Designation: F2636 – 08

Standard Practice for

Commercial Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Pilot Practical
Test Standards for Unmanned Aircraft Single-Engine Land
(SEL) Remote Control and Autonomous/Semiautonomous1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2636; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope AC 61-67C Stall and Spin Awareness Training

1.1 This practice defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities AC 61-84B Role of Preflight Preparation
required of unmanned aircraft pilots to be able to fly unmanned AC 90-66A Recommended Standards Traffic Patterns for
aircraft—single-engine land (SEL) in the national airspace Aeronautical Operations at Airports without Operating
system safely and for hire. Control Towers
1.2 The commercial unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) pilot AC 91-13C Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft
practical test standards (PTS)-unmanned aircraft include the AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failures follow-
areas of operation and tasks that will demonstrate the pilot’s ing Aircraft Engine Starting
ability to fly the unmanned aircraft safely and proficiently. FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook
1.3 This practice does not apply to pilots who will fly FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
mini/small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for hire within FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowl-
visual range of the pilot, mini/small UAVs being those UAVs edge
listed as lightly regulated. 2.2 Federal Standards:3
1.4 This practice provides a PTS intended to meet the Civil 14 CFR Part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance,
Aviation Authority’s (CAA) requirements for issuing commer- Rebuilding, and Alteration
cial UAS pilot authorizations. 14 CFR Part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and
1.5 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded Ground Instructors
as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information 14 CFR Part 71 Designation of Class A, B, C. D, and E
only. Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service Routes; and Reporting
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the Points
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 14 CFR Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. AC 120-51 Crew Resource Management Training

2. Referenced Documents 3. Terminology

2.1 FAA Documents:2 3.1 Acronyms:
AC 00-6A Aviation Weather for Pilots and Flight Opera- 3.1.1 ADM—aeronautical decision making
tions Personnel 3.1.2 AFD—Airport Facility Directory
AC 00-45E Aviation Weather Services 3.1.3 AFM—airplane flight manual
AC 60-28 English Language Skill Standards Required by 3.1.4 AGL—above ground level
14 CFR Parts 61, 63 and 65 3.1.5 AIM—Aeronautical Information Manual
AC 61-23/FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronauti- 3.1.6 ASOS—automated surface observing system
cal Knowledge 3.1.7 ATC—air traffic control
3.1.8 ATIS—air traffic information service
3.1.9 AWOS—automated weather observation system
1
3.1.10 BVR—beyond visual range
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 on Unmanned
3.1.11 CAA—Civil Aviation Authority
Aircraft Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F38.03 on
Personnel Training, Qualification and Certification.
Current edition approved March 15, 2008. Published April 2008. DOI: 10.1520/
3
F2636-08. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
2
Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov. www.access.gpo.gov.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 F2636 – 08
3.1.12 CFIT—controlled flight into terrain in a complete and efficient test; however, the ground portion of
3.1.13 CRM—crew resource management the practical test shall be accomplished before the flight
3.1.14 CS—control station portion.
3.1.15 ETA—estimated time of arrival 5.2 Tasks—The tasks are titles of knowledge areas, flight
3.1.16 FA—area forecast procedures, or maneuvers appropriate to an area of operation.
3.1.17 FAA—Federal Aviation Authority When administering a test based on this PTS, the tasks
3.1.18 GPS—Global Positioning System appropriate to the class airplane used for the test shall be
3.1.19 IFR—instrument flight rules included in the plan of action.
3.1.20 LAHSO—land and hold short operations 5.3 Note—The note section is used to emphasize special
considerations required in the area of operation or task.
3.1.21 METAR—Meteorological Aviation Report
5.4 Reference—The reference section identifies the stan-
3.1.22 NAS—National Airspace System
dards and publication(s) that describe the task. Descriptions of
3.1.23 NOTAMs—Notices to Airmen tasks are not included in these PTSs, because this information
3.1.24 POH—pilot operating handbook can be found in the current version of the listed standard or
3.1.25 PTS—practical test standards reference. Standards or publications other than those cited in
3.1.26 SEL—single-engine land this practice may be used for references if their content
3.1.27 TAF—terminal aerodrome forecast conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced
3.1.28 UAS—unmanned aircraft system standards and publications.
3.1.29 UAV—unmanned aerial vehicle 5.4.1 These PTSs are based on Section 2, AC 61-65 Certi-
3.1.30 VFR—visual flight rules fication: Pilots and Flight Instructors, and the Aeronautical
Information Manual (AIM),4 Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs),4
4. Significance and Use the UAS Pilot Operating Handbook,4 the Airport Facility
4.1 Unmanned aircraft present unique challenges for appli- Directory (AFD),5 FAA-approved flight manuals, and naviga-
cants and examiners. Unlike manned aircraft, in which, regard- tion charts.
less of the size and complexity of the aircraft, there are still 5.5 Objective—The objective lists the elements that shall be
basic similarities in concepts and operations, unmanned air- satisfactorily performed to demonstrate competency in a task.
craft are varied in both flight capability and pilot interaction. The objective includes:
Many aspects of unmanned aircraft operations are automated, 5.5.1 Specifically what the applicant should be able to do,
and the pilots may not have the same information available to 5.5.2 Conditions under which the task is to be performed,
them (that is, pitch and bank) that pilots flying manned aircraft and
have available to them. This will create a situation in which 5.5.3 Acceptable performance standards.
some unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) will not be capable of
meeting all the requirements of this practice or will not require 6. Use of This Practice
the same skill sets that manned aircraft require. 6.1 This practice requires that all commercial UAS pilot
4.2 The examiner will have to decide which tasks the practical tests be conducted in accordance with the appropriate
applicant’s UAS will be capable of completing and test those commercial PTSs and policies set forth in Section 4. Appli-
tasks. As required, the examiner will note any limitations as a cants shall be evaluated in all tasks included in each area of
result of the UAS being incapable of performing a task on the operation of the appropriate PTS unless otherwise noted.
applicant’s certificate per 14 CFR 61.45(b)(2). If the applicant 6.2 The examiner is not required to follow the precise order
desires to have a certificate with no restrictions or limitations, in which the areas of operation and tasks appear in Section 9.
he/she will need to use a UAS that is capable of completing all The examiner may change the sequence or combine tasks with
the tasks in this practice. similar objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the
4.3 Information considered directive in nature is described practical test. For example, radio communications and air
in this practice by the use of “shall” and “must” indicating the traffic control (ATC) light signals may be combined with traffic
actions are mandatory. Guidance information is described in patterns. The examiner’s “plan of action” shall include the
terms such as “should” and “may” indicating the actions are order and combination of tasks to be demonstrated by the
desirable or permissive but not mandatory. A list of acronyms applicant in a manner that will result in an efficient and valid
is in Section 3. test.
