INTRODUCTION The Skylab Multiple Docking Adapter News Reference was prepared by the Denver division of Martin Marietta Aerospace in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Except for general Skylab familiarization, the book's eight chapters deal mostly with hardware or contractual requirements for which Martin Marietta is responsible. There are two chapters of primary interest. Chapter VI describes the Multiple Docking Adapter, which Martin Marietta assembled, furnished, tested, and delivered to NASA. Chapter VII discusses experiment flight hardware that Martin Marietta developed or produced for the Skylab program. Photographs or illustrations for publication are available upon request by news media. Black and white glossies will be sent i fied by the designated letter and number (S-1, $2, etc) that appear at the lower-right-hand corner of each picture. Please shoot line drawings directly from the book. Requests for black and white photos should be sent to: Public Relations Marietta Aerospace Denver Division P.O. Box 179 Denver, CO 80201 May 1973 1CONTENTS vi vil vu INTRODUCTION CONTENTS MARTIN MARIETTA’S ROLES IN SKYLAB PROGRAM OBJECTIVES SKYLAB CLUSTER LAUNCH VEHICLES SKYLAB MISSIONS MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER EXPERIMENTS SKYLAB ASTRONAUTS INDEX PAGE 7 25 29 57 75 77Student Chery! Peltz and Dr. Jerry V. Mayeux, chief of life sciences at Martin Marietta’s space center near Denver, examine elodea, a semi-transparent aquarium plant which will be part of a Skylab space experiment. 5-1CHAPTER | MARTIN MARIETTA’S ROLES IN SKYLAB Martin Marietta Aerospace has several major roles in the Skylab program. The company's Denver division assists NASA with the integration of the five major sections of the orbital payload and a majority of its experiments. Multiple Docking Adapter structure from Marshall Space Flight Center unloaded at Denver. Martin Marietta assembled and furnished the Skylab Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA). The work included installing and testing its experiments and control systems, The adapter structure was supplied by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.All told, Martin Marietta has designed and produced hardware for about 25 per cent of Skylab’s experiment assemblies. The Denver division provided five complete Skylab experi ment assemblies and supplied hardware for nine others. It developed the control and dis- play panel and viewfinder/tracker system for the Earth Resources Experiments Package (EREP), and tested and installed its sensors. It is responsible for the Apollo Telescope Mount control and display console, which directs Skylab’s solar observatory. Martin Marietta also: + Develops design and test requirements to assure that the 118-foot long space sta- tion’s modules and structures are compati: ble before launch and in orbit. * Defines and matches the total experiment Program so that individual experiment support requirements are met (for ii stance, assuring that electrical power is available to operate experiments). + Assists in training, inflight safety, and other operating procedures for astronauts. * Provides mission and preflight support of crew operations, Multiple Docking Adapter in Martin Marietta’s clean room. 6 Astronauts William Lenoir (left), Paul Weitz, and Jack Lousma in Multiple Docking Adapter. 4 2.Astronauts William Pogue (left), Paul Weitz, and Bruce McCandless inspect protective cover for special Earth resources photographic window. aE Optical window for Earth resources photography in Multiple Docking Adapter. s7 Provides mission support controllers who man consoles in NASA's staff support room and provide technical recommendations during Skylab operations. Engineers aid in directing the return and processing of Skylab data from Spacecraft Tracking and Data Network (STDN) stations around the world. Assists. in monitoring astronaut health parameters during flight (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, etc), checks predicted solar activity such as flare intensity. Aided in Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Tests (SMEAT) that demonstrated the medical hardware performance in a reduced (5 psia) atmosphere, Developed a computer program that continually tracks the stowage locations of some 9000 items including hardware, 7books, food packages, and personal clothing; allows astronauts to stow an item in the most convenient location rather than carrying it back to its origi- nal position, which may be at the other end of the craft. Operates a computer program that schedules Skylab experiments. There are more than 90, some that are operated several times each to collect the neces- sary data. Each experiment has specific requirements (vehicle attitude limits, op- erating personnel availability, time of day, components) shared with other ex- periments. Aided NASA in the design of six Skylab mobile labs that make up a post-recovery medical faci in data on astro- naut physical condition; provided the data acquisition system that tells physi- cians immediately what impact the long duration space flights had on astronauts by comparing medical data taken before the flight with test data taken after splash- down. Medical data compiled during flight will be compared with preflight and splashdown test information... SKYLAB MOBILE LABS The six Skylab mobile laboratories and their functions are: 1. Nutrition and Endocrinology— Determine whether muscle and skeletal body systems have been af- fected by losses of biochemicals. 2. Blood—Detect changes in blood volume and quality. Martin Marietta engineer Stephanie Smith and Astronat Docking Adapter. 8 jut William Pogue check equipment location in Multiple sa3. Cardiovascular—Measure the effects of long-term weightlessness on the body’s blood circulation system, particularly in the legs. Goal is to determine how long an astronaut can stay in weightlessness before circulation is affected. 4. Metabolic—Determine how weightlessness affected man’s ability to work and exercise, and if it caused any changes in his ability to work following return to Earth. Collect microbiological samples and perform postflight processing of any Skylab illness specimens. Operational Medicine—Conduct phys- ical examinations, including hearing and vision, and provide personal hygiene facilities. ‘Skylab solar array panel tested at Martin Marietta’s site 6200 feet above sea level, 910CHAPTER Il PROGRAM OBJECTIVES Skylab is dedicated to examining Earth’s environment from the vantage point of space. As this nation’s first manned space station, it will increase our knowledge and under- standing of Earth’s ability to meet man’s needs. It will provide a better understanding ‘of man’s influence on Earth. Studies carried out on Skylab expand our knowledge of Earth’s source of heat and light, the Sun; examine the effects of space on the human body and mind; and show how to make its unique conditions—weightlessness, vacuum, and intense cold—work for man, and probe the mysteries