BASIC INGREDIENTS Kinds of Milk
FLOUR AS FOUNDATION
Flour is a finely ground meal or powdery product obtained
from milling cereal grains, root crops, starchy vegetables and
other foods. There are different kinds of flour depending on the
raw materials used such as rice flour, potato flour, soya flour,
cassava flour and several others.
The protein content of flour is called gluten exist in dry
form. Gluten is responsible for the tough, rubbery and elastic
property when flour is mixed with water and other liquids.
Gluten is composed of approximately equal proportions of
glutenin and gliadin. Glutenin gives the dough strength to hold
leavening gases and determines the structure of the bakes
products. Gliadin gives elastic or stretching properties of gluten.
FLOUR
- the main ingredient or framework of baked products
- contributes color, texture and flavor
- improve the nutritive value
- use for various cooking products like thickening agent,
binding, dredging and stiffening agent
Types of Flour:
a. Bread Flour-BF (Hard Wheat)
- Strong Flour or First Class Flour
- contains 12% or more gluten
- Used in breads, rolls and almost all yeast-raised
dough production because of its high protein
content.
- When rubbed between fingers it feels rough or
sandy, dry and granular
- Has a creamy color.
- When pressed together, does not lump easily.
b. All- Purpose Flour- APF (Semi Hard Wheat)
- Family Flour or General Flour and sometimes
referred to as Pastry Flour.
- contains 10 to 12% gluten and it is used in almost all
bakery goods from breads, pastries, cookies and
cakes
- good substitute for bread flour or cake flour
- if used for bread, it needs more kneading and less
mixing to prevent gluten development
- when you rub it between your fingers it feels
smooth and if pressed hardly on your hands, it holds
its shape
c. Cake Flour- CF (Soft Wheat)
- Soft Flour
- 10% or less gluten
- used in cakes, cookies and other baked goods that
need little or no gluten at all
- its color is usually white and it feels glossy and
smooth like powder
- clumps a bit and tends to hold its shape if pressed
with your hands
- whiter than bread and all-purpose flour.
d. Other types- rye, buckwheat, corn flour and others are
often used only for specialized types of baking. Each
imparts a distinct quality to the finished product.
e. Durum flour – it is usually enriched and used to make
noodles
f. Self-rising flour- basically ordinary all-purpose flour that
has baking powder and salt added to it.
LIQUID INGREDIENTS
a. Water
- it helps disperse other ingredients
- the cheapest among all liquid ingredients
- used to hold the batter or dough together and to
blend all the ingredients
b. Milk
- gives delightful aroma
- provides improve nutrition, flavour and eating
quality
- helps improve color of the crust
- improve texture and (increases) volume due to the
increased ability of milk to absorb water
a. Whole Fresh Milk- cow’s milk containing a minimum of milk
fat and non-fat milk solids
b. Evaporated Milk- made from fresh whole milk
c. Skim Milk- varying amounts of milk fat is removed from
whole milk
d. Condensed Milk- with sugar added and water removed
e. Filled Milk- with added vitamins
f. Buttermilk- a low-fat or fat-free milk to which a bacterial
culture has been added. It has a mildly acidic taste. Sour
milk, made from milk and lemon juice or vinegar, can be
substituted in baking recipes.
g. Fat-free half-and-half:- Made mostly from skim milk, with
carrageenan for body, this product can bring a creamy flavor
to recipes without added fat.
h. Light cream and half-and-half:- Light cream contains 18 to
30 percent milk fat. Half-and-half is a mixture of milk and
cream.
i. Non-fat dry milk powder- When reconstituted, this milk
product can be used in cooking.
j. Sour cream and yogurt- Sour cream is traditionally made
from light cream with a bacterial culture added, while
yogurt is made from milk with a bacterial culture added.
Both are available in low-fat and fat-free varieties.
k. Whipping cream- It contains at least 30 percent milk fat and
can be beaten into whipped cream.
c. Fruit Juice
- can be a substitute for water and milk
- add flavor to baked products- example: pineapple
juice, orange juice
SUGAR AND RELATED PRODUCTS
- aside from sweet taste, it gives appetizing golden
color
- makes baked products tender because of its
property to retain moisture
- acts as food of the yeast in yeast bread
- add aroma and energy value to the baked products
Types of Sugar
a. Granulated Sugar- it is refined sugar that is
commonly used at home.
b. Brown Sugar- it is partially purified product
ranging from light to dark brown. Regular
granulated sucrose containing various
impurities that give distinctive flavor
c. Confectioner’s Sugar/ Powdered Sugar-
combination of sugar and cornstarch, with the
latter added to prevent caking. Its fine, smooth,
and powder- like quality makes it excellent for
making candies, icings, frostings and dessert
sauces.
d. Caster Sugar-it is refined white sugar with size
between that of granulated and confectioner’s
sugar. It is used in cakes and dessert-making
because it easily dissolves without forming
lumps.