4.4 This practice includes the areas of operation and tasks 6.3 The examiner is expected to use good judgment in the
that will demonstrate the pilot’s ability to fly the unmanned performance of simulated emergency procedures. The use of
aircraft safely and proficiently. the safest means for simulation is expected. Consideration shall
be given to local conditions, both meteorological and topo-
5. Practical Test Standards (PTS) Description graphical, at the time of the test, as well as the applicant’s
5.1 Areas of Operation—The areas of operation sections are
the phases of the practical test arranged in a logical sequence 4
Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence
within each standard. They begin with preflight preparation
Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov.
and end with postflight procedures. The examiner, however, 5
Available from Aviation System Standards, 6500 S. MacArthur Blvd., Okla-
may conduct the practical test in any sequence that will result homa City, OK 73169-6901.

2
 F2636 – 08
workload and the capabilities of the UAS used. If the proce-
dure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, it is expected
that the applicant will simulate that portion of the maneuver.
6.4 Special Emphasis Areas:
6.4.1 Examiners shall place special emphasis upon areas of
UAS operations considered critical to flight safety. Among
these are:
6.4.1.1 Positive aircraft control,
6.4.1.2 Positive exchange of the flight controls procedure
(who is flying the airplane),
6.4.1.3 Stall/spin awareness,
6.4.1.4 Collision avoidance (see AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in
Collision Avoidance),
6.4.1.5 Wake turbulence avoidance,
6.4.1.6 Land and hold short operations (LAHSO),
6.4.1.7 Runway incursion avoidance,
6.4.1.8 Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT),
6.4.1.9 Aeronautical decision making (ADM),
6.4.1.10 Data link procedures to include lost data link and
data link coverage area,
6.4.1.11 Situational awareness,
6.4.1.12 Checklist usage, and
6.4.1.13 Other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the
practical test.
6.4.2 Although these areas may not be specifically ad-
dressed under each task, they are essential to flight safety and
will be evaluated during the practical test. In all instances, the
applicant’s actions will relate to the complete situation.
6.5 Commercial UAS Pilot—Unmanned Aircraft Practical
Test Prerequisites—An applicant for the commercial UAS
pilot—aircraft practical test is required to:
6.5.1 Be at least 18 years of age;
6.5.2 Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the
English language. If there is a doubt, use AC 60-28;
6.5.3 Possess a private UAS pilot certificate with an airplane
rating if a commercial UAS pilot certificate with an airplane
rating is sought or meet the flight experience required for a
private UAS pilot certificate (unmanned aircraft rating) and
pass the private airplane knowledge and practical test;
6.5.4 Possess an instrument rating (airplane) or the follow-
ing limitation shall be placed on the commercial UAS pilot
certificate: “instrument flight rules (IFR) flight in the National
Airspace System (NAS) for hire is prohibited”;
6.5.5 Have passed the appropriate private pilot knowledge
test since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in
which he or she takes the practical test;
6.5.6 Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training
and obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed;
6.5.7 Possess at least a current third-class medical certifi-
cate;
6.5.8 Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor
certifying that the applicant has received and logged training
time within 60 days preceding the date of application in
preparation for the practical test and is prepared for the
practical test; and
3
6.5.9 Have also an endorsement certifying that the applicant
has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in
which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge
test.
6.6 UAS and Equipment Required for the Practical Test—
The commercial UAS pilot-unmanned airplane applicant is
required by 14 CFR Section 61.45 to provide an airworthy,
certificated UAS for use during the practical test. This section
further requires that the UAS shall:
6.6.1 Be of U.S., foreign, or military registry of the same
category, class, and type, if applicable, for the certificate or
rating or both for which the applicant is applying;
6.6.2 Have ability for the instructor/evaluator to have access
to the controls, except as provided for in 14 CFR Section
61.45(c) and (e);
6.6.3 Be capable of performing all areas of operation
appropriate to the rating sought and have no operating limita-
tions that prohibit its use in any of the areas of operation
required for the practical test.
6.7 Use of Approved Flight Simulator or Flight-Training
Device:
6.7.1 An airman applicant for commercial UAS pilot-
unmanned airplane certification may be authorized to use a
qualified and approved flight simulator or flight-training device
to complete certain flight task requirements listed in this
practice.
6.7.2 An airman applicant seeking an added rating to a
commercial UAS certificate may also use a qualified and
approved flight simulator or flight-training device to complete
the flight task requirements. An appropriate class airplane is
required to complete the remaining flight tasks for certification.
When flight tasks are accomplished with a UAS, certain task
elements may be accomplished through “simulated” actions in
the interest of safety and practicality, but when accomplished
in a flight simulator or flight-training device, these same
actions would not be “simulated.” For example, when with a
UAS, a simulated engine fire may be addressed by retarding
the throttle to idle; simulating the shutdown of the engine;
simulating the discharge of the fire suppression agent, if
applicable; simulating the disconnect of associated electrical,
hydraulic, and pneumatics systems; and so forth. However,
when the same emergency condition is addressed in a flight
simulator or flight-training device, all task elements shall be
accomplished as would be expected under actual circum-
stances. Similarly, safety of flight precautions taken in the UAS
for the accomplishment of a specific maneuver or procedure
(such as limiting altitude in an approach to stall or setting
maximum airspeed for an engine failure expected to result in a
rejected takeoff) need not be taken when a flight simulator or
flight-training device is used. It is important to understand that
whether accomplished with a UAS, flight simulator, or flight-
training device, all tasks and elements for each maneuver or
procedure shall have the same performance standards applied
equally for determination of overall satisfactory performance.
6.8 Flight Instructor Responsibility—An appropriately
rated flight instructor is responsible for training the commercial
UAS pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject
matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the tasks
 F2636 – 08
within each area of operation in the appropriate commercial
UAS pilot PTS. Because of the impact of their teaching
activities in developing safe, proficient UAS pilots, flight
instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and
the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students.
Throughout the applicant’s training, the flight instructor is
responsible for emphasizing the performance of effective
sense-and-avoid procedures.