of the universe. EARTH APPLICATIONS Remote sensing of Earth from space can be- come a basic technique for effective use and conservation of natural resources. The essence of the Skylab remote sensing pro- gram is “How much of Earth's resources and ‘Skylab’s Earth resource sensing ground path ecological conditions can be identified from a space platform?” During the manned periods in Skylab, which span nearly eight months, crewmen see the seasons change, weather patterns form, dis- sipate, and re-form. Highly sensitive instru- ments on Skylab watch these and other phenomena, seeking information on the fol- lowing applications. Agriculture/Forestry Improve planning and marketing with current crop census and yield estimates, increase yield by determining soil characteristics and making the best use of water management, and reduce losses by early identification of plant diseases or pest infestations, Oceanography Improve fishing productivity by locating areas rich in fish food and the best water temper- ature conditions to attract fish; improve shiprouting by measuring sea conditions; detect navigation hazards, monitor sea ice; increase development of the continental shelves by mapping submarine topography and locating polluting oil seeps. Infrared photograph shows agricultural activity in California. sal Remote sensing shows cloudy water (white areas) off Long Island (upper right). saz Hydrology Inventory water sources for best water man- agement; identify new sources of fresh water; 12 evaluate lake conditions such as pollution and silting; and predict and assess flood damage. Geology Identify geologic features such as faults, folds, and directional changes in rock beds which relate to mineral resources; monitor dynamic features such as volcanic eruptions, landslides, coastal and river sediment changes. Geography Inventory and classify man’s activities through development of land use maps; and study physical geography to improve rural and urban development. SOLAR EFFECTS Skylab will provide broad coverage of solar activity with a battery of highly sophisticated instruments. Earth-based solar observatories are limited in their ability to monitor solar activity because of the weather (clouds) and because of the filtering effect of Earth’s atmosphere. Skylab, outside the atmosphere and far above the weather, has no such limits. The brightness of the outer solar corona is only a millionth that of the visible Sun. Ex- cept at total eclipse, the corona beyond one solar radius (431,520 statute miles) is totally hidden by skylight—direct sunlight scattered in Earth’s atmosphere. While the sunlight that penitrates the atmos- phere varies only a few per cent over an extended period of time, radiation from violent solar events can increase the solar radiation many times, While this radiation causes later changes in Earth's weather, it is not observed because of its absorbsion in the upper atmosphere. Flares, for example, emit large numbers of protons and electrons, As these charged parti- cles are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field, they build up large varying currents andSkylab worldwide remote sensing ground coverage. charge densities in the ionosphere. These currents cause voltage surges in power lines, and the ionospheric activity interferes with radio and telegraphic communications. Skylab’s solar observation instruments are the icated ever used in space. Xray photograph of the Sun, saa saa From data obtained from these instruments will come new information about the Sun/ Earth relationship and designs for future unmanned spacecraft instruments to ask the Sun the right questions about Earth’s weather and communications, ANTHROPOLOGY Skylab will not solve the population ex- plosion, but it is helping us understand the physiological and psychological relationships ‘of human individuals and groups in new environments. Biomedical studies measure the Skylab crews’ abilities to adapt to the space environment with its lack of gravity. Scientists and doctors have found that astronauts in space undergo some of the same physical changes as persons under prolonged bedrest care. Some of the biomedical experiments on Skylab are designed to find out if there are limits to these changes: does a person in space or in a hospital bed lose only so much muscle tone, and if so, how long will it take him to regain it? 13Biomedical experiments form major part of Skylab program. At the same time, tests on the astronauts de- termine how well they adjust to a confined environment; how well they perform various tasks as compared to control groups on Earth or as compared to their own preflight performance on these same tasks. Other studies seek to assess the effects of individual and group relaxation on human performance; how much privacy is needed to perform at peak efficiency; how much and what kinds of recreation are required to keep the human organism psychologically healthy and productive. Conclusions from these studies are applied to a variety of problems such as high-density housing and tension environment group psycho-dynamics such as in underground mining operations and the submarine service. 4 MANUFACTURING IN SPACE The group of experiments identified as space manufacturing attempts to produce small quantities of special metal forms and crystal materials using the weightlessness of space. Until the advent of the space program, man had only limited control over the forces that affect his manufacturing processes on Earth, One of the most relentless forces is gravity. The Skylab program offers a gravity-free, high-vacuum work area where even the atmos- pheric conditions can (and in fact, must) be controlled. Thus we experiment with molten metal flow and unrestricted growth of high- purity crystals for electronics applications.Skylab experimenters investigate methods of joining metals that can lead to future con- struction work in space. Engineer operates vacuum chamber on Skylab manufacturing experiment. sas SPACE SYSTEMS Man, that adaptable animal, can perhaps exist in space for long periods of time. But to stay in space, he must surround himself with sys- tems that operate as long as he does. Skylab serves as a test area for the systems (life support, thermal control, communi- cations, electrical power, etc) that are re- quired to keep man in space. While medical data provide the basic infor- mation to determine the duration of future space missions, the operating life of the mechanical systems is also taken into account. During Skylab, tests are carried out on system life and reliability, repairability, and replace- ability, such as the spare Apollo Telescope Mount manual pointing controller which replaces the controller mounted on the ATM control and display console in the event of a system malfunction, Out of these tests come techniques for in- creasing system/hardware operational life. These techniques have application to Earth products as well as space equipment. Home and industrial appliances can be made more