SHORTENING
 May be single fat or oil or a combination of several fats and
oils.
 general term used for fats or oils used to tenderized baked
products
 contributes to the fluffy and tender texture of pie crust and
cookies
 assists in the uniform dispersions of leavening gas
 increase volume, give shape and texture to baked products
Classification of Shortening
a. Butter – this is mainly used for cakes and cookies. Its
shortening value is inferior to that of lard. Butter does not
cream well and lacks uniformity. Butter contributes a
desirable sweet “buttery” flavor to food.
b. Margarine- An artificial butter product made from various
hydrogenated fats and flavorings, unlike butter, margarine
mainly consists of vegetable fat and skim milk. Margarine
and butter may look the same. However, margarine lacks
 the distinct flavour that butter has. 80 percent vegetable oil c. Chocolate – popularly used in the baking of cakes, pies and
that is partially hydrogenated to hold a solid form. The cookies. They provide variety as well as body and bulk to the
remaining 20 percent is liquids, flavoring, coloring, and mix or icing.
other additives. Margarine may be salted or unsalted. Milk chocolate is at least 10-percent pure chocolate with added
c. Lard – this is best for breads, biscuits, pie crust and a few cocoa butter, sugar, and milk solids.
types of cakes and cookies. Hog fat or lard is usually solid Semisweet and bittersweet chocolate can be used interchangeably.
even at room temperature. Also use for greasing pans. They contain at least 35-percent pure chocolate with added cocoa
EGGS butter and sugar.
- one of the best protein foods Sweet chocolate is dark chocolate that contains at least 15-percent
- used for added structure, richness and nutrition, and good pure chocolate with extra cocoa butter and sugar.8
keeping quality Unsweetened chocolate is used for baking and cooking rather than
- help to support the weight of the sugar and shortening, thus snacking. This ingredient contains pure chocolate and cocoa butter
keep the product from becoming heavy with no sugar added.
- serves as a means of incorporating air Unsweetened cocoa powder is pure chocolate with most of the
- supply liquid to batter and dough cocoa butter removed. Dutch-process or European-style cocoa
LEAVENING AGENT powder has been treated to neutralize acids, making it mellower in
– gas added or produced during the mixing and/or heating flavor.
of a batter or dough making the mixture rise. White chocolate, which has a mild flavor, contains cocoa butter,
- makes baked product light and porous sugar, and milk solids. Products such as white baking bars, white
- volume increases as the air entrapped in the flour mixture baking pieces, white candy coating, and white confectionery bars are
expands when heated sometimes confused with white chocolate. While they are often used
Three Types of Leavening Agents interchangeably in recipes, they are not truly white chocolate
a. Biological/ Natural Enzyme because they do not contain cocoa butter.
- Yeast is a single-celled plant capable of MEASUREMENTS, CONVERTIONS AND SUBSTITUTION
converting sugar to alcohol and carbon ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RECIPES
dioxide in a process known as p. = pinch
Fermentation. sp. = speck
b. Chemical/Commercial f.g. = few grains
- Baking Powder-A leavening t., tsp., TSP. = teaspoon
agent containing both baking T., tbs., tbsp., TBSP = tablespoon
soda and one or two acids - Oz. = ounce
c = cup
citric or tartaric. It reacts
pt. = pint
without acid from the other
qt. = quart
ingredients when wet and when
gal. = Gallon
it becomes hot. The baking powder used at home is pk. = peck
"double-acting" because it has two types of acid - one reacts bu. = bushel
when liquids are added in the bowl and the other reacts lb., # = pound
when it becomes hot during baking. Carbon dioxide is the doz., dz. = dozen
gas produced that "lifts" the batter and makes a light min. = minute
product in the end. hr. = hour
- Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) A chemical leavening C. = degrees Celsius
agent that releases carbon dioxide when acids or acid F. = degrees Fahrenheit
sources are added to it such as sour milk, molasses and STANDARD OF WEIGHT AND MEASURES
cream of tartar. Baking soda has one other advantage in the 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoon
kitchen -- it's a natural fire extinguisher.Always mix with 2 tablespoon = 1/8 cup = 28.35 grams = 1 ounce
other dry ingredients before adding any liquid, since 4 tablespoon = ¼ cup
leavening begins as soon as soda comes in contact with 5T+1t = 1/3 cup
liquid. ½ cup+1/4 cup = ¾ cup
c. Water Vapor or Steam contributes to the improvement of ¾ cup plus2 T = 7/8 cup
the texture and volume of the dough. 16 tablespoon = 1 cup = 8 ounces
d. Cream of Tartar (potassium hydrogen tartrate) - used to 2 cups = 1 pint
4 cups = 1 quart = 2 pints
stabilized the egg whites and allow them to reach its full
16 ounces = 1 pound
volume.
