A Project Report on

SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING IOT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by

CH.MAHEESHA(16A51A1214) J.RAMYA (16A51A1220)

G.SAICHAITANYA(16A51A1219) M.SURESH (16A51A1222)

Under the esteemed Guidance of

Sri.V.A.G.Raju, M.Tech
Assistant Professor
Department of Information Technology
ADITYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYAND MANAGEMENT,
TEKKALI
(An Autonomous Institution)

(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada, Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA & NAAC,

New Delhi)2016-2020

1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this project entitled “SMART IRRIGATION
SYSTEM USING IOT” being submitted by J.Ramya (16A51A1220), CH.Maneesha
(16A5A1214), D.Suresh (16A51A1216), G.SaiChaitanya (16A51A1219) in partial fulfillment
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology carried out
by them under my supervision.
The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University
or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Sri. V.A.G.RAJU ,M.TECH Dr. B.V.Ramana
Assistant Professor Professor & HOD,
Department of IT
 DECLARATION
We do hereby declare that the work embodied in this project entitled “SMART
IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING IOT” is the outcome of research work carried out by us
under the direct supervision of Sri.V.A.G.Raju, M.TECH, Assistant Professor, Department of
Information Technology, Aditya Institute of Technology and Assistant kali, affiliated to
JNTUK, Kakinada, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information
Technology during the period 2016-20. The work is original and has not been submitted
elsewhere for award of any other degree or diploma.

Project Associates
J.Ramya (16A51A1220)
Ch.Maneesha(16A51A1214)
D.Suresh (16A51A1209)
G.Sai Chaitanya(16A51A1219)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

3
We have great pleasure to acknowledge our sincere gratitude to our project guide
Sri.V.A.G.Raju, M.Tech, Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology,
AITAM, Tekkali for his help and Guidance during the project. His valuable suggestions and
encouragement helped us a lot in carrying out this project work as well as in bringing this
project to this form.

We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to our Director Prof. V. V.
Nageswara Rao for providing the excellent infrastructure.

We take the privilege to thank our principal Dr. A. S. Srinivasa Rao for his encouragement
and support.

We are also very much thankful to Dr. B.V.Ramana Head of Information Technology for
his help and valuable support in completing the project.

We are also thankful to all staff members in the Department of Information Technology, for
their feedback in the reviews and kind help throughout our project.
Last but not the least, we thank all our classmates for their encouragement and their help in
making this project a success. There are many others who have contributed towards the
project in some manner or the other whose names could not be mentioned.

Project team
J.Ramya (16A51A1220)
Ch.Maneesha(16A51A1214)
D.Suresh (16A51A1209)
G.Sai Chaitanya(16A51A1219)
 Vision of the Department

Create high-quality engineering professionals through research, innovation and teamwork for
Information Technology services with outstanding faculty, facilities and education.

Mission of the Department

M1: Information Technology program dedicates itself to provide students with a set of skills,
knowledge and attitude that will permit its graduates to succeed and thrive as successful
information technologists.
M2: Enhance overall personality development which includes innovative thinking, team
work, entrepreneur skills, communication skills, employability skills and ethical conduct.
M3: Ensuring effective teaching–learning process to provide in-depth knowledge of
interdisciplinary areas.
M4: Providing industry interactions through consultancy and sponsored research for the
societal needs.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO1: Acquire the ability of technical competence in analyzing, designing and developing to
create novel products in their field.

PEO2: Attain skills in pursuing higher education, doing research or resuming entrepreneurial
strivings.

PEO3: Possess leadership qualities, nourish ethical responsibilities and cherish

communication skills.

PEO4: Enrich lifelong learning with technical savvy and promote the progressive societal
needs

5
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to

PO1. ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2. PROBLEM ANALYSIS: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3. DESIGN/DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTIONS: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4. CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS OF COMPLEX PROBLEMS: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5. MODERN TOOL USAGE: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. THE ENGINEER AND SOCIETY: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7. ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.
PO8. ETHICS: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9. INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM WORK: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. COMMUNICATION: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO11. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND FINANCE: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as
a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12. LIFE-LONG LEARNING: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

By the completion of Information Technology program the student will be able to

PSO1: Execute the mathematical foundations, algorithmic principles of engineering to
identify, formulate, design and investigate the intricate problems of Information Technology.
PSO2: Comprehend the principles and applications of the software and hardware facets of
computer systems.
PSO3: Apply knowledge in various domains to identify research gaps and provide solutions.