reliable. Communications equipment— radios and television sets—can last longer. More efficient mechanical systems such as heaters, air conditioners and control valves can give longer trouble-free service. SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT Much of the scientific investigation aboard Skylab has practical Earth and space ap- Plications: management of Earth resources, better weather forecasting, development of new materials, greater comprehension of man’s biological processes and adaptability, increased reliability of mechanical and elec- trical systems. A portion of Skylab’s investi- gation is pure science. Part of this scientific knowledge comes from studies of the physical processes going on within the Sun. It tends to answer philo- sophical rather than practical questions, Without interference from Earth's atmos- phere, Skylab experiments are able to study the Sun and the universe, thereby obtaining insight into the creative and destructive processes among the stars that are not now clearly understood. Skylab experiments examine the radiation from young, hot stars (suns), measure and identify cosmic rays—the energy portion of atoms that make up everything we know in the universe. We investigate X-ray radiation in the galaxy to determine whether it emanates from point sources or from more generalized areas of space. 15AS SCIENCE Leela Feral Skylab research program. Interplanetary dust is studied by collecting micrometeorite particles and measuring their size, velocity, and mass from imprints they leave in specially prepared metal plates. Exac) EMC Bae NOCHAPTER Ill SKYLAB CLUSTER The Skylab cluster or Orbital Assembly (OA) consists of a series of modules (sections) ranging from 10 to 22 feet in diameter to which a modified Apollo Command and Service Module is docked. The Skylab cluster less the CSM is called the Saturn Workshop (SWS). This consists of the Orbital Workshop (OWS) Airlock Module (AM), Instrument Unit (IU), Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), and the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM). The SWS is launched unmanned, but fully equipped and provisioned to an orbit 270 statute miles above Earth. ORBITAL WORKSHOP (OWS) The Orbital Workshop (McDonnell Douglas) is a Saturn IVB stage tank outfitted to provide living and work space for the crews. The 48.1-footlong, 21.6-foot-diameter unit is equipped with scientific experiment items, food, clothing, food preparation and waste management devices to support the crews for the total 140-day manned habitation. The workshop is divided into two major areas by an open grid partition. By wearing special shoes, the astronauts can use the open grid to anchor themselves in the weightlessness of space. The lower (aft) portion of the OWS contains crew quarters, food preparation and dining areas, washroom, waste processing and dis- posal facilities, and a crew wardroom with a window. ‘Skylab orbital configuration showing crew quarters and experiment areas. sas 7Skylab crew quarters from left are food preparation, waste management, and sleeping compartment. 520 The upper portion of the OWS contains a large work activity area, water storage tanks, food freezers, film vaults, two scientific airlocks, and experiment equipment. The compartment directly below the crew quarters is the waste tank. It is designed to contain all liquid and solid waste and trash accumulated throughout the missions. This tank is vented into space so that, as liquids and solids change their physical state (sub- lime) into gas, this gas can be vented to keep tank pressure down. Two winglike solar panels, each 27 by 31 feet, jut from either side of the OWS. The panels, with a total surface area of 1200 square feet, convert sunlight to electrical energy. This electric power is routed to Skylab equipment through a central distribution point in the Airlock Module. Two panels have a maximum output of 10.5 kilowatts. 18 The OWS also contains the Thruster Attitude Control System (TACS) which provides atti- tude control during launch, flight, and orbit. The Instrument Unit provides the commands during launch and flight. The Apollo Telescope Mount provides the commands while in orbit. INSTRUMENT UNIT (IU) The Instrument Unit (International Business Machines) is located between the OWS and the Airlock Module. It contains the guidance, navigation, and control equipment that directs the launch vehicle from lift-off through the boost phase. An IU is required for each launch. The IU for the first launch is an integral part of the Skylab cluster. It has the capability to control the craft for 7.5 hours or until the Apollo Telescope Mountpointing and control system is commanded to take over Skylab’s attitude control. IU’s for subsequent flights are located in the service module portion of the Apollo spacecraft. The service module units also contain automated experiments which send data back to Earth. AIRLOCK MODULE (AM) The Airlock Module (McDonnell Douglas) is the environmental and electrical control center for Skylab. It contains an airlock through which astronauts can leave Skylab for extravehicular activities without affecting the spacecraft’s atmosphere. i PL amcncone ee £ sega he rosea meson YO I c | Airlock Module arrangement. 522 The AM consists of two concentric cylinders, ‘one the same diameter as the workshop. The inner cylinder contains the airlock, environment and electrical control, communications, and caution and warning equipment for the entire cluster. High-pressure containers of oxygen and nitrogen are located between the inner and outer cylinders. MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER (MDA) The Multiple Docking Adapter (Martin Marietta) is the main astronaut entrance to Skylab and is a major experiment control center. It is 10 feet in diameter and 17.3 feet long. Fully equipped, it weighs about 14,000 pounds. Two docking ports, the main one at the front, the secondary one on the periphery of the MDA, provide primary and backup access to the Skylab cluster.ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT TUNNEL ATM CONTROL & DISPLAY CONSOLE FILM VAULTS DOCKING TARGET DOCKING PORT Multiple Docking Adapter major features. Docking the Command and Service Module is almost identical to the docking maneuvers performed during the Apollo lunar missions with the Lunar Module. Four specially designed optical windows will permit visual and photographic observations to be made from the MDA. COMMAND / SERVICE MODULE (CSM) The Apollo spacecraft (Rockwell Interna- tional), the crew ascent and descent vehicle, consists of the manned module and the un manned service module. The command module is about 13 feet in diameter and 12 feet high. It contains a crew compartment with a habitable volume of about 210 cubic feet (about seven feet wide, six feet high, and four feet from front to back) 20 ADJUSTABLE FOOT RESTRAINT EREP CONTROL AND DISPLAY ALTERNATE DOCKING PORT OPTICAL WINDOW s24 The spacecraft has been modified from its original configuration to meet the require: ments of longterm space flight with Skylab. Major modification is addition of a 12-tank reaction control system propellant storage module with capacity for 1500 pounds of propellant, more than doubling reaction con- trol system capability. The system is used to re-establish Skylab’s orbital position periodically during the missions. Other modifications include expansion of the spacecraft’s thermal control system, addition of a 50-gallon water tank (to eliminate water dumps) and three descent 500-ampere-hour batteries, elimination of one of the three fuel cells, two of four service propulsion system propellant tanks, and one of two helium ‘tanks. The CSM is self-sufficient; containing separate systems for environmental control, electricalpower, data and communications transmission, propulsion and attitude control and crew provisions. APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT (ATM) The Apollo Telescope Mount (Marshall Space Flight Center) is a package of six scientific instruments designed to obtain information about the Sun. Mounted atop and controlled from the MDA, it contains its own power (four solar panels with a maximum output of 10.5 kilowatts), environmental control, and fine pointing system. The six solar observatory experiments are: White Light Coronagraph—measures brightness, form, and polarization of the solar corona (light halo) out some four million miles from the solar disc. X-Ray Spectrographic Telescope—records X-ray radiation from solar flares. Ultraviolet Scanning Polychrometer/ Spectroheliometer—will seek indications of the presence of oxygen, magnesium, carbon, and rare elements in the Sun's atmosphere. Dual X-Ray Telescope—measures solar activity in the X-ray region. Ultraviolet Coronal Spectroheliograph— detects chemical elements in the solar atmosphere. Ultraviolet Spectrograph—records ultra- violet radiation from small features on the Sun such as flares or filaments of solar material streaming into space. The ATM control and display console (Bendix Corporation) is operated from the MDA. It has a television monitor that permits the astronauts to check performance of telescope experiments and transmit television images to ground stations. Apollo Telescope Mount. S25 Astronaut operates Apollo Telescope Mount control and display panel. 526 21COMMAND & SERVICE MODULE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 nu 12 13 14 15 CarVanaeNns 22 SPS Engi Running Lights (8 Places) Scimitar Antenna Docking Light Pitch Control Engines Crew Hatch Pitch Control Engines Rendezvous Window EVA Handholds EVA Light Side Window Roll Engines (2 Places) EPS Radiator Panels ‘SM RCS Module (4 Places) ECS Radiator MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER Axial Docking Port Access Hatch Docking Target Exothermic Experiment Infrared Spectrometer Viewfinder Atmosphere Interchange Duct Area Fan Window Cover Cable Trays Inverter/Lighting Control Assembly L-Band Antenna Proton Spectrometer Running Lights (4 Places) Infrared Spectrometer Film Vault 4 Film Vault 1 ‘8082 (A&B) Canisters M512/M479 Experiment ‘Area Fan Composite Casting Film Vault 2 TV Camera Input Station Utility Outlet M168 STS Miscellaneous Stowage Container Redundant Tape Recorder Radial Docking Port 10-Band Multispectral Scanner TV Camera Input Station Temperature Thermostat Radio Noise Burst Monitor ATM C&D Console AIRLOCK MODULE Deployment Assembly Reels and Cables Solar Radio Noise Burst Monitor Antenna Handrails D021/D024 Sample Panels Oxygen Vents Clothesline (EVA Use) Permanent Stowage Container STS IVA Station Nitrogen Tanks (6 Places) ‘Oxygen Tanks (6 Places) " 12 13 4 15 16 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Molecular Sieve Condensate Module Electrical Feedthru Cover Electronics Module 1 EVA Hatch Airlock Instrumentation Panel Molecular Sieve STS C&D Console ATM Deployment Assembly Battery Module (2 Places) EVA Panel Airlock Internal Hatches (2 Places) $193 Microwave Scatterometer Antenna Running Lights (4 Places) Handrails ‘Stub Antennas (2 Places) Thermal Blanket Discone Antenna (2 Places) D. INSTRUMENT UNIT NONE E. ORBITAL WORKSHOP 1 OWs Hatch Nonpropulsive Vent Line VCS Mining Chamber and Filter Stowage Ring Containers (24 Places) Light Assembly Water Storage Tanks (10 Places) T013 Force Measuring Unit 1 VCS Fan Cluster (3 Places) VCS Duct (3 Places) Scientific Airlock (2 Places) WMC Ventilation Unit Emergency Egress Oper (2 Places) M509 Nitrogen Bottle Stowage $019 Optics Stowage Container $149 Particle Collection Container $019 Optics Stowage Container Sleep Compartment Privacy Curtains (3 Places) M131 Stowage Container VCS Duct Heater (2 Places) M131 Rotating Chair Control Console Power and Display Console M131 Rotating Chair WMC Drying Area Trash Disposal Airlock OWS C&D Console Food Freezers (2 Places) Food Preparation Table M171 Ergometer M092 Lower-Body Negative Pressure Stowage Lockers Experiment Support System Panel Biomedical Stowage Cabinet M171 Gas Analyzer34 Biomedical Stowage Cabinet 35 Meteoroid Shield 36 _Nonpropulsive Vent (2 Places) 37 TACS Module (2 Places) 38 Waste Tank Separation Screens 39 TACS Spheres (22) Pneumatic ‘Sphere 40 Refrigeration System Radiator 41 Acquisition Light (2 Places) 42 Solar Array Wing (2 Places) F, APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT Command Antenna Telemetry Antenna Solar Array Wing 1 Solar Array Wing 2 Solar Array Wing 3 Solar Array Wing 4 Command Antenna Telemetry Antenna Sun-End Work Station Foot Restraint 10 Temporary Camera Storage 11 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (2 Places) 12 Acquisition Sun Sensor Assembly 13 ATM Solar Shield 14 Clothesline Attach Boom 15 EVA Lights (8 Places) un-End Film Tree Stowa COMMAND AND HS) Sune Ena Ein Tree) Sioweee SERVICE MODULE wevoasens 17 Handrail 18 $082B Experiment Aperture Door 19 Ho-2 Telescope Aperture Door 20 $082A Film Retrieval Door 21 $082A Experiment Aperture Door 22 $054 Experiment Aperture Door 23 Fine Sun Sensor Aperture Door 24 $056 Experiment Aperture Door 25 S052 Experiment Aperture Door 26 Ha-1 Telescope Aperture Door 27 SO55A Experiment Aperture Door 28 — $082B2 Experiment Aperture Door 29 $082B Film Retrieval Door 30 Canister Solar Shield 31 Canister 32 Canister Radiator 33 Rack 34 Charger-Battery-Regulator Modules (18 Places) 35 Handrail 36 CMG Inverter Assembly (3 Places) 37 Control Moment Gyro (3 Places) 38 Solar Wing Support Structure « (3 Places) Bs 39 ATM Outriggers (3 Places)COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE ® MULTIPLE DOCKING. MODULE ADAPTER @CHAPTER IV LAUNCH VEHICLES Two types of Saturn launch vehicles are used in the Skylab program. The Saturn V, most powerful space booster in the nation’s in- ventory, launches the unmanned Skylab orbiting cluster. The smaller Saturn IB launches the manned Apollo spacecraft. Both vehicles played major roles in the Apollo lunar program. SATURN V The first two of the Saturn V’s three stages launch the 118-foot-long, 100-ton Skylab into near-Earth orbit 270 