8 cups = ½ gallon = 2 quarts
SALT
1 pound ( lb.) = 463.59 grams
- (Sodium Chloride) 1 kilogram ( kg. ) = 2.21 pounds
- enhance and correct the flavor of other ingredients in the 1 gram = .035 ounces
dough 1 medium orange = ¼ to ½ cup ( slice )
- used to control and regulate the fermentation process in the 1 medium apple = 1 cup slice
bread making 14 oz. can condensed milk = 1 ¼ cups
- it toughens the gluten , thus permits greater volume 14 oz, can evaporated milk= 1 2/3 cups
- allows absorption or more water, sugar caramelizes more 1 lb. brown sugar = 2 ¼ cups (packed)
readily 1 lb. confectioner sugar = 3 ½ cups
FLAVORING AGENTS 1 lb. confectioner sugar = 2 ½ cups
- the amount to be used depends on the customer’s desire and 1 lb. nuts = 4 ½ cups
the baker’s knowledge of their concentration 1 lb. dried nuts = 2 cups
a. Spices and Seeds- finely ground, aromatic vegetable products 5 whole eggs = 1 cup
to improve the quality of cooked food (example: mace, 12 egg yolks = 1 cup
cinnamon, nutmeg) 8 egg whites = 1 cup
b. Flavorings- extracts are solutions of the flavors in ethyl 1 bar butter = 1 cup = ½ pound
alcohol or other solvent (example: orange, lemon and 1 stick butter = ½ cup
vanilla extract)
COMMON UNITS OF VOLUME
1 gallon (gal.) = 4 quarts
1 quart = 2 pints = 964.4 milliliters 2. Check if it is filled up to the measuring mark. Do
1 teaspoon ( tsp. or t.) = 4.9 milliliters not lift the cup when measuring
1 tablespoon (T. or tbsp. ) = 14.8 milliliters E. Milk
15 ounces raisins = 3 cups a. Liquid form
CONVERSION / SUBSTITUTION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1. Pour milk into the glass measuring cup up to the
1 cup all-purpose flour............ 1 cup + 2 tbsp cake flour measuring mark. Do not lift the cup.
1 tablespoon cornstarch.......... 2 tablespoon all-purpose flour
1 cup sifted cake flour.............. 7/8 cup all-purpose flour sifted
b. Powdered milk
……………. 1 cup all purpose flour minus 2 tablespoon 1. Remove lumps in milk by stirring
1 cup sugar granulated ........... 1 1/3 cup brown sugar, lightly packed 2. Scoop lightly to fill the measuring cup or spoon
1 cup honey .............................1 ¼ cup sugar plus 1 /2cup liquid without shaking until it overflows
1 ounce chocolate .................. 3 tablespoon cocoa plus 1 tablespoon fat 3. Use the spatula or straight edge of the knife to
1 teaspoon baking powder..... ½ teaspoon cream of tartar + ¼ tsp. baking soda level the measurement
1 teaspoon active dry yeast .....1 package (7gram) dry yeast compressed yeast
cake
Accuracy in measuring basic ingredients is especially
1 square unsweetened chocolate....... 3 tablespoon cocoa plus 1 tablespoon fat necessary when baking bread, pies and cakes. Ingredients are
1 cup butter ...... 1 cup margarine ………….. 7/8 cup of lard plus ½ teaspoon salt measured by weight, volume and some other convenient means:
1 c. whole milk ..... 1/2 c.p evap milk + ½ c. water…1 c. water + ¼ c. powdered 1. Weight Measurement- the usual scale used for weighing is the
milk dietetic scale (500 grams) of the spring balance type. The knob on
1 cup milk........ 3 tbsp. of sifted non - fat dry milk plus 1 c. water, 6 tbsp of sifted
the numbered face may be “zeroed” after placing an empty
crystals plus 1 cup water
1 cup butter milk or sour milk .......1 ¾ tsp. of cream of tartar plus 1 c. of sweet container can then be read directly.