Articulation Matrix of Mapping the Project with POs and PSOs

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO2

PROJ.T
2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1
OT

Note: Enter Correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

1: Slight (Low)
2: Moderate (Medium)
3: Substantial (High)

7
ABSTRACT
Every living organism needs food to live, We cannot imagine life without Irrigation. If
everything gets automated even irrigation systems also need to be. We have developed a
Smart Irrigation system using the concept of IoT. As we know farming has different stages,
To help these farmers in understanding the climatic conditions, the moisture content in the
soil and to make their decisions easy we have developed Smart Irrigation System using IoT.
We used different sensors that sense temperature, moisture and humidity of the agricultural
area. Information on all sensor nodes is collected by the Arduino module and transmits the
data to microcontroller connected with the Wi-Fi module that uploads the report on the cloud
where a farmer can monitor those parameters in their Smart phones or PC on daily basis and
take necessary steps to make their agriculture farm grow smart…

Keywords Sensors, IOT, Things Speak Server.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 12
1.1 Motivation 12

2. Literature Review 13

3. Basic Of IOT 14
3.1 What makes IOT 15
3.2 Applications of IOT 17

4 Methodology 18
4.1Hardware Components 18
4.2Software 29
5 Problem Analysis and Overcome 33
5.1 Problem statement 33
5.2 Proposed method 33
6 Results 34
7 Testing 41
8 Social Implications 44
9 Conclusion and Future Scope 45
List of Publications 46
References 46

11
 Chapter 1

1 INTRODUCTION

India is the country of village and agriculture plays an important role for development of
country. In our country, agriculture depends on the monsoons which has insufficient source of
water. So the irrigation is used in agriculture field. In Irrigation system, depending upon the
soil type, water is provided to plant. In agriculture, two things are very important, first to get
information of about the fertility of soil and second to measure moisture content in soil.

Nowadays, for irrigation, different techniques are available which are used to reduce the
dependency of rain. And mostly this technique is driven by electrical power and on/off
scheduling. In this technique, water level indicator placed in water reservoir and soil moisture
sensors are placed root zone of plant and near the module and gateway unit handles the sensor
information and transmit data to the controller which in turns the control the flow of water
through the valves.

1.1 Motivation

For continuously increasing demand and decrease in supply of food necessities, it’s important
to rapid improvement in production of food technology. Agriculture is only the source to
provide this. This is the important factor in human societies to growing and dynamic demand
in food production. Agriculture plays the important role in the economy and development,
like India. Due to lack of water and scarcity of land water result the decreasing volume of
water on earth, the farmer use irrigation. Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial
application of water to the land or soil that means depending on the soil type, plant are to be
provided with water.

Area of utility

● The primary focus of this project is to help the farmers and reduce their work.

● This module can be implemented in perennial plant irrigation land and gardening land.

1
 CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY

In irrigation field, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensors are placed in root of plant and
microcontroller handles the sensor information and transmits data. One algorithm was developed
to measure threshold values of temperature sensor and soil moisture sensor that was programmed
into a microcontroller to control water quantity. A model of automatic irrigation system which is
based on microcontroller and solar power was used only for source of power supply. Various
sensor are placed in paddy field. Sensors sense water level continuously and give the information
to farmer through cellular phone. Farmer controls the motor using cellular phone without going in
paddy field. If the water level reaches at danger level, automatically motor will be off without
conformation of farmer.
The existing method and one of the oldest ways in agriculture is the manual method of checking
the parameters. In this method the farmers they themselves verify all the parameters and calculate
the readings. It focuses on developing devices and tools to manage, display and alert the users
using the advantages of a wireless sensor network system. It aims at making agriculture smart
using automation and IoT technologies. The highlighting features are smart GPS based remote
controlled robot to perform tasks like weeding, spraying, moisture sensing, human detection and
keeping vigilance. The cloud computing devices that can create a whole computing system from
sensors to tools that observe data from agricultural field images and from human actors on the
ground and accurately feed the data into the repositories along with the location as GPS
coordinates. This idea proposes a novel methodology for smart farming by linking a smart sensing
system and smart irrigator system through wireless communication technology.

