
04
The dependency of
02 voltage from
temperature is described
using TK e.g.: -0.4 %/K
10 20 30 40
Modulvoltage in Volts UMPP Range
| 17
Contents
Contents
Inverting DC to AC different topologies
Optimising DC: MPP trackers
Optimising AC: functions to support the grid
Optimising Information: Basic Monitoring
The „quality of grid“ is not decreased but increased by the usage of PV inverters !
shutdown limits (u>; u>>; u<; u<<; f<;f>; grid impedance; [PV iso])
cos phi settings ( reactive power)
- fixed cos phi
- cos phi (p)
- sin phi, tan phi, with or without hysteresis
- Q(U)
- remote controlled reactive power
- fault ride through
power limitations ( real power)
- P(f) reduction by characteristic curve
- absolut P limitation
- remote P limitation
- P limitation depending on load (feed in limitation)
- ramp up limitations
- remote limitations
Contents
Inverting DC to AC different topologies
Optimising DC: MPP trackers
Optimising AC: functions to support the grid
Optimising Information: Basic Monitoring
most of this devices are necessary for the internal control functions
but can be used for additional purposes sumarized as
„monitoring functions“: (Basic)
- logging of internal data (power, yield, currents, voltages, temperatures
- local and remote access
monitoring functions „advanced“
- automated alarms ( e.g. comparism of MPP Trackers)
- logging of inverter- external values ( external sensors needed)
Break
we continue with
KACO solutions
KACO new energy on grid PV Inverters: Overview January 2016 | 23