6.9 Examiner6 Responsibility—The examiner conducting
the practical test is responsible for determining that the
applicant meets the acceptable standards of knowledge and
skill of each task within the appropriate PTS. Since there is no
formal division between the “oral” and “skill” portions of the
practical test, this becomes an ongoing process throughout the
test. Oral questioning, to determine the applicant’s knowledge
of tasks and related safety factors, should be used judiciously
at all times, especially during the flight portion of the practical
test. Examiners shall test to the greatest extent practicable the
applicant’s correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumera-
tion of facts throughout the practical test. If the examiner
determines that a task is incomplete, or the outcome uncertain,
the examiner may require the applicant to repeat that task, or
portions of that task. This provision has been made in the
interest of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice,
or the repeating of an unsatisfactory task is permitted during
the certification process. When practical, the remaining tasks of
the practical test phase should be completed before repeating
the questionable task. Throughout the flight portion of the
practical test, the examiner shall evaluate the applicant’s use of
sense and avoid procedures.
6.10 Satisfactory Performance—Satisfactory performance
to meet the requirements for certification is based on the
applicant’s ability to safely:
6.10.1 Perform the tasks specified in the areas of operation
for the certificate or rating sought within the approved stan-
dards,
6.10.2 Demonstrate mastery of the UAS with the successful
outcome of each task performed never seriously in doubt,
6.10.3 Demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and compe-
tency within the approved standards,
6.10.4 Demonstrate sound judgment, and
6.10.5 Demonstrate single-UAS pilot competence if the
UAS is type certificated for single-UAS pilot operations.
6.11 Unsatisfactory Performance:
6.11.1 The tolerances represent the performance expected in
good flying conditions. If, in the judgment of the examiner, the
applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any
task performed, the associated area of operation is failed, and
therefore, the practical test is failed. The examiner or applicant
may discontinue the test at any time when the failure of an area
of operation makes the applicant ineligible for the certificate or
rating sought. The test may be continued ONLY with the
consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the
applicant is entitled credit for only those areas of operation and
their associated tasks satisfactorily performed. However, dur-
6
The word “examiner” is used throughout the PTSs to denote either the inspector
or designated UAS pilot examiner who conducts an official practical test.
4
ing the retest, and at the discretion of the examiner, any task
may be reevaluated, including those previously passed. Typical
areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disquali-
fication are:
6.11.1.1 Any action or lack of action by the applicant that
requires corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain
safe flight,
6.11.1.2 Failure to use proper and effective sense and
avoid/collision avoidance techniques to clear the area before
and while performing maneuvers,
6.11.1.3 Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the
objectives, and
6.11.1.4 Failure to take prompt corrective action when
tolerances are exceeded.
6.11.2 When a notice of disapproval is issued, the examiner
shall record the applicant’s unsatisfactory performance in terms
of the area of operation and specific task(s) not meeting the
standard appropriate to the practical test conducted. The area(s)
of operation/task(s) not tested and the number of practical test
failures shall also be recorded. If the applicant fails the
practical test because of a special emphasis area, the notice of
disapproval shall indicate the associated task: that is, Area of
Operation VIII, Maneuvering during Slow Flight, failure to use
proper sense and avoid procedures.
6.12 Crew Resource Management (CRM)—CRM refers to
the effective use of all available resources: human resources,
hardware, and information. Human resources include all
groups routinely working with the control station (CS) crew or
UAS pilot who are involved with decisions that are required to
operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not limited
to, dispatchers, maintenance personnel, air traffic controllers,
and weather services. CRM is not a single task, but a set of
competencies that must be evident in all tasks in this PTS as
applied to either single UAS pilot operations or UAS crew (see
AC 120-51 Crew Resource Management Training).
6.13 Applicant’s Use of Checklists—Throughout the prac-
tical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate
checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific task being
evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the
checklist, while accomplishing elements of an objective, would
be either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-UAS pilot
operation. In this case, a review of the checklist after the
elements have been accomplished would be appropriate. Divi-
sion of attention should be considered when using a checklist.
6.14 Use of Distractions during Practical Tests—Numerous
studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the
UAS pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight.
To evaluate the applicant’s ability to use proper control
technique while dividing attention, the examiner shall cause
realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical
test to evaluate the applicant’s ability to manage distractions
while maintaining safe flight.
6.15 Positive Exchange of Flight Controls—During flight
training, there must always be a clear understanding between
students and flight instructors of who has control of the aircraft.
Before flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the
procedure for the exchange of flight controls. A positive
three-step process in the exchange of flight controls between
 F2636 – 08
UAS pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly
recommended. When the instructor wishes the student to take
control of the aircraft, he or she will say, “You have the flight
controls.” The student acknowledges immediately by saying, “I
have the flight controls.” The flight instructor again says, “You
have the flight controls.” When control is returned to the
instructor, follow the same procedure. A visual check is
recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There
should never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.
6.16 International System of Units (SI) Conversion
Initiative—To assist UAS pilots in understanding and using the
SI measurement system, the practical test standards refer to the
SI equivalent of various altitudes throughout. The inclusion of
metres is intended to familiarize UAS pilots with its use. The
metric altimeter is arranged in 10-m increments; therefore,
when converting from feet to metres, the exact conversion,
being too exact for practical purposes, is rounded to the nearest
10-m increment or even altitude as necessary.
7. Applicant
7.1 The applicant has a checklist for the practical tests (Fig.
1).
APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:
EXAMINER’S NAME
LOCATION
DATE/TIME
ACCEPTABLE UAS
UAS Documents:
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
Operating Limitations
Weight and Balance Forms
UAS Maintenance Records:
Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance
UAS Pilot’s Operating Handbook, Approved
Airplane Flight Manual
PERSONAL EQUIPMENT
Current Aeronautical Charts
Computer and Plotter
Flight Plan Form
Flight Logs
Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications
PERSONAL RECORDS
Identification—Photo/Signature ID
UAS Pilot Certificate
Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate
Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application
with Instructor’s Signature (if applicable)
Computer Test Report
Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements
FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
Examiner’s Fee (if applicable)
FIG. 1 Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist
5
8. Examiner
8.1 The examiner has a checklist for the practical tests with
each area of operation detailed by specific tasks (Fig. 2).
9. Practical Test Standards
9.1 Area of Operation: Preflight Preparation:
NOTE 1—The examiner shall develop a scenario based on real-time
weather to evaluate Tasks C and D in 9.1.3 and 9.1.4.