It proposes a low cost and efficient wireless sensor network technique to acquire the soil moisture
and temperature from various location of farm and as per the need of crop controller to take the
decision whether the irrigation is enabled or not. It proposes an idea about how automated
irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. In addition, a
gateway unit handles sensor information. The atmospheric conditions are monitored and
controlled online by using Ethernet IEEE 802.3.The partial root zone drying process can be
implemented to a maximum extent. It is designed for IoT based monitoring system to analyze
crop environment and the method to improve the efficiency of decision making by analyzing
harvest statistics.
 CHAPTER-3
BASICS OF IOT

3.1 Definition

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded computing
devices within the existing Internet infrastructure.
The “Internet of Things” connects devices and vehicles using electronic sensors and the Internet.
Introduction. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects devices, vehicles,
buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity
that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to be sensed and
controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct
integration of the physical world into computer based systems, and resulting in improved
efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit, when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the
technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber physical systems, which also
encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart
cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. So, Internet of Things or IoT is an
architecture that comprises specialized hardware boards, Software systems, web APIs, protocols
which together creates a seamless environment which allows smart embedded devices to be
connected to internet such that sensory data can be accessed and control system can be triggered
over internet.
Also devices could be connected to internet using various means like Wi-Fi, Ethernet and so on.
Furthermore devices may not needed to be connected to internet independently. Rather a cluster
of devices could be created (for example a sensor network) and the base station or the cluster head
could be connected to internet. This leads to more abstract architecture for communication
protocols which ranges from high level to low level.
Most interestingly, these devices must be uniquely discovered. For unique discovery of the
devices in a Network, they need to have unique IP address. IoT devices essentially have IPv6
addressing scheme. All these devices have either fixed or Subnet masked IP addresses of type v6.
Unique IP addresses makes IoT devices discoverable in the internet as independent node. This is
the most important concept to have in mind to understand IoT.
3
 Figure 1 .1 Internet of Things (IoT) Basic Architecture

3.2 What Devices Makes it to IOT

Since IoT are essentially embedded systems and smart objects connected to internet with unique
IP address which can be discovered and communicated over internet. We have also seen that the
IoT devices may have external peripheral like Actuators and Sensor
 3.3 IOT− Key Features:
The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given
below −
AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it
enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection,
artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can mean
something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to
detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place
an order with your preferred grocer.
Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and
specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively
tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much smaller and
cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small
networks between its system devices.
Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as
defining instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive
network of devices into an active system capable of real-world
integration.
3.4 IoT – Advantages:
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and
business. Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to
offer −
Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-
spots and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement
remains passive.
IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve
the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more
potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical
functional and field data.

5
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current
analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world
information leading to more effective management of resources.
Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its
limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those
spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want to go to
analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
3.5 IOT – Disadvantages:
Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of challenges.
Here is a list of some its major issues
Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices

3.6 Applications
IoT has applications across all industries and markets. It spans user groups from those who want
to reduce energy use in their home to large organizations who want to streamline their
operations. It proves not just useful, but nearly critical in many industries as technology
advances and we move towards the advanced automation imagined in the distant future.

Engineering, Industry, and Infrastructure

Applications of IoT in these areas include improving production, marketing, service delivery,
and safety. IoT provides a strong means of monitoring various processes and real transparency
creates greater visibility for improvement opportunities. The deep level of control afforded by
IoT allows rapid and more action on those opportunities, which include events like obvious
customer needs, nonconforming product, malfunctions in equipment, problems in the distribution
network, and more.
 Chapter-4