milk 2. Volume Measurement- cups are used in measuring the volume of
ingredients. The glass cup with headspace above the calibrated level
MEASURING DRY AND LIQUID INGREDIENTS ACCURATELY is used for liquid ingredients and the metal cup with no headspace
A. Flour above is used for dry ingredients.
1. Sift the flour 3. Other Means- a convenient means of measuring portions is by
2. Scoop to fill the measuring cup to overflow. DO NOT SHAKE. noting down weights and volume of manufactured foods as indicated
3. Level off with spatula on the label of standard packages, which is on cans, cartons, bags
and the like. For example: 1 pound of butter means to 2 cups, and a
THE MOST ACCURATE WAY TO MEASURE FLOUR IS BY WEIGHT: number 2 can liquid contains 2 cups.
All-Purpose Flour: 1 cup = 120-130 grams = 4¼ ounces
Bread Flour: 1 cup = 130 grams = 4½ ounces STORAGE OF INGREDIENTS
Cake Flour: 1 cup = 110 grams = 4 ounces FLOUR
Whole Wheat Flour: 1 cup = 120 grams = 4¼ ounces  Store in tightly covered containers to keep out dust,
moisture and insects.
B. Sugar  Store in a dry place at room temperature. It may be stored
a. White sugar for 2-3 months.
1. Sifting is not necessary before measuring unless it is lumpy
2. Fill the measuring cup until overflowing. DO NOT SHAKE THE MILK
CUP.  Unopened cans of evaporated or sweetened condensed
3. Level off with spatula milk may be stored at room temperature.
b. Brown sugar  Once opened, they should be refrigerated immediately.
1. Check if the sugar is lumpy before measuring. Roll out the
lumps. Remove the dirt. SUGAR
2. Scoop into the measuring cup and pack compactly until it  Sugar should be stored in a covered container and in dry
follows the shape when inverted. place.
THE MOST ACCURATE WAY TO MEASURE SUGAR IS BY WEIGHT:  Brown sugar should be stored in an airtight container to
Granulated Sugar: 1 cup = 200 grams = 7 ounces keep the sugar from drying out.
Caster Sugar: 1 cup = 200 grams = 7 ounces
Light Brown Sugar: 1 cup = 215 grams = 7½ ounces EGGS
Dark Brown Sugar: 1 cup = 230 grams = 8 ounces  Eggs should be stored in the refrigerator with large end up.
Confectioners’ Sugar: 1 cup = 120 grams = 4½ ounces  When stored at room temperature, eggs lose more quality
in a day than a week in the refrigerator.For best quality,
C. Powdered food (baking powder and baking soda) eggs should be used within a week.
1. Remove the lumps in the powder by stirring  To store leftover yolks, cover with cold water and
2. Dip the measuring spoon into the powder refrigerate in a tightly covered containers. Pour off water
3. Level with spatula or back edge of the knife or right when ready to use the yolks. Use within one or two days.
in the can opening  To store egg whites, refrigerate in a tightly covered
D. Shortening containers and use within one or two days.
a. Solid Fats
1. Fill the measuring cup/spoon with the shortening SHORTENING
while pressing until it is full A. BUTTER
2. Level the fat with a straight of a knife or spatula  Leave butter in its original package and keep it in the food
compartment of the refrigerator or freezer, it will last up to
2 weeks.
 Placed partially used portions of butter in a covered dish,
refrigerate and use up within a few days.
B. FATS and OILS
 Store home-rendered fats such as pork fat in the
refrigerator.
 Vegetable shortenings should be kept at room
temperature for shorter periods of time as when
refrigerated. Under refrigeration, they keep for several
b. Liquid fats months.
1. Pour oil in the glass measuring cup
LEAVENING AGENTS
 Store baking powder, baking soda and cream of tartar
tightly in a covered containers in a dry place. To test if
baking powder is active: place ½ tsp. in ¼ cup water. It
should bubble up if it’s still good. For baking soda, pour a
few drops of vinegar in ¼ tsp. It should bubble up if it’s still
good.
 Check the label on yeast products for the date of expiry.