9.1.1 Task A: Certificates and Documents:
9.1.1.1 References—14 CFR Parts 43, 61, 91; FAA-H-
8083-3; AC 61-23/FAA-H-8083-25; and pilot operating
handbook/airplane flight manual (POH/AFM).
9.1.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant exhibits
knowledge of the elements related to certificates and docu-
ments by:
(1) Explaining:
(a) Commercial UAS pilot certificate privileges limita-
tions and recent flight experience requirements,
(b) Medical certificate class and duration, and
(c) UAS pilot logbook or flight records.
(2) Locating and explaining:
(a) Airworthiness and registration certificates;
(b) Operating limitations, placards, instrument markings,
and POH/AFM; and
(c) Weight and balance data and equipment list.
9.1.2 Task B: Airworthiness Requirements:
9.1.2.1 References—14 CFR Part 91 and AC 61-23/FAA-
H-8083-25.
9.1.2.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant exhibits
knowledge of the elements related to airworthiness require-
ments by:
(1) Explaining:
(a) Required instruments and equipment for day/night
visual flight rules (VFR),
(b) Procedures and limitations for determining airworthi-
ness of the airplane with inoperative instruments and equip-
ment, and
(c) Requirements and procedures for obtaining a special
flight permit.
(2) Locating and explaining:
(a) Airworthiness directives,
(b) Compliance records,
(c) Maintenance/inspection requirements, and
(d) Appropriate record keeping.
9.1.3 Task C: Weather Information:
9.1.3.1 References—14 CFR Part 91, AC 00-6, AC 00-45,
AC 61-23/FAA-H-8083-25, AC 61-84, and AIM.
9.1.3.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather
information by analyzing weather reports, charts, and forecasts
from various sources with emphasis on:
(a) Meteorological Aviation Report (METAR), Terminal
Aerodrome Forecast (TAF), and Area Forecast (FA);
(b) Surface analysis chart;
(c) Radar summary chart;
(d) Winds and temperature aloft chart;
(e) Significant weather prognostic charts;
(f) Convective outlook chart; and
 F2636 – 08
Unmanned Airplane Single-Engine Land (g) Automated weather observation system (AWOS),
Remote Control and Autonomous/Semiautonomous automated surface observing system (ASOS), and air traffic
information service (ATIS) reports.
APPLICANT’S NAME (2) Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on
available weather information.
LOCATION 9.1.4 Task D: Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Flight Planning:
9.1.4.1 References—14 CFR Part 91, AC 61-23/FAA-H-
8083-25, AC 61-84, Navigation Charts, A/FD, and AIM.
DATE/TIME
9.1.4.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to BVR
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
flight planning by presenting and explaining a preplanned BVR
A. Certificates and Documents flight, as previously assigned by the examiner. On the day of
B. Airworthiness Requirements the practical test, the final flight plan shall be to the first fuel
C. Weather Information
D. Cross-Country Flight Planning
stop using real-time weather.
E. National Airspace System (2) Uses appropriate and current aeronautical charts.
F. Performance and Limitations (3) Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain
G. Operation of Systems
H. Aeromedical Factors
features.
(4) Selects easily identifiable en-route checkpoints.
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES (5) Selects most favorable altitudes considering weather
A. Preflight Inspection
B. Cockpit (CS) Management conditions and equipment capabilities.
C. Engine Starting (6) Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.
D. Taxiing
E. Before Takeoff Check
(7) Selects appropriate data link and communication fre-
quencies.
III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS (8) Applies pertinent information from NOTAMs, AFDs,
A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals
B. Traffic Patterns
and other flight publications.
C. Airport, Runway, and Taxiway Signs, Markings, and Lighting (9) Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a flight
plan.
IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS
A. Normal and Crosswind Remote Control Takeoff and Climb
9.1.5 Task E: National Airspace System:
B. Normal and Crosswind Remote Control Approach and Landing 9.1.5.1 References—14 CFR Parts 71 and 91, navigation
C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb charts, and AIM.
D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing
E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb 9.1.5.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant exhibits
F. Short-Field Approach and Landing knowledge of the elements related to the National Airspace
G. Autonomous Takeoff and Climb System by explaining:
H. Autonomous Approach and Landing
I. Power-Off 180° Accuracy Approach and Landing (1) Basic VFR weather minimums—for all classes of
J. Go-Around/Rejected Landing airspace;
K. Autonomous Go-Around/Rejected Landing
(2) Airspace classes—their operating rules, UAS pilot
V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS certification, and airplane equipment requirements for the
A. Steep Turns following:
B. Steep Spiral
C. Lazy Eights
(a) Class A,
D. Chandelles (b) Class B,
(c) Class C,
VI. NAVIGATION
A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning (d) Class D,
B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services (e) Class E, and
C. Diversion (f) Class G; and
D. Lost Procedures/GPS failure/Loss of GPS Signal
(3) Special use and other airspace areas.
VII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS 9.1.6 Task F: Performance and Limitations:
A. Maneuvering during Slow Flight
B. Power-Off Stalls
9.1.6.1 References—AC 61-23/FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-
C. Power-On Stalls 8083-1, AC 61-84, and POH/AFM.
D. Spin Awareness 9.1.6.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS (1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to perfor-
A. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) mance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables,
B. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions and data to determine performance and the adverse effects of
C. Lost Data Link Procedures
D. Emergency Equipment exceeding limitations;
(2) Computes weight and balance (if applicable) and
IX. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES
determines if the computed weight and center of gravity is
A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing
within the airplane’s operating limitations and if the weight and
FIG. 2 Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of
flight;

6
 F2636 – 08
(3) Demonstrates use of the appropriate performance
charts, tables, and data; and
(4) Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the
airplane’s performance.
9.1.7 Task G: Operation of Systems:
9.1.7.1 References—AC 61-23/FAA-H-8083-25 and POH/
AFM.
9.1.7.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant exhibits
knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems
on the airplane provided for the practical test by explaining
item (1) and at least four of the other following systems:
(1) Data link;
(2) Primary flight controls and trim;
(3) Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers;
(4) Powerplant and propeller;
(5) Landing gear/recovery system;
(6) Fuel, oil, and hydraulic;
(7) Electrical;
(8) Avionics;
(9) Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight
instruments;
(10) Environmental; and
(11) Deicing and anti-icing.