4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 INTRODUCTION OF HARDWARES
4.1.1 ESP8266
INTRODUCTION TO ESP8266
ESP8266 is a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi network solution that can carry software
applications, or through another application processor uninstall all Wi-Fi networking capabilities.
ESP8266 when the device is mounted and as the only application of the application processor,
the flash memory can be started directly from an external Move. Built-in cache memory will help
improve system performance and reduce memory requirements. Another situation is when
wireless Internet access assume the task of Wi-Fi adapter, you can add it to any microcontroller-
based design, and the connection is simple, just by SPI / SDIO interface or central processor AHB
bridge interface. Processing and storage capacity on ESP8266 powerful piece, it can be integrated
via GPIO ports sensors and other applications specific equipment to achieve the lowest early in
the development and operation of at least occupy system resources. The ESP8266 highly
integrated chip, including antenna switch balun, power management converter, so with minimal
external circuitry, and includes front-end module, including the entire solution designed to
minimize the space occupied by PCB. The system is equipped with ESP8266 manifested leading
features are: energy saving VoIP quickly switch between the sleep / wake patterns, with low-
power operation adaptive radio bias, front-end signal processing functions, troubleshooting and

7
radio systems coexist characteristics eliminate cellular / Bluetooth / DDR / LVDS / LCD
interference.
 Fig-1.2pin-layout

Figure 1.3 Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

9
Block Diagram of ESP8266

Figure 1.4 Block Diagram of ESP8266

Characteristics of ESP8266

● 802.11 b / g / n

● Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP

● Built-in TCP / IP protocol stack

● Built-in TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

● Built-in PLL, voltage regulator and power management components

● 802.11b mode + 19.5dBm output power

● Built-in temperature sensor

● Support antenna diversity

● off leakage current is less than 10uA

● Built-in low-power 32-bit CPU: can double as an application processor

● SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART

11
STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO

● A-MPDU, A-MSDU aggregation and the 0.4 Within wake

● 2ms, connect and transfer data packets

● standby power consumption of less than 1.0mW (DTIM3)

Schematic Diagram ESP8266-EX

Figure 1.5 Schematic Diagram ESP8266EX

ESP Modules
The ESP8266 is a low cost Wi-Fi chip with full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability
produced by Shanghai-based Chinese manufacturer, Espress if. These were the first series of
modules made by third-party manufacturer, AI-Thinker with the ESP8266 and remain the most
widely available.

Board ID Pins Pitch Antenna Dimensions mm

LEDs
ESP-01 8 1“ Yes Etched-on 14.3 x 24.8
PCB
ESP-02 8 . 1” No None 14.2 x 14.2
ESP-03 14 2 mm No Ceramic 17.3 x 12.1
ESP-04 14 2 mm No None 14.7 x 12.1
ESP-05 5 . 1“ No None 14.2 x 14.2
ESP-06 12+GND misc No None ?
ESP-07 16 2mm Yes Ceramic 20.0 x 16.0
ESP-08 14 2mm No None 17.0 x 16.0
ESP-09 12+GND Misc No None 10.0 x 10.0
ESP-10 5 2mmm? No None 14.2 x 10.0
ESP-11 8 1.27mm No Ceramic 17.3 x 12.1
ESP-12 16 2mm Yes Etched-on 24.0 x 16.0
PCB
ESP-12-E 22 2mm Yes Etched-on 24.0 x 16.0
PCB
ESP-13 18 1.5mm - Etched-on -
PCB
ESP-14 22 2mm 1 Etched-on 24.3 x 16.2
PCB
WROOM-02 18 1.5mm No Etched on 20.0 x 18.0
PCB
WT8266-S1 18 1.5mm 1 Etched on 15.0 x 18.6
13
 PCB
Table 4.6 ESP Modules

ESP8266 Applications
● Smart Power Plug

● Home Automation

● Industrial wireless control

● Baby Monitor

● Network Camera

● Wireless location-aware devices and positioning system signals

Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

The ESP8266 ESP12E Wi-Fi Module is more user friendly with the Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi
Module. It fits on a breadboard with all pins taken out. The module goes into programming mode
with a single reset switch.

Features:

● Fits on a breadboard.

● Single button 'Reset' switch for programming. Uses MOSFET's to put the module in
programming mode.
● All pins of ESP12E taken out.

● Separate serial pins breakout compatible with FTDI cable layout.

● On-board LM1117-3.3V regulator.

● Works with Arduino IDE for ESP8266.