statute miles above the planet. At liftoff, the booster and its payload weigh 6.2 million pounds and stand 333.7 feet high. Its height is approximately 2/3rds that of the Washington Monument. The first stage is 138 feet high and 33 feet in diameter. Its five liquid propellant engines produce a total thrust of 7.6 million pounds. The first stage has a burn duration of 150 seconds. The second stage is 81.5 feet high and 33 feet in diameter. Its five hydrogen-fueled engines produce 1.165 million pounds of thrust for 359 seconds. The instrument unit, which provides the navigation, guidance ‘and control for the launch vehicle, is an integral part of Skylab located between the Orbital Workshop and the Airlock Module. SATURN V FIRST STAGE Height 138 feet Diameter 33 feet Gross Weight 4.9 million pounds Propellant Weight 45 million pounds Propellants Kerosene-like RP-1 and liquid oxygen Engines Five F-1s Thrust 7.6 million pounds Burn Time 150 seconds 1"——SKYLAB HARDWARE ————5, -—SKYLAB BACKUP HARDWARE— SATV SATIB — SATIB ‘Skylab primary and backup launch vehicles, APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER AIRLOCK MODULE ORBITAL WORKSHOP <<_COMMAND/SERVICE MODULESECOND STAGE Height 81.5 feet Diameter 33 feet Gross Weight 1.07 million pounds (— at liftoff Propellant weight 942,000 pounds me Garcon anole Propellants Liquid hydrogen and meen reer liquid oxygen ia seas acerca Engines Fe yas l ouuerenasreer Thrust 1.165 million pounds Seer maoraioe Burn Time 359 seconds MOK MULTPLE DOCKING ADAPTER aM atock MODULE SATURN IB 1 mesTROMENT UT The two-stage Saturn IB lofts the manned | tonometer Apollo spacecraft into rendezvous orbit with aaiacen Skylab. This same booster launched the first ows Gracinsare manned Apollo spacecraft in October 1968. 1 SEcono STAGE At launch, the booster and its manned Cencrwersreer spacecraft payload weigh 1.3 million pounds a eras and stand 224 feet high. Initial thrust off the il i l PRS rea pad is 1.6 million pounds. ‘6 DSWD Ne SATURN 1B FIRST STAGE tc rast STAGE 6 I STE unico Height 80.2 feet mortars Diameter 21.4 feet smote nono Gross Weight 1 million pounds Propellant Weight 910,000 pounds Propellant Kerosene-like RP-1 and liquid oxygen Engines Eight H-1s Thrust 1.6 million pounds SECOND STAGE Height 58.4 feet Diameter 21.7 feet Gross Weight 253,000 pounds Propellant Weight 230,000 pounds Propellants Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen’ Engine One J-2 Thrust 205,000 pounds Major elements of Skylab launch vehicle, S23 (in space) 26Major elements of Saturn 1B spacecraft launch vehicle. sso LAUNCH FACILITIES All Skylab program flights. originate from Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center, Fla. Complex 39 was especially built to prepare and launch the Saturn V booster. The unmanned Skylab is launched from Pad 39A, from which the majority of Apollo lunar flights lifted off. The manned Apollo spacecraft are launched from Pad 39B. Major components of Launch Complex 39 are the Vehicle Assembly Building, the Launch Control Center, the Mobile Launcher, the Mobile Service Structure and the Transporter. The Vertical Assembly Building (VAB) covers eight acres. Inside the 525-foot-high building, space vehicles are assembled and prepared for launch. Here the Skylab is mated with the Saturn V and checked out prior to being moved to Pad 39A about two weeks before launch. Saturn 1B on Mobile launcher. saiThe Launch Control Center (LCC) is the elec- tronic brain of Complex 39. The launch team conducts preliminary checkout of the space booster and its payload. An array of elec- tronic instruments and computers can simulate every phase of the actual flight. ion-pound Mobile Launcher (ML) is a transportable base and umbilical tower on which the space booster is erected, moved to the launch pad and launched, The Mobile Service Structure (MSS) is used to service Skylab hardware at the launch pad. The 40-story, 10.5-million-pound structure provides external access to the booster and payload. The Transporter carries the Mobile Launcher and the assembled vehicle to the pad on its four double-tracked crawlers. The 6-million- pound vehicle moves at one mile per hour down a 130-foot-wide, 21-foot-thick roadway from the Vertical Assembly Building to the launch pad. It is equipped with a leveling system to keep the vehicle vertical during the trip. Multiple Docking Adapter mated with Airlock Module leaves St. Louis for Kennedy Space Center. 28CHAPTER V SKYLAB MISSIONS Skylab, this nation’s first manned space station, is capable of prolonged manned missions. It has support facilities to undertake a unified, multidisciplined research program in space. The 118-foot-long craft is designed for a min- imum operational life of 240 days. During this time, one crew stays aboard for up to 28 days; two crews remain up to 56 days each for a total manned use of 140 days. Skylab is outfitted and provisioned on the ground. It is launched as a single unmanned payload by a Saturn V launch vehicle from Pad 39A at Cape Kennedy, Florida. Only two stages of the normally three-stage Saturn V are used to boost Skylab into a 270-statute- (235-nautical-mile) orbit in- clined at a 50-degree angle to the equator. This inclination means that Skylab orbits be- tween 50 degrees north and south of the equator about 3450 miles on either side of the Earth's midpoint. Once in orbit, ground commands bring Skylab to life, deploying the Apollo Telescope Mount and solar arrays from the launch position to the operational position Skylab is then pressurized with oxygen to assure a safe environment for the first crew. The spacecraft is launched with nitrogen gas present, but oxygen must be added once in orbit to make a breathable atmosphere. The mixture is 74 per cent oxygen and 26 per cent nitrogen at a pressure of five pounds per square inch. This pressure is similar to that at 26,000 feet above Earth. = savor <>; a> ay \ pe \ N | Y ( y ( \ | 1 1 1 ol y | Q erences Qe Rendezvous | Qe endezvous | ' 1 & Reentry b 1 & Reentry | & Reentry | ¢ t t 1 | | | | | | | einer manne | secono mannen | snap stanven | VISIT (SL1-2) | VISIT (SL1-3) | VISIT (SL1-4) I Ht Manned er ose Manned 68 Days Oro Manned 56 Days | dab ory Stowe + te = Skylab mission profile. sa 29eae ci 1 mrenc uss peae, al — neaune Apollo Telescope Mount moves to operating position. sas SKYLAB 2 The first crew is launched in an Apollo Com- mand and Service Module approximately 24 hours after the Skylab Workshop launch. A Saturn IB is the launch vehicle from Pad 398 at Cape Kennedy. The Apollo spacecraft is initially inserted into a 93-by-110-statute-mile orbit. The service module propulsion and attitude control sys tems are used to transfer the spacecraft to 30 Skylab’s orbit and perform rendezvous and docking maneuvers at the forward (axial) port of Skylab’s Multiple Docking Adapter. The Skylab 2 crew sleeps for eight hours after docking. Astronauts then open the Apollo docking tunnel hatch and remove the docking probe and drogue. A manually operated valve