9.1.8 Task H: Aeromedical Factors:
9.1.8.1 References—AC 61-23/FAA-H-8083-25 and AIM.
9.1.8.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant exhibits
knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by
explaining:
(1) The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions
of the following:
(a) Hyperventilation,
(b) Stress and fatigue,
(c) Dehydration, and
(d) Other external environmental factors.
(2) The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter
medications.
9.2 Area of Operation: Preflight Procedures:
9.2.1 Task A: Preflight Inspection:
9.2.1.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.2.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight
inspection and this shall include which items must be in-
spected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect
possible defects;
(2) Inspects the airplane with reference to an appropriate
checklist; and
(3) Verifies that the UAS is in condition for safe flight.
9.2.2 Task B: Cockpit (CS) Management:
9.2.2.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.2.2.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit
management procedures,
(2) Organizes material and equipment in an efficient
manner so they are readily available, and
(3) Briefs CS occupants on emergency procedures.
9.2.3 Task C: Engine Starting:
9.2.3.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-23/FAA-H-
8083-25, AC 91-13, AC 91-55, and POH/AFM.
7
9.2.3.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recom-
mended engine-starting procedures and this shall include the
use of an external power source, hand-propping safety, and
starting under various atmospheric conditions;
(2) Positions the airplane properly considering structures,
surface conditions, other aircraft, and the safety of nearby
persons and property; and
(3) Uses the appropriate checklist for starting procedure.
9.2.4 Task D: Taxiing/Pre-Takeoff Positioning:
9.2.4.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.2.4.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi
procedures;
(2) Performs a brake check immediately after the airplane
begins moving;
(3) Positions flight controls properly for the existing wind
conditions;
(4) Controls direction and speed without excessive use of
brakes;
(5) Complies with airport/taxiway markings, signals, and
ATC clearances and instructions;
(6) Taxis so as to avoid other aircraft and hazards;
(7) Properly directs towing to pre-takeoff position; and
(8) Exhibits knowledge of launcher procedures.
9.2.5 Task E: Before Takeoff Check:
9.2.5.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.2.5.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the
before-takeoff check and this shall include the reasons for
checking each item and how to detect malfunctions;
(2) Positions the airplane properly considering other air-
craft, wind, and surface conditions;
(3) Divides attention inside and outside the CS keeping
aware of what is happening with the UAS;
(4) Ensures the engine temperatures and pressure are
suitable for run up and takeoff;
(5) Accomplishes the before-takeoff checklist and ensures
the airplane is in safe operating condition;
(6) Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff dis-
tances, departure, and emergency procedures; and
(7) Avoids runway incursion or ensures no conflict with
traffic or both before taxiing into takeoff position.
9.3 Area of Operation: Airport Operations:
9.3.1 Task A: Radio Communications and ATC Light Sig-
nals:
9.3.1.1 References—14 CFR Part 91, AC 61-23/FAA-H-
8083-25, and AIM.
9.3.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio
communications,
(2) Selects appropriate frequencies,
(3) Transmits using recommended phraseology, and
(4) Acknowledges radio communications and complies
with instructions.
9.3.2 Task B: Traffıc Patterns:
9.3.2.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-23/FAA-H-
8083-25, AC 90-66, and AIM.
 F2636 – 08
9.3.2.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic
patterns and this shall include procedures at airports with and
without operating control towers, prevention of runway incur-
sions, sense and avoid/collision avoidance, wake turbulence
avoidance, and wind shear;
(2) Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures;
(3) Maintains proper spacing from other aircraft;
(4) Corrects for wind drift to maintain proper ground track;
(5) Maintains orientation with runway/landing area in use;
and
(6) Maintains traffic pattern altitude 6100 ft (30 m) and
appropriate airspeed 610 knots (10 m/s) (if applicable).
9.3.3 Task C: Airport Runway, and Taxiway Signs, Mark-
ings, and Lighting:
9.3.3.1 References—AC 61-23/FAA-H-8083-25 and AIM.
9.3.3.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport,
runway, and taxiway operations with emphasis on runway
incursion avoidance and
(2) Properly identifies and interprets airport, runway, and
taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.
9.4 Area of Operation: Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-
Arounds:
NOTE 2—Applicants whose airplanes launch by some means other than
a traditional rolling takeoff and recover by some means other than a
traditional runway landing are not required to complete Tasks C, D, E, and
F in 9.4.3-9.4.6.
9.4.1 Task A: Normal and Crosswind Remote Control Take-
off and Climb:
NOTE 3—If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s
knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.
NOTE 4—For those airplanes for which the pilot has no airspeed or
altitude information available to him/her, the examiner will evaluate the
applicant’s procedures and safe monitoring of the takeoff process and
estimate speed based upon the airplane’s responses to flight control inputs.
9.4.1.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal
and crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff
procedures;
(2) Positions the flight controls for the existing wind
conditions;
(3) Clears the area, taxis onto the takeoff surface, and
aligns the airplane on the runway center/takeoff path;
(4) Lifts off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates
to VY;
(5) Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain VY 6 5
knots (2.5 m/s);
(6) Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after
a positive rate of climb is established;
(7) Maintains takeoff power and VY 6 5 knots (2.5 m/s) to
a safe maneuvering altitude;
(8) Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift
correction throughout the takeoff and climb;
(9) Complies with noise abatement procedures; and
(10) Completes appropriate checklist.
8
9.4.2 Task B: Normal and Crosswind Remote Control Ap-
proach and Landing:
NOTE 5—If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s
knowledge of the crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral
testing.
NOTE 6—For those airplanes for which the pilot has no airspeed or
altitude information, the examiner shall evaluate the pilot’s procedures
and safe monitoring of the airplane’s recovery process and estimate speed
based upon the airplane’s responses to flight control inputs.
9.4.2.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.2.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal
and crosswind approach and landing;
(2) Adequately surveys the intended landing area;
(3) Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, ob-
structions, and selects a suitable touchdown point;
(4) Establishes the recommended approach and landing
configuration and airspeed and adjusts pitch attitude and power
as required;
(5) Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended
airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 VSO, 65 knots
(2.5 m/s), with wind gust factor applied;
(6) Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application
during the roundout and touchdown;
(7) Touches down smoothly at a safe speed;
(8) Touches down at or within 200 ft (60 m) beyond a
specified point, with no drift, and with the airplane’s longitu-
dinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing
path;
(9) Maintains crosswind correction and directional control
throughout the approach and landing sequence; and
(10) Completes appropriate checklist.