● Programs can easily dumped using USB to TTL converter.

● ESP8266 ESP12E features.

Schematic Diagram of Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

Figure 1.6 Schematic Diagram of Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi AT

Commands

ESP8266, in its default configuration, boots up into the serial modem mode. In this mode you can
communicate with it using a set of AT commands. AT commands are based on the Hayes
Command Set.

15
Index of all known AT commands is given in table 3.3

Basic Wi-Fi layer TCPIP Layer

AT AT+CWMODE AT+CIPSTATUS

AT+RST AT+CWJAP AT+CIPSTART

AT+GMR AT+CWLAP AT+CIPSEND

AT+GSLP AT+CWQAP AT+CIPCLOSE

ATE AT+CWSAP AT+CIFSR

AT+CWLIF AT+CIPMUX

AT+CWDHCP AT+CIPSERVER

AT+CIPSTAMAC AT+CIPMODE

AT+CIPAPMAC AT+CIPSTO

AT+CIPSTA AT+CIUPDATE

AT+CIPAP +IPD
4.1.2 Soil Moisture Sensor
This moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil surrounding it. It's a low
tech sensor, but ideal for monitoring an urban garden, or your pet plant's water level. This is a
must have tool for a connected garden. This sensor uses the two probes to pass current through the
soil, and then it reads that resistance to get the moisture level. More water makes the soil conduct
electricity more easily (less resistance), while dry soil conducts electricity poorly (more
resistance). It will be helpful to remind you to water your indoor plants or to monitor the soil
moisture in your garden.

Figure 1.7 Soil Moisture Sensor YL-69 YL-38

A Chinese built YL-69 sensors (Figure 2.6) come with a ‘middle-man’ circuit which allows to get
two outputs: one is an analog readout of the resistance between the sensor’s probes and the second
is a digital output (essentially, HIGH or LOW, 5v or 0v) depending on whether the humidity is
above or below a threshold which can in turn be adjusted by a built-in POTS. The YL-69 sensor
has two pins which need to be wired to be the two pins on the YL-38 Bridge. On the other end of
the YL-38 have four pins which represent VCC, GND, D0 and A0. VCC and GND are power
pins which should set to 3.3/5V and ground respectively. A0 is an analog output. D0 is a digital
output.

17
4.1.3 HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Figure 1.8 Humidity and Temperature Sensor DHT-11

The DHT22 is the more expensive version which obviously has better specifications. Its
temperature measuring range is from -40 to +125 degrees Celsius with +-0.5 degrees
accuracy, while the DHT11 temperature range is from 0 to 50 degrees Celsius with +-2
degrees accuracy. Also the DHT22 sensor has better humidity measuring range, from 0 to
100% with 2-5% accuracy, while the DHT11 humidity range is from 20 to 80% with 5%
accuracy.

T
here are two specifications where the DHT11 is better than the DHT22. That’s the
sampling rate which for the DHT11 is 1Hz or one reading every second, while the
DHT22 sampling rate is 0,5Hz or one reading every two seconds and also the DHT11 has
smaller body size. The operating voltage of both sensors is from 3 to 5 volts, while the
max current used when measuring is 2.5mA
The DHT xx sensors have four pins, VCC, GND, data pin and a not connected pin which
has no usage. A pull-up resistor from 5K to 10K Ohms is required to keep the data line
high and in order to enable the communication between the sensor and the ESP8266
Board. There are some versions of these sensors that come with a breakout boards with
built-in pull-up resistor and they have just 3 pins. The DHTXX sensors have their own
single wire protocol used for transferring the data. This protocol requires precise timing
and the timing diagrams for getting the data from the sensors .
4.2 SOFTWARE

Operating system: windows 10

RAM: 8GB

Software: Arduino
Arduino consists of both software, and IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that
runs on your computer, and a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as
a microcontroller) used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single board microcontrollers and a
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects which sense and
control objects in the physical world. The open source Arduino Software (IDE) makes
it easy to write code and upload it to the Arduino board.All the operating system
Windows, Mac OS, and Linux support Arduino software. The code in this Arduino is
written in simple Java based on Processing and other open-source software. This
software can be used with any Arduino board like Arduino UNO, pro micro, Leonardo,
Duemilanove, Nano, Macro etc... The Arduino platform has become quite popular for
people working in the field of electronics. No special devices are required to upload the
code into the Arduino boards, a single USB cable is sufficient to upload it. And the
software uses simplified version of C++, making users to learn programming easily and
quickly.

