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Functions:
1. Active transport is the movement of ions
across a cell membrane from lower to
1. Functionally, the higher concentration. Movement of
plasma membrane substances across a membrane, usually
facilitates contact with other against a gradient, requires energy
cells, provides receptors, expenditure and a carrier molecule.
and mediates the passage 2. Endocytosis in the movement of
of materials. substances through plasma membranes in
2. The membrane's which the membrane surrounds the
selectively permeable substance, encloses it, and brings it into
nature restricts the passage the cell.
of certain substances.
Substances can pass
a. Phagocytosis is the ingestion of
through the membrane
solid particles by pseudopodia. It is
depending on their
an important process used by
molecular size, lipid
white blood cells to destroy
solubility, electrical charges,
bacteria that enter the body.
and the presence of
b. Pinocytosis is the ingestion of a
carriers.
liquid by the plasma membrane. In
this process, the liquid becomes
Movement of Materials Across Plasma surrounded by a vacuole.
Membranes: c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis in
the selective uptake of large
1. Passive processes involve molecules and particles by cells.
the kinetic energy of individual
molecules. Cytoplasm:
1. Cytoplasm is the substance or smooth ER does not contain
inside the cell that contains ribosomes.
organelles and inclusions. 3. The ER provides mechanical
2. It is composed mostly of support, conducts intracellular
water plus proteins, carbohydrates, nerve impulses in muscle cells,
lipids, and inorganic substances. exchanges materials with
The chemicals in cytoplasm are cytoplasm, transports substances
either in solution or in a colloid intracellularly, stores synthesized
(suspended) form. molecules. and helps export
3. Functionally, cytoplasm is chemicals from the cell.
the medium in which chemical
reactions occur. Golgi Complex (Golgi Body):
Meiosis