9.4.3 Task C: Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb:
9.4.3.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.3.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a
soft-field takeoff and climb;
(2) Positions the flight controls for existing conditions and
to maximize lift as quickly as possible;
(3) Clears the area and taxis onto takeoff surface at a speed
consistent with safety without stopping while advancing the
throttle smoothly to takeoff power;
(4) Establishes and maintains a pitch attitude that will
transfer the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings
as rapidly as possible;
(5) Lifts off at the lowest possible airspeed and remains in
ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate;
(6) Establishes a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate,
and maintains selected airspeed 65 knots (2.5 m/s), during the
climb;
(7) Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after
clear of any obstacles or as recommended by the manufacturer;
(8) Maintains takeoff power and VX or VY 6 5 knots (2.5
m/s) to a safe maneuvering altitude;
(9) Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift
correction throughout the takeoff and climb; and
(10) Completes appropriate checklist.
9.4.4 Task D: Soft-Field Approach and Landing:
 F2636 – 08
9.4.4.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.4.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a
soft-field approach and landing;
(2) Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and
obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown area;
(3) Establishes the recommended approach and landing
configuration and airspeed and adjusts pitch attitude and power
as required;
(4) Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended
airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 VSO 6 5 knots
(2.5 m/s), with wind gust factor applied;
(5) Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application
during the roundout and touchdown;
(6) Touches down softly, with no drift, and with the
airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the runway/landing
path;
(7) Maintains crosswind correction and directional control
throughout the approach and landing sequence;
(8) Maintains proper position of the flight controls and
sufficient speed to taxi on the soft surface; and
(9) Completes appropriate checklist.
9.4.5 Task E: Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Perfor-
mance Climb:
9.4.5.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.5.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a
short-field takeoff and maximum performance climb;
(2) Positions the flight controls for the existing wind
conditions and sets flaps as recommended;
(3) Clears the area and taxis into takeoff position using
maximum available takeoff area and aligns the airplane on the
runway center/takeoff path;
(4) Applies brakes (if appropriate) while advancing the
throttle smoothly to takeoff power;
(5) Lifts off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates
to recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, or VX;
(6) Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain the
recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, or VX, +5/–0 knots
(+2.5/–0 m/s), until the obstacle is cleared, or until the airplane
is 50 ft (20 m) above the surface;
(7) After clearing the obstacle, establishes the pitch attitude
for VY, accelerates to VY, and maintains VY 6 5 knots (2.5 m/s)
during the climb;
(8) Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after
clear of any obstacles or as recommended by manufacturer;
(9) Maintains takeoff power and VY 6 5 knots (2.5 m/s) to
a safe maneuvering altitude;
(10) Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift
correction throughout the takeoff and climb; and
(11) Completes appropriate checklist.
9.4.6 Task F: Short-Field Approach and Landing:
9.4.6.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.6.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a
short-field approach and landing;
(2) Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, ob-
structions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point;
9
(3) Establishes the recommended approach and landing
configuration and airspeed and adjusts pitch attitude and
power;
(4) Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended
approach airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 VSO 6 5
knots (2.5 m/s) with wind gust factor applied;
(5) Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application
during the roundout and touchdown;
(6) Touches down smoothly at minimum control airspeed;
(7) Touches down at or within 100 ft (30 m) beyond a
specified point, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the
airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway
center/landing path;
(8) Maintains crosswind correction and directional control
throughout the approach and landing sequence;
(9) Applies brakes as necessary to stop in the shortest
distance consistent with safety; and
(10) Completes appropriate checklist.
9.4.7 Task G: Autonomous Takeoff and Climb:
NOTE 7—If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s
knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.
NOTE 8—For those airplanes for which the takeoff sequence is auto-
mated, the examiner will evaluate the applicant’s procedures and safe
monitoring of the takeoff process. The examiner shall not evaluate those
items that are autonomous (beyond the pilot’s ability to control manually).
9.4.7.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.7.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal
and crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff
procedures;
(2) Positions the flight controls for the existing wind
conditions;
(3) Clears the area, taxis onto the takeoff surface, and
aligns the airplane on the runway center/takeoff path (if
applicable);
(4) Initiates proper autonomous takeoff procedures;
(5) Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after
a positive rate of climb is established;
(6) Monitors aircraft takeoff to ensure it climbs at correct
power and airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude;
(7) Monitors aircraft direction and proper wind-drift cor-
rection throughout the takeoff and climb;
(8) Complies with noise abatement procedures; and
(9) Completes appropriate checklist.
9.4.8 Task H: Autonomous Approach and Landing:
NOTE 9—If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s
knowledge of the crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral
testing.
NOTE 10—For those airplanes for which the landing sequence is
automated, the examiner shall evaluate the pilot’s procedures and safe
monitoring of the airplane’s recovery process and estimate speed based
upon the airplane’s responses to flight control inputs. The examiner shall
not evaluate those items that are autonomous (beyond the pilot’s ability to
control manually).
9.4.8.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.8.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal
and crosswind approach and landing;
 F2636 – 08
(2) Adequately determines and surveys an appropriate
landing area;
(3) Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, ob-
structions, and selects a suitable approach profile and touch-
down area;
(4) Establishes the recommended approach and landing
configuration and establishes the aircraft in the proper position
and altitude to begin the autonomous approach and landing
sequence;
(5) Monitors aircraft approach to ensure it maintains a
stabilized approach and recommended airspeed;
(6) Monitors timely and correct control application during
the roundout and touchdown;
(7) Monitors proper touchdown at approximate speed;
(8) Monitors that the airplane touches down within speci-
fied area, with no drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis
aligned with and over the runway center/landing path;
(9) Maintains proper aircraft monitoring throughout the
approach and landing sequence until the aircraft either stops or
exits the runway; and
(10) Completes appropriate checklist.
9.4.9 Task I: Remote Control Power-Off 180º Accuracy
Approach and Landing:
9.4.9.1 Reference—FAA-H-8083-3.
9.4.9.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a
power-off 180º accuracy approach and landing;
(2) Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, ob-
structions, and selects an appropriate touchdown point;
(3) Positions airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing
runway, and not more than 1000 ft (305 m) above ground level
(AGL);
(4) Abeam the specified touchdown point, closes throttle,
and establishes appropriate glide speed;
(5) Completes final airplane configuration;
(6) Touches down in a normal landing attitude, within the
specified touchdown area; and
(7) Completes the appropriate checklist.