35
 CODE:

#include <DHT.h>

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

String apiKey = "ZOV8IO069JJFUXZZ";

const char *ssid = "Galaxy M30sE082";

const char *pass = "supernova9";

const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com";

#define DHTPIN 0

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHT11);

WiFiClient client;

void setup()

pinMode(A0,INPUT);

Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);

dht.begin();

Serial.println("Connecting to ");

Serial.println(ssid);

WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)

delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

Serial.println("");

Serial.println("WiFi connected");

void loop()

int m=analogRead(A0);

float h = dht.readHumidity();

float t = dht.readTemperature();

if (isnan(h) || isnan(t))

Serial.println("Waiting for the sensor reading");

return;

if (client.connect(server,80))

String postStr = apiKey;

37
postStr +="&field1=”;

postStr += String(t);

postStr +="&field2=";

postStr += String(h);

postStr +="&field3=";

postStr += String(m);

postStr += "\r\n\r\n";

client.print("POST /update HTTP/1.1\n");

client.print("Host: api.thingspeak.com\n");

client.print("Connection: close\n");

client.print("X-THINGSPEAKAPIKEY: "+apiKey+"\n");

client.print("Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n");

client.print("Content-Length: ");

client.print(postStr.length());

client.print("\n\n");

client.print(postStr);

Serial.print("Temperature: ");

Serial.print(t);

Serial.print(" degrees Celcius, Humidity: ");

Serial.print(h);

Serial.print(" Soil moisture: ");

Serial.print(m);

Serial.println("%. Send to Thingspeak.");

client.stop();

Serial.println("Waiting...");
delay(10000);

CHAPTER-5
Problem analysis and overcome
5.1 Problem Statement
In the case of traditional irrigation system water saving is not considered. Since, the water
is irrigated directly in the land, plants under go high stress from variation in soil moisture,
therefore plant appearance is reduced. The absence of automatic controlling of the system
result in improper water control system. The major reason for these limitations is the
growth of population which is increasing at a faster rate. At present there is emerging
global water crisis where managing scarcity of water has become a serious job. This
growth can be seen in countries which have shortage of water resources and are
economically poor. So this is the serious problem in agriculture area. So we want to
design an Smart Irrigation System which is based on ARDUINO software programming
using ESP8266 WIFI module that operate automatically by sensing the moisture content
of the soil.
5.2 Proposed Statement

39
In this model, Smart Irrigation System is based on ESP8266 WIFI module. This
prototype monitors the amount of soil moisture content in soil. A predefined value of soil
moisture is set and can be varied with crops. In case the soil moisture of the soil deviates
from the specified range. This project is mainly based on ARDUINO based software C
programming language. In simulation, pin2 and pin3 are used as a input pin for WIFI
Module and switch respectively. This system can be implemented on a large scale for
farming purposes, which can further prove to be more advantageous. Owing to prevailing
conditions and water shortages, the optimum irrigation schedules should be determined
especially in farms to conserve water

CHAPTER-6
Result Discussion/ Outcome Analysis
6.1 Complexity Analysis
Initial Setups in Arduino IDE Software

Step 1: Install the Arduino 1.6.7 IDE.

Step2: Go to File>>Preferences>>Additional Boards Manager URLs:

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

>>Ok

Step 3: Go to Tools>>Boards>>Boards Manager>>

Download the “esp8266 by ESP8266 Community version 2.2.0” Step 4: Go to
Tools>>Boards>>Generic ESP8266 Module
Step 5: Go to Tools>>Upload Speed>>115200 Port>>choose preferred COM ports.

How to Flash ESP8266-12

Step 1: First upload Bare Minimum code to Arduino Uno board.