beside the Multiple Docking Adapter hatch permits pressure between the two craft to be equalized so the docking adapter hatch can be opened. ‘Skylab payload shroud releases. S36 i B) fl) Shear 7 |]. surronr sraur Docking probe and drogue system. sarWhen the pressure gage on the hatch shows equal pressure, the astronauts open the hatch and enter Skylab. The hatches are left open open between Skylab and the Apollo spacecraft to cw HATCH provide atmosphere and electrical power con- nections to the Apollo craft. The first one-and-e-third days are spent acti- vating Skylab—checking out systems, turning on power to various parts of the craft, and stowing equipment and supplies from the Apollo spacecraft. PROBE & DROGUE About a day after docking, the crew uses the Apollo craft's attitude control system to cor- rect any insertion errors in Skylab’s orbit. om aren During the missions, orbital trim burns are carried out several times. Left uncorrected, Astronaut opens Apollo spacecraft hatch. sas Skylab’s orbit would drift about 28.78 statute miles (25 nautical miles) east after 356 revolu- tions (approximately 23 days). @ CLEAR - However the Earth resources sensing program ‘M/MDA TUNNEL requires a repeat of the orbital ground track (going back over a previous path) every 71 orbits. This repeat track makes possible obser- vations of a given area during different seasons of the year, i.e., spring, summer, and autumn Thus, during Skylab 2, orbit-correcting trim burns are conducted on about the eighth and 24th days. 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The latter trim burn compensates for Skylab orbital decay during the storage mode between Skylab 2 and 3. The burn also positions the space station on the proper ground track for Skylab 3's Earth resources sensing program. The Apollo spacecraft’s reaction control system cold gas thrusters are used for the trim 32 42 burns. Similar burns are conducted during Skylab 3 and 4. The typical crew day consists of eight hours sleep, eight hours preplanned experiment operations, and eight hours of eating, personal hygiene, relaxation, mission planning, and system housekeeping (determing operating condition of key spacecraft systems).EXPERIMENTS Fer omecnves MINERAL BALANCE ‘wo72) MINERAL HOUSEKEEPING ‘Skylab crew time chart. saa Approximately 25 days are spent conducting experiments including medical tests to eval- uate astronaut physical and mental condition, solar observations, Earth resources sensing, and space technology tests. During this mission the crew conducts the fol- lowing experiments, which utilize hardware developed by Martin Marietta Aerospace: Lower-Body Negative Pressure—measures the effect of weightlessness on blood circulation, especially in the lower part of the body. A device called a plethysmograph (Martin Marietta) measures blood flow in the legs by measuring the circumference of the leg calf. Two instruments were developed by Ma Marietta, an automatic blood pressure mea- suring device that uses a sensitive microphone and sound filter to detect blood flow in the artery, and a vectorcardiogram to measure the precise location of heart electrical activity. OY TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENT CONTROL [ maeveee any X ‘Skylab biomedical experiments measure astronaut condition in weightlessness. saaSleep Monitoring—studies changes in astro- naut sleep patterns in weightlessness, The con- trol system (Mai Marietta) analyzes infor- mation from a sensor-equipped cap. The system detects brain waves which indicate the sleep state (doze, deep, etc) and eye move- ments which also indicate the sleep state. Metabolic Activities—measures oxygen con- sumption by the crew as an indication of astronauts’ ability to perform work in weight- lessness. Martin Marietta provided the hose and mouthpiece assembly and a body temper- ature measuring system. The Metabolic Activ- ity experiment checks the crew's physical condition throughout the mission to show physicians the effects of weightlessness on the human body. Coronagraph Contamination Measurement— records the solar corona and the effects of minute particles around the spacecraft on ob- servations of the solar disc. The experiment hardware (Martin Marietta) holds a special 35-mm camera to photograph the corona and contamination. A small disc in front of the camera blots out the Sun, allowing the camera to see only the halo of light surrounding the Sun. The equipment is designed to fit in the scientific airlock in the Orbital Workshop. Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light—a photometer attached to the Optical Contamination exper- iment deployment boom. This experiment measures the faint sunlight reflected off parti- cles of space dust inside and outside of Earth’s orbit about the Sun. The photometer (Martin Marietta) is so sensitive it can detect a candle flame at five miles. The instrument is also used to measure the amount of contami nation—metal particles evaporated from the spacecraft, debris from waste dumps and other spacecraft ventings, around Skylab. Astronaut Maneuvering Unit—a nitrogen gas- powered backpack device (Martin Marietta) to test various types of astronaut maneuvering and control systems, The backpack propels the astronaut through space and is operated by hand controls. Stabilizing systems in the unit provide varying degrees of control to find h one works best in space. The unit is a prototype of maneuvering devices which may be used by astronauts to fly in free space on future missions. During this test, it is used inside the Orbital Workshop. Apollo Telescope Mount—is the Skylab solar observatory. The control and display console (Bendix) for the solar observation exper- iments includes provisions for manual control of the experiment unit, operational controls for each experiment, such as shutter controls, film advances, and television camera controls for solar viewing at the console or switching of the television image to ground stations. The console is designed to be operated by one or two astronauts. Earth Resources Experiments Package—is de- signed to remotely sense various forms of radiation from Earth such as infrared (heat), ultraviolet, and visible light. The control and display console (Bendix) for the Earth Re- sources experiments and the 28-channel tape recorder on which all data from the Multi- spectral Camera is recorded. The Earth Resources Experiments Package is expected to provide information on: the ecology, land use, thermal (heat) conditions in the seas, new fishing grounds, and new in- formation for mapping. Crew Motion Study—to determine the effects of crew movement inside Skylab on the sta- bility of the space station, A special sensor- equipped flight suit and force-measuring de- vices (Martin Marietta) determine how body Position and movement are transmitted to the spacecraft structure, The crewman wears the suit while doing a series of prescribed move- ments such as turning knobs, moving switches, and floating from one force mea- suring