9.4.10 Task J: Go-Around/Rejected Landing:
9.4.10.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.4.10.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a
go-around/rejected landing;
(2) Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to
landing;
(3) Applies takeoff power immediately and transitions to
climb pitch attitude for VY and maintains VY 6 5 knots (2.5
m/s);
(4) Retracts flaps as appropriate;
(5) Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, after a positive
rate of climb is established;
(6) Maneuvers to the side of runway/landing area to clear
and avoid conflicting traffic;
(7) Maintains takeoff power and VY 6 5 knots (2.5 m/s) to
a safe maneuvering altitude;
(8) Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift
correction throughout the climb; and
(9) Completes the appropriate checklist.
10
9.4.11 Task K: Autonomous Go-Around/Rejected Landing:
9.4.11.1 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a
go-around/rejected landing;
(2) Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to
landing;
(3) Initiates the appropriate procedure to execute the
go-around/rejected landing;
(4) Retracts the landing gear and flaps, if appropriate, after
a positive rate of climb is established;
(5) Monitors aircraft to ensure it climbs at correct power
and airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude;
(6) Monitors aircraft direction proper wind-drift correction
throughout the climb;
(7) Complies with noise abatement procedures; and
(8) Completes the appropriate checklist.
9.5 Area of Operation: Performance Maneuvers:
NOTE 11—If the airplane is designed and flown so that the pilot can
manually fly the airplane during any phase of flight, the examiner will
accomplish at least two of these tasks (Task A or B and C or D (9.5.1 or
9.5.2 and 9.5.3 or 9.5.4)) as the airplane’s software capability allows. The
examiner may decide to accomplish all four at his/her discretion.
9.5.1 Task A: Steep Turns:
9.5.1.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.5.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep
turns;
(2) Approximately establishes the manufacturer’s recom-
mended airspeed or, if one is not stated, a safe airspeed not to
exceed VA;
(3) Rolls into a coordinated 360º steep turn at the maxi-
mum bank angle allowable by UAS software or 50° bank,
whichever is less, followed by a steep turn in the opposite
direction;
(4) Divides attention between airplane control and orien-
tation; and
(5) Maintains approximate entry altitude, airspeed, and
bank and rolls out on approximate heading.
9.5.2 Task B: Steep Spiral:
9.5.2.1 Reference—FAA-H-8083-3.
9.5.2.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a steep
spiral;
(2) Selects an altitude sufficient to continue through a series
of at least three 360º turns;
(3) Divides attention between airplane control and ground
track, while maintaining coordinated flight; and
(4) Maintains approximate airspeed, 610 knots (5 m/s),
and rolls out toward object or on approximate heading.
9.5.3 Task C: Lazy Eights:
9.5.3.1 Reference—FAA-H-8083-3.
9.5.3.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lazy
eights;
(2) Selects a safe altitude that will allow the task to be
performed;
(3) Establishes the recommended entry configuration,
power, and approximate airspeed;
 F2636 – 08
(4) Maintains coordinated flight throughout the maneuver;
(5) Achieves the following throughout the maneuver:
(a) Approximately 30º bank at the steepest point and
(b) Constant change of pitch and roll rate; and
(6) Continues the maneuver through the number of sym-
metrical loops specified and resumes straight and level flight.
9.5.4 Task D: Chandelles:
9.5.4.1 Reference—FAA-H-8083-3.
9.5.4.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to chan-
delles;
(2) Selects a safe altitude that will allow the task to be
performed;
(3) Establishes the recommended entry configuration,
power, and approximate airspeed;
(4) Establishes the angle of bank at approximately 30º;
(5) Simultaneously applies power and pitch to maintain a
smooth, coordinated climbing turn to the 90º point, with a
constant bank angle;
(6) Begins a coordinated constant rate rollout from the 90º
point to the 180º point maintaining power and a constant pitch
attitude;
(7) Completes rollout at approximately the 180º point,
610º just above a stall airspeed, and maintaining that airspeed
momentarily avoiding a stall; and
(8) Resumes straight and level flight with a minimum loss
of altitude.
9.6 Area of Operation: Navigation:
9.6.1 Task A: Pilotage and Dead Reckoning:
9.6.1.1 Reference—AC 61-23/FAA-H-8083-25.
9.6.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to UAS
pilotage and dead reckoning;
(2) Follows the preplanned course by reference to land-
marks;
(3) Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to
chart symbols;
(4) Navigates by means of precomputed headings, ground-
speed, and elapsed time;
(5) Corrects for and records differences between preflight
groundspeed and heading calculations and those determined en
route;
(6) Arrives at the en route checkpoints within 3 min of the
initial or revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) and provides
a destination estimate; and
(7) Maintains appropriate altitude, 6100 ft (30 m), and
headings, 610° (as applicable).
9.6.2 Task B: Navigation Systems and Radar Services:
9.6.2.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-23/FAA-H-
8083-25, navigation equipment operation manuals, and AIM.
9.6.2.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to naviga-
tion systems and radar services;
(2) Demonstrates the ability to use an airborne electronic
navigation system;
(3) Locates the airplane’s position using the navigation
system and available CS equipment;
(4) Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action;
11
(5) Uses proper communication procedures when using
radar services; and
(6) Maintains the appropriate altitude, 6100 ft (30 m), and
heading, 610° (as applicable).
9.6.3 Task C: Diversion:
9.6.3.1 References—FAA-H-8083-25 and AIM.
9.6.3.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diver-
sion;
(2) Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route;
(3) Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed,
arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport; and
(4) Maintains the appropriate altitude, 6100 ft (30 m), and
heading, 610° (as applicable).
9.6.4 Task D: Lost Procedures/GPS Failure/Loss of GPS
Signal:
9.6.4.1 References—FAA-H-8083-25 and AIM.
9.6.4.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost
procedures;
(2) Selects an appropriate course of action;
(3) Maintains an appropriate heading and climb, if neces-
sary;
(4) Identifies prominent landmarks; and
(5) Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an
ATC facility or both for assistance as appropriate.
9.7 Area of Operation: Slow Flight and Stalls:
NOTE 12—If the airplane is designed and flown so that the pilot can
manually fly the airplane during any phase of flight, the examiner will
accomplish these tasks as the airplane’s software capability allows.