Step 2: Connect the pins of Arduino Uno to ESP8266-12 pins as mention below Arduino
Pins  ESP8266 pins

● 5v  5v

● 3.3  3.3v, CH_PD

v
● Gn  Gnd (both)
d
● Tx  Tx
● Rx  Rx

Note: Program code is directly uploaded into ESP8266 module. In this case, Arduino
board is used as a Flash Burner, i.e. code is directly uploaded to ESP8266 module.

Step 3: Reset the ESP8266 by connecting RESET pin to GND3.3vGND and

disconnect. But Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi module has inbuilt Reset button. Press the reset
button to reset the module.

Step 4: While uploading the program code connect the GPIO 0 to GND.

Step 5: Once upload is successful, disconnect the GPIO 0 from GND

Experimental Setup

List of Components

Components Quantity
Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 1
Temperature sensor 1
Moisture sensor 1
Humidity sensor 1
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 Power Supply - 5v 1 (from Arduino)
3.3v 1 (from Arduino)
9v 1 (from 9v battery)
1 8v 2 (from 9+9v battery)
Gnd From Arduino

Circuit Connection Procedure

Step 1: Make the connection in bread-board as shown in figure

Note:
The Wi-Fi module ESP8266 is must be connected to internet services via an internet
router (having specific USERNAME and PASSWORD which is specified in
program code).
6.2 Conversation Analysis

How module works?

Wi-Fi module has to connect the internet by an internet service provider like mobile
hotspot, Wi-Fi router.
Test Cases:
 6.3 Statistical Significance
Analyzing Data from Thing Speak Server
ThingSpeak Channel ID:

43
Humidity Field Chart:
Temperature Field Chart

45
Soil Moisture Field Chart

47
 Chapter-7
TESTING
6.1 Overview of Testing:
Software Testing is evaluation of the software against requirements gathered from users
and system specifications. Testing is conducted at the phase level in software
development life cycle or at module level in program code. Software testing comprises
of Validation and Verification.
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information
about the quality of the software product or service under test. Software testing can also
provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to
appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques
include the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding
software bugs (errors or other defects), and verifying that the software product is fit for
use.
Software testing involves the execution of a software component or system component
to evaluate one or more properties of interest. In general, these properties indicate the
extent to which the component or system under test
∙ meets the requirements that guided its design and development,
∙ responds correctly to all kinds of inputs,
∙ performs its functions within an acceptable time,
∙ is sufficiently usable,
∙ can be installed and run in its intended environments, and
∙ Achieves the general result its stakeholder‟s desire.
As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically
infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the
available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not
exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding
software bugs (errors or other defects). The job of testing is an iterative process as
when one bug is fixed, it can illuminate other, deeper bugs, or can even create new
ones.
Software testing can provide objective, independent information about the quality of
software and risk of its failure to users or sponsors.

Software testing can be conducted as soon as executable software (even if partially

complete) exists. The overall approach to software development often determines when
and how testing is conducted. For example, in a phased process, most testing occurs
after system requirements have been defined and then implemented in testable
programs. In contrast, under an agile approach, requirements, programming, and testing
are often done concurrently.
Tests can be conducted based on two approaches –
∙ Functionality testing
∙ Implementation testing
Software testing methods are traditionally divided into white- and black-box testing.
These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that the tester takes when
designing test cases.
6.2 Test Methods:
⮚ Black Box Testing:
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an
application (what the software does) without going inside them internal structure
(White-box Testing). We also have something called Gray-box testing which something
is in between. You need no knowledge of how the system is created.
∙ Black-box testing can be done by a person who only know what the software is
supposed to do
∙ Compare to driving a Car – you don‟t need to know how it is built in order to test it.

⮚ White Box Testing

You need to have knowledge of how (Design and Implementation) the system is built.
In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming

49
skills, is used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through
the code and determine the appropriate outputs. While white- box testing can be applied
at the unit, integration and system levels of the software testing process, it is usually
done at the unit level. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during
integration, and between subsystems during a system–level test. Though this method of
test design can uncover many errors or problems, it might not detect unimplemented
parts of the specification or missing requirements.
6.3 Testing Levels:
Testing itself may be defined at various levels of SDLC. The testing process runs
parallel to software development. Before jumping on the next stage, a stage is tested,
validated and verified. Software is tested on various levels:

Unit testing:
While coding, the programmer performs some tests on that unit of program to know if
it is error free. Testing is performed under white-box testing approach. Unit testing
helps developers decide that individual units of the program are working as per
requirement and are error free.

