EAS152 STRESSES IN

BEAMS 15kN/m
15kNm

- Shear force V and bending 2.4m 2.4m

moment M in beam under 1.2m
lateral loads
x

q=15kN/m V(kN) 5.375

M
V -18
x

- Way to construct/draw SFD and M(kNm) 2.1

BMD

-10.8
-12.9

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Purpose of SFD and BMD :

- Information about how V

and M vary along the beam

- Maximum magnitude of V
and M and the sections
where they occur

Necessary for beam

design
( Beam design : determination of
dimension/size of section of beam
and also material suitable to be
used)

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

For beam design, STRESSES occur in the beam must be known.

Relation between ‘M and stress in beam’ and also between ‘V and stress in
beam’ must be known.
P V and τ : ?
M M and σb : ?
τ : shear stress ,
V σb : bending stress

Values of maximum σb and τ are used in beam design

V : resultant of shear stress ,

M : resultant of bending stress

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Normal stress,
A P σ=P/A

P V and τ : ?
M M and σb : ?
τ : shear stress ,
σb : bending stress
V

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

P M and σb : ?
M
σb : bending stress
V (flexural stress)

σb : what kind of stress ?

σb : a kind of normal stress

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Aim : RELATION between V (M) and τ (σb)

Relation between M and σb.
Process of derivation :
1. Establish relation between deformation and strain
which occurs in beams
2. Relate strain to stress which occurs in beams

3. Relate stress with bending moment

Outcome : Relation between M and σb

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Pure bending (p.312, Gere)

Relation between M and σb is derived based on condition of pure
bending

Example of a beam
under pure bending

Values of M are constant

along the beam
dM/dx=V . ∴V=0 for
the case of pure
bending
K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM
 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Pure bending

Another example of beam

in pure bending

Values of M are constant

along the beam.
dM/dx=V . ∴V=0 for
the case of pure
bending
K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM
 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Pure bending

Example of beam where

certain portion/segment
of the beam is under pure
bending.

Portion between point loads P :

V=dM/dx=0 condition of pure bending
Portion between support and
point load P : not in condition of
pure bending
M : constant
Bending moment M for portion in
pure bending is constant

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Deformation

- Axially loaded bars P

- elongation or shortening

- Torsionally loaded bars

T
- twisting

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Deformation of a beam

- A beam will bend

when it is acted by
external loading
- Deformation =
Bending

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Curvature of a beam Shape under loading

Axis of beam : initially

straight bent
radius of
Curvature : cruvature
ρ
κ = 1/ρ
κ = dθ/ds

κ = dθ/dx : when deformation

is very small compared to the
dimension of the beam
initial shape

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES in BEAMS

Curvature of a beam

Positive and negative curvature

- Dependent on the orientation of
the coordinate axis

Curvature is affected by :
1. bending moment , 2.
shape of cross-section of
beam 3. material of beam

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

P
y

Longitudinal direction –
direction of axis of a
beam

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Longitudinal strains in beams

Bending of beam
deformation
STRAINS initial state Beam
cross
STRAIN-CURVATURE Relation straight section

Basic assumption : circular arc

Cross-section of beam
remains plane and normal
to the neutral axis of the
beam(p.315 Gere)
deformed state

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

neutral axis

compression : shortening
of longitudinal line

tension : lengthening of initial state Beam

longitudinal line cross
section

Longitudinal line on neutral neutral surface

surface does not undergo
any change in length

deformed state

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

neutral axis
Longitudinal line ef
Original length : dx=ρ dθ
Deformed length :
L1=(ρ-y)dθ initial state Beam
cross
or L1=dx-(y/ρ)dx section

neutral surface
Elongation = -(y/ρ)dx

Longitudinal strain :
εx= - (y/ρ) = - κ y
deformed state

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

neutral axis

Longitudinal strain :
εx= - (y/ρ) = - κ y
initial state Beam
- longitudinal strain-curvature relation cross
section
- varies linearly with distance from
neutral surface
neutral surface
- independent of material

( εx : positive = tension
εx : negative = compression) deformed state

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Normal stress in beams

Longitudinal element within a beam under pure bending is in state of

uni-axial stress y
Stress-strain relation : σ-ε
Linearly elastic material z
σx=Eεx : Hooke’s Law
εx= - (y/ρ) = - κ y ( 1/ρ=κ )
normal stress acting on a
∴ σx=Eεx= - (Ey/ρ) = - Eκ y beam cross-section varies
linearly with distance y from
neutral surface

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

σx=- (Ey/ρ) = - Eκ y positive M

For positive curvature κ

(due to positive M) :
compression
+y
σx:negative for +y
(above neutral surface)
= compression
tension
σx:positive for -y -y
(below neutral surface) cross-section of
distribution
= tension of σx beam

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

y axis (axis of
symmetry of section) –
x passing through
centroid

About neutral
axis
Position of neutral axis
: summation of force in x
direction (longitudinal
direction/axis of beam) for
state of pure bending = 0
principal
neutral axis centroidal axis
Neutral axis will pass through centroid of
a section when the material is of
linearly elastic type

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

σx – M relation

Moment resultant due

to σx = M

M= dM

M= (-σxy) dA
A

M= κ Ey2 dA = κ E y2dA
A A

I : moment inertia of section (unit length

M=κ E I ; I= y2dA
to the power of 4 ; e,g. in4, mm4, cm4,
A
m4)

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

M=κ E I ; κ=1/ρ
κ = 1/ρ=M/(EI) :moment-curvature relation

− κ directly proportional to M
− κ inversely proportional to EI
EI : flexural rigidity – a measure of
resistance of cross-section of beam
to bending
M positive κ positive
M negative κ positive

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

κ = 1/ρ=M/(EI) : moment-curvature relation

σx=- (Ey/ρ) = - Eκ y κ = - σx/(Ey)

− σx/(Ey) = M/(EI) y
σx= - My/I : Flexure Formula
- σx ∝ M z
- σx ∝ 1/I
- σx varies linearly with distance y from neutral axis
σx : bending stress or flexural stress
( - a kind of normal stress caused by pure bending )

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Normal stress in beams

σx= - My/I
M positive
σx=negative for +y (above neutral axis)
: compression
σx=positive for -y (below neutral axis) :
tegangan

M negative
σx=positive for +y (above neutral axis) :
tegangan
σx=negative for -y (below neutral axis)
: mampatan

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

σx= - My/I
Maximum stress on a
section
Maximum tensile and compressive
stress occur at location furthest
away from neutral axis

c1 : +y max. ; c2 : -y max.
σ1= -Mc1/I = -M/S1
σ2= Mc2/I = M/S2

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

σ1= -Mc1/I = -M/S1

σ2= Mc2/I = M/S2

S1=I/c1 ; S2=I/c2 : elastic section moduli

( unit : length3 , e.g :

in3, cm3 and mm3 )

c1 and c2 are always taken as

positive values

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM

 EAS152 STRESSES IN BEAMS

y
S1=I/c ; S2=I/c Bi-symmetry
section
S1=S2=S=I/c
z (symmetry with respect to
both y and z neutral axis)
σ1= -M/S ; σ2= M/S

I and S for rectangular and circular section

y
y

h/2
h I=(bh3)/12 I=(πd4)/64
z O z
S=(bh2)/6 O S=(πd3)/32
b/2
d
b

K.K.Choong, SoCE, USM