9.7.1 Task A: Maneuvering During Slow Flight:
9.7.1.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.7.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneu-
vering during slow flight;
(2) Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be
completed no lower than 1500-ft (460-m) AGL;
(3) Establishes and maintains an airspeed at which any
further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or
reduction in power, would result in an immediate stall;
(4) Accomplishes coordinated straight-and-level flight,
turns, climbs, and descents with landing gear and flap (if
applicable) configurations specified by the examiner;
(5) Divides attention between airplane control and orien-
tation; and
(6) Maintains the specified altitude, 650 ft (15 m);
specified heading, 610°; airspeed +5/−0 knots (+2.5/–0 m/s),
and specified angle of bank, 65° (as applicable).
9.7.2 Task B: Power-Off Stalls:
9.7.2.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-67, and POH/
AFM.
9.7.2.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-
off stalls;
(2) Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be
completed no lower than 1500-ft (460-m) AGL;
(3) Establishes a stabilized descent in the approach or
landing configuration, as specified by the examiner;
 F2636 – 08
(4) Transitions smoothly from the approach or landing
attitude to a pitch attitude that will induce a stall;
(5) Maintains a specified heading, 610° in straight flight,
maintains a specified angle of bank, not to exceed 20 6 5°, in
turning flight while inducing the stall;
(6) Recognizes and recovers promptly as the stall occurs or
as the airplane stall warning sounds or as the stall prevention
system (if installed) begins to command aircraft movement by
simultaneously reducing the angle of attack, increasing power
to maximum allowable, and leveling the wings to return to a
straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of
altitude appropriate for the airplane;
(7) Retracts the flaps (if applicable) to the recommended
setting and retracts the landing gear if retractable after a
positive rate of climb is established; and
(8) Accelerates to VX or VY speed before the final flap
retraction (if applicable) and returns to the altitude, heading,
and airspeed specified by the examiner.
9.7.3 Task C: Power-On Stalls:
9.7.3.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-67, and POH/
AFM.
NOTE 13—In some high-performance airplanes, the power setting may
have to be reduced below the practical test standards guideline power
setting to prevent excessively high-pitch attitudes (greater than 30° nose
up).
9.7.3.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-on
stalls;
(2) Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be
completed no lower than 1500-ft (460-m) AGL;
(3) Establishes the takeoff or departure configuration and
sets power to no less than 65 % available power;
(4) Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or departure
attitude to a pitch attitude that will induce a stall;
(5) Maintains a specified heading 65° in straight flight and
maintains a specified angle of bank, not to exceed a 20 6 10°
in turning flight while inducing the stall;
(6) Recognizes and recovers promptly as the stall occurs by
simultaneously reducing the angle of attack, increasing power
to maximum allowable, and leveling the wings to return to a
straight-and-level flight attitude, with a minimum loss of
altitude appropriate for the airplane;
(7) Retracts flaps (if applicable) to the recommended
setting, retracts the landing gear if retractable, after a positive
rate of climb is established; and
(8) Accelerates to VX or VY speed before the final flap
retraction (if applicable) and returns to the altitude, heading,
and airspeed specified by the examiner.
9.7.4 Task D: Spin Awareness:
NOTE 14—Since the UAS software may prevent the aircraft from
entering or approaching a spin, this may be accomplished through oral
testing.
9.7.4.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-67, and POH/
AFM.
9.7.4.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant exhibits
knowledge of the elements related to spin awareness by
explaining:
(1) Aerodynamic factors related to spins,
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(2) Flight situations in which unintentional spins may
occur, and
(3) Procedures for recovery from unintentional spins.
9.8 Area of Operation: Emergency Operations:
9.8.1 Task A: Emergency Approach and Landing (Simu-
lated):
9.8.1.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.8.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emer-
gency approach and landing procedures;
(2) Analyzes the situation and selects an appropriate course
of action;
(3) Establishes and maintains the recommended best glide
airspeed, 610 knots (5 m/s);
(4) Selects a suitable landing area that will preclude injury
to personnel on the ground and minimize the possibility of
property damage;
(5) Plans and follows a flight pattern to the selected landing
area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions;
(6) Prepares for landing, or go-around, as specified by the
examiner; and
(7) Follows the appropriate checklist.
9.8.2 Task B: Systems and Equipment Malfunctions:
9.8.2.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.8.2.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to systems
and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane pro-
vided for the practical test;
(2) Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate action for
simulated emergencies appropriate to the airplane provided for
the practical test for at least five of:
(a) Partial or complete power loss,
(b) Engine roughness or overheat,
(c) Carburetor or induction icing,
(d) Loss of oil pressure,
(e) Fuel starvation,
(f) Electrical malfunction (CS or aircraft or both),
(g) Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instruments
malfunction,
(h) Avionics malfunction (CS and/or aircraft),
(i) Pitot/static,
(j) Landing gear or flap malfunction,
(k) Inoperative trim,
(l) Loss of data link,
(m) GPS failure/loss of GPS signal,
(n) Structural icing,
(o) Smoke/fire/engine compartment fire,
(p) Any other emergency appropriate to the airplane,
(q) CS evacuation/relocation and emergency setup, and
(r) Flight termination system activation.
(3) Follows the appropriate checklist or procedure.
9.8.3 Task C: Emergency Equipment:
9.8.3.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.8.3.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emer-
gency equipment appropriate to the control station environ-
ment and identifies appropriate equipment that should be
available at the control station.
 F2636 – 08
9.9 Area of Operation: Postflight Procedures:
9.9.1 Task A: After Landing, Parking, and Securing:
NOTE 15—Applicable for those airplanes that are equipped with land-
ing gear, either fixed or retractable. For those airplanes without landing
gear, only 9.9.1.2(1), (5), (6), and (7) apply.
9.9.1.1 References—FAA-H-8083-3 and POH/AFM.
9.9.1.2 Objective—Determine that the applicant:
(1) Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after
landing, parking, and securing procedures;
(2) Maintains directional control after touchdown while
decelerating to an appropriate speed;
(3) Observes runway hold lines and other surface control
markings and lighting;
(4) Parks in an appropriate area, considering the safety of
nearby persons and property;
(5) Follows the appropriate procedure for engine shut-
down;
(6) Completes the appropriate checklist; and
(7) Conducts an appropriate postflight inspection and
secures the aircraft.
10. Keywords
10.1 commercial UAS pilot; single-engine land; UAV; un-
manned aircraft; unmanned aircraft pilot; unmanned aircraft
practical test standard

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