Integration Testing:
Even if the units of software are working fine individually, there is a need to find out if
the units if integrated together would also work without errors. For example, argument
passing and data updating etc.
System Testing:
System Testing follows Integration Testing.
∙ It consists of Black-box Tests that validate the entire system against its requirements.
∙ Checking that a software system meets specifications and that it fulfills its intended
purpose.
∙ Often executed by an independent group (QA group, QA – Quality Assurance).
∙ Since system tests make sure the requirements are fulfilled, they must systematically
validate each requirement in the SRS (Software Requirements
 Chapter-8
Social Implications
Firstly, existing pastoral farmers move to improve their traditional farming base.
Secondly, new-generation farmers enter into major irrigation investment. They increase
stock numbers and productivity but generally stay with the same production base.
Thirdly, widespread changes in land use and farm ownership take place which include
conversion to dairying and other intensive land use options.
Irrigation schemes generally stimulate population growth, help arrest population decline
and by so doing help maintain the rolls of rural schools. It may also provide increased
employment to the area provided the new land uses contribute more on farm jobs than
existing forms of agricultural production. Combined, these factors help maintain social
networks and sustain community vitality.
Irrigation social costs and benefits
• More intensive use of existing grazing properties by some current owners.
• Other current owners converting to dairying or dairy support
• Some older farmers, particularly of smaller dry land grazing properties, selling to
purchasers who will convert the properties to dairy production
51
• An inflow of newcomers to the district to purchase properties and work on the farms
the arrest of rural decline in non-irrigated areas and strengthened viability of educational,
health and other community services in nearby townships
• The age structure of both the residential population and the farmers and farm workers
occupational group is likely to become more youthful
• Value conflicts between dry land farmers and dairy farmers because of their different
lifestyle, work routines and rates of community participation
• Participation in community activities and membership of voluntary organizations and
clubs may decline in the short term, as newcomers adjust to their new circumstances, but
strengthen in the longer term
• Value conflicts between some urban residents and farming communities over the
environmental impacts of intensive farming systems
• lag effects as the service sector in rural areas adjusts to the supply of new irrigation
farming systems.

Chapter-9
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion:

The agriculture field is being monitored in ThingSpeak server. The ESP8266 is the
device at field end which receives the messages from broker network and manipulates it
and will perform the function mentioned in message. The ESP8266 is the best device for
IoT projects. Since it is small, compact, lightweight, easily programmable, and easily
installable and have enough GPIO pins to use them.
Future Scope:
We can interface LCD screen in order to display the current status of the soil moisture
content levels, percentage of water utilized to water the plant, duration of time for which
the water pump is ON, etc. We can also show the graphical representation of the moisture
content levels in the soil. To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the system, the
following recommendations can be put into consideration.

Option of controlling the water pump can be given to the farmer. The farmer may choose
to stop the growth of crops or the crops may get damaged due to adverse weather
conditions. In such cases farmer may need to stop the system remotely. The idea of using
IOT for irrigation can be extended further to other activities in farming such as cattle
management, fire detection and climate control. This would minimize human intervention
in farming activities

List of Publications and References:

[1]“Monitoring and Control of Relative Humidity in Soil using Lab VIEW”, International
Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 9 Number 10 - Mar
2014

[2]http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3342/1/Hardware_Implementation_of_Soil_Moisture_Monito
ring_System.pdf

[3]http://www.ni.com/white-paper/7588/en/

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LabVIEW#Interfacing_to devices

53
[5]AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM BASED ON RF MODULE, by Ms.
Deweshvree Rane PG Scholar - VLSI, Sevagram, Wardha, India. Published by IJAICT
Volume 1, Issue 9, January 2015,
[6]SENSOR BASED AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH IoT: A
TECHNICAL REVIEW by Karan Kanasura ,Vishal Zaveri, Babu Madhav Institute of
Technology, Uka Tasadia University, Bardoli, Gujarat, India : ISSN:0975-9646