platform to the other. Ultraviolet Airglow Horizon Photography— which records the faint glow in Earth's upper atmosphere. Martin Marietta furnished the camera mounts and viewfinder system for the experiment.CHA yuan, see iE ceeecmcecrin reece Dims pee) UL ze oe ane eS Apollo Telescope Mount control and display panel in docking adapter. S45 oe ena Ultraviolet Horizon Airglow experiment. S46 One camera, equipped with a special ultra- violet-sensitive lens, is located in the scientific airlock. The other camera, loaded with color film, is mounted in the Skylab wardroom window. A crewman uses the viewfinder to aim the airlock camera at the airglow, while the fixed camera in the wardroom takes a general photograph of the area being recorded by the airlock camera. The exposure systems of the two cameras are linked for simultaneous control. The deactivation phase begins on the 27th day. This consists of reducing power to Skylab systems and stowing equipment. As the crew reenters the Apollo spacecraft, the Skylab interior lights are turned off. The docking hatch is closed and the drogue re- placed in the port. The Apollo craft undocks and the return to Earth begins. ORBITAL STORAGE During the unmanned phase, Skylab will be in a semiactive condition in a solar-inertial attitude. This means the Apollo Telescope Mount is pointed at the Sun and the long dimension of Skylab is aligned to its orbital plane around Earth. This attitude allows maximum exposure of the solar arrays for optimum electrical power generation. 35The Skylab atmosphere is allowed to decay to 0.5 pounds per square inch to minimize microbiological contamination. Heaters are turned off or down. The communication and data system provides space station condition reports to ground stations. It will also be used to order reactivation—heaters on high, and re- pressurization of the spacecraft just prior to the launch of the Skylab 3 Apollo spacecraft from Cape Kennedy. SKYLAB 3 The second three-man crew is launched ap- proximately 90 days after the first manned launch. The second crew will spend a sched- uled 56 days in Skylab. They will continue some of the experiments and initiate new tests. Rendezvous and docking are similar to the Skylab 2 activities. Reactivation of Skylab is faster for the Skylab 3 crew because all of the space station systems are not completely deactivated. The experimental phase of the mission will last about 54 days. In addition to continuing the experiments from Skylab 2, the Skylab 3 crew will also test the Foot Controlled Maneuvering unit. This nitrogen gas-powered device looks like a unicycle. Pedals on the base are foot-operated to control gas jets, permitting the operator to maneuver in weightlessness. Similar to the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit in operation, the Foot Controlled Maneuvering Unit is not as sophisticated. Its main purpose is to see if astronauts can use their feet to control their movements, leaving their hands free for other tasks. Deactivation of Skylab is similar to that of Skylab 2. Trim burns will establish Skylab in the solar inertial orbit. The crew takes their experimental data into the Apollo spacecraft, buttons up Skylab, undocks, and returns to Earth. 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Mission purpose and sequence of events are similar to the two previous Skylab missions, except that the Skylab 4 crew will prepare the space station for final orbital storage. This means the orbit will be trimmed to establish Skylab in a solar inertial attitude. As the crew deactivates the space station, most systems will be turned completely off and all data will be stored in the Apollo space- craft for return to Earth prior to undocking and deorbit. EXPERIMENT work AREA Orbital Workshop interior. 38 RESCUE MISSION Skylab, unlike previous space missions, pro- vides a rescue capability that can return any one of the three crews to Earth. A rescue Apollo spacecraft with a two-man crew would dock at the forward or secondary Multiple Docking Adapter port. The rescue mission uses the nextin-line Apollo spacecraft; the Skylab 3 and 4 space- craft serve as rescue vehicles for Skylab 2 and 3, respectively. The backup Apollo spacecraft serves as the rescue vehicle for Skylab 4, The Apollo command module is modified to accommodate five rather than the usual three persons. MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENT s49CHAPTER VI MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER The Multiple Docking Adapter is a reinforced aluminum cylinder, 10 feet in diameter and 17.3 feet long. It weighs about 14,000 pounds fully equipped. The docking adapter provides primary and secondary (backup) docking facilities for arriving manned Apoilo spacecraft command modules. During the mission, it is a major experiment control center for the Skylab cluster, The MDA consists of a semi-monocoque (ring frame and longeron construction) barrel sec- tion, 10 feet in diameter and 13.6 feet long. The forward part of the MDA is a 30-degree cone-shaped section, which contains the pri- mary (axial) docking port. A secondary (radial) docking port is built into the circum- ference of the main barrel section. Both ports are provided with pressure seals to accept the Apollo spacecraft. The outside of the MDA is covered by a radi- ator and meteoroid shield structure that stands three inches out from the pressure skin. A multilayered insulation blanket fills the area between the skin and the radiator/ meteoroid shield. Equipment mounted on the outside of the MDA includes— Loading Multiple Docking Adapter. sso MDA vacuum vent * MDA/AM electrical feedthrough cover as- sembly 10-band multispectral scanner (S192) Infrared spectrometer ($191) + Multispectral photography (S190) win- dow + Lband antenna truss and antenna * Proton spectrometer + Lighting control assembly inverter + Docking orientation lights Inside the MDA is a crew passageway from the Apollo spacecraft to the rest of Skylab, Crew work stations for Earth resources exper- iments, the solar observatory, and the manu- facturing in space experiments are positioned along the sides of the passageway. As you enter the MDA through the main (axial) docking port, the experiments and other oper: ating equipment are arranged on the lett (-Y) and right (+Y) sides of the cylinder. The left half of the MDA contains— + air diffusers 1 and 2 utility outlets 2 and 4 fan and muffler assemblies 1 and 2 * TV camera mount high-power accessory outlet 2 inflight spares container film vault 2 te eee MDA window and its associated heater switch assembly, cover, cover latch and cover crank the EREP viewfinder/tracker intercom + * * EREP multispectral cameras (S190) * forward and aft canisters for the extreme ultraviolet spectrograph/spectroheliograph experiment (S082) + multipurpose furnace for experiment M518 and the 17 experiments to be con- ducted using it + experiment control panel * forward lights 39CONTROL HEAD STOWAGE CONTAINER STOWAGE CONTAINER (M512) CONTAINS: SPHERE FORMING DRIVE ASSEMBLY METALS MELTING DRIVE ASSEMBLY ui EXPERIMENT SUPPORT EQUIPMENT. FILM VAULT NO. 1 FILM VAULT NO. 4 MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE (M512) CONTROL & DISPLAY PANEL MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE (M512) PACKAGE AND STOWAGE CONTAINER. INTERCOMAA$$$£€_=———_——. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM BRANCHING DUCTS. ZERO-GRAVITY FLAMMABILITY (M479) CONTAINER SINGLE CRYSTAL GROWTH BOX (M512) M512 VENT VALVE MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE (M512) VENT VALVE BELLOWS (M512) INFLIGHT MAINTENANCE HATCH REMOVAL TOOLS MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER ACCESS HATCH AXIAL DOCKING PORT: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM 5 FLEXIBLE DUCT ASSEMBLY (STOWED POSITION) L-BAND ANTENNA TRUSS PROTON SPECTROMETER: INVERTER/LIGHT CONTROL ASSEMBLY ———— EREP L-BAND ANTENNA me MUL CAN SAF EREP L-BAND MICROWAVE RADIOMETER ELECTRONICS ($194) TEMPERA Left half of Multiple Docking Adapter showing equipment placement. 40STOWAGE CONTAINER -AY PANEL. MATERI X-RAY SPECTROGRAI MULTISPECTRAL EREP CAMERA WINDOW SAFETY SHIELD TEMPERATURE THERMOSTATEXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROHELIOGRAPH (S082A) EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROGRAPH (S082B) HTS AREA FAN NO. 2 ——————— FIRE EXTINGUISHER TEMPERATURE THERMOSTAT RADIO NOISE BURST MONITOR P| MISCELLANEOUS STOWAGE: as ACCUTRON TIMER > FILTER BYPASS ADAPTER HEADSET MANUAL POINTING CONTROLLER RETURN N CONTAINER > SHORTING PLUGS UMBILICALS FOR CONTROL POWER COMMUNICATION UNIVERSAL EAR TUBE | TV CAMERA POSITION 2 j CASSETTE TREE (SUN END) MISCELLANEOUS STOWAGE CONTAINER STRUCTURAL TRANSITION SECTION HIGH POWER ACCESS OUTLET UTILITY OUTLET (ELECTRICAL) TV CAMERA POSITION 1 SNAP ASSEMBLY (TYPICAL) FILM VAULT NO. 2 CABLE TRAYS P FAI MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE (M512) ELECTRIC FURNACE SE WIRDOW X-RAY SPECTROGRAPHIC TELESCOPE (S054) RETURN CONTAINER STOWAGE AREA FAN NO. 1 ETY SHIELD SECONDARY (RADIAL) DOCKING PORT TURE THERMOSTAT* camera mount * cassette tree * 10-band multispectral scanner The right half contains— * ATM control and display (C&D) panel with associated foot restraints center film tree film vaults 1, 3, and 4 utility outlets 1, 2, and 3 EREP tape recorders EREP C&D consoles multispectral scanner (S192) electronics multispectral photography (S190) stow- age container Earth resources experiments control and display panel nuclear emulsion (S009) experiment flight data file video tape recorder environmental control system flexible duct to the Apollo spacecraft +e ete * eee DOCKING ADAPTER DATA Specifications Diameter 10.5 feet Length 17.3 feet Weight 13,800 pounds Work Space 1140 cubic feet Structural Aluminum welded to alu: Shell minum ribs and stringers (built by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center) Barrel Aluminum alloy construc- tion; welded panels ranging in thickness from 0.176 to 0.065 inch. Stiffened by five ring frames and eight longe- rons. Experiments and sup- port equipment installations are attached to the ring frames and longerons. Docking 33.62 inches in diameter Ports 20 inches long 0.25-inch-thick aluminum panels Outer Shell Radiator —_0.030-inch_magnesium with panels coolant tubing welded to the side toward the MDA Meteoroid 0.020- to 0.050-inch alumi- panels num Insulation Aluminized Mylar and nylon mesh; 91 layers of Mylar and 90 layers of nylon mesh be- tween the MDA shell and radiator and meteoroid pan- els; total of 470 square feet of insulation Fastening Methods Major Shell Welding Other members nut/bolt attachments); more than 4000 fasteners on adapter shell Wiring Approximatley 40,000 feet of electrical cable RENDEZVOUS/DOCKING Four orientation lights (white, amber, green, and red) are mounted 90 degrees apart on the forward part of the MDA cone near the outer skin line. The lights (McDonnell Douglas) pro- vide visual reference for vehicle gross attitude during Apollo spacecraft rendezvous. The docking target is mounted on a 2.5-inch aluminum support assembly. The target is a LEM-type device used during the Apollo pro- gram. It is mounted on the cone and is visible to the docking Apollo spacecraft. Each docking port is equipped with a droque (Rockwell International), The drogue resem- bles a funnel with the large end pointing to- ward the arriving Apollo spacecraft. A probe on the spacecraft is guided to three capture latches at the end of the drogue. aFOOT RESTRAINT PLATFORM (EREP CONTROL & DISPLAY CONSOLE) SPARE DIGITAL ADDRESS SYSTEM FOOT RESTRAINT PLATFORM (ATM CONTROL & DISPLAY CONSOLE) APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT CONTROL & DISPLAY CONSOLE OUTLET BOX (ELECTRICAL) TV INPUT STATION VIDEO SWITCH INTERCOM STRUCTURAL TRANSITION SECTION HANDRAIL EREP COOLANT BY-PASS VALVE CASSETTE TREE (CENTER STATION) ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM MOLECULAR SIEVE DUCT. CONTINGENCY TOOL BOX SECONDARY OXYGEN PACK TEMPERATURE THERMOSTAT — EREP MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER (S192) —— EREP REDUNDANT TAPE RECORDER FILM VAULT NO. 3 - = EREP EXPERIMENT SUPPORT EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLIES EREP MULTISPECTRAL CAMERA STOWAGE CONTAINER (S190) EREP MULTISPECTRAL CAMERA ASSEMBLY (S190) EREP INFRARED SPECTROMETER ($191) — Right half of Multiple Docking Adapter showing equipment placement. 42ISOLE) SOLE) EREP MULTISPE APOLLO TELESC FOOT RES- FLIGHT DATA FILE CO) ABSORBER CONTAINER EREP MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER ELECTRONICS (S192) VIDEO TAPE RECORDER APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS FOOT RESTRAINT PLATFORM (STOWED POSITION) ELECTRICAL UMBILICAL VENT PANEL TEMPERATURE THERMOSTAT EREP TAPE RECORDER = SVR — FOOT RESTRAINT PLATFORM (M512) NUCLEAR EMULSION (S009) EREP CONTROL & DISPLAY PANEL ____ ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM FLEXIBLE DUCT VIEWFINDER/TRACKER SYSTEMAfter docking, the probe and drogue are re- moved from the docking port so crewmen can ‘open the hatch and enter the Skylab. Each docking port is equipped with a pressure hatch (Martin Marietta). They are removable and interchangeable. Each hatch is 32.38 inches in diameter and 1.2 inches thick with actuating handles on both sides. The hatches are made of aluminum honeycomb. A container of tools on the main (forward) hatch can be used to open the hatch if neces- sary. The hatches are self-sealing during launch and orbit operations, but can be opened by astronauts entering the docking adapter from the Apollo spacecraft. L-BAND TRUSS The L-Band truss is a welded aluminum as- sembly of 3.25- and 2.5-inch extruded tubes. Mounted on the forward end of the docking adapter, it provides mounting for the L-Band Microwave Radiometer (S194) antenna, the Inverter Lighting Control Assembly, the Pro- ton Spectrometer, and the $194 electronics equipment. RADIATORS/METEOROID SHIELDING Seven radiator panels (McDonnell Douglas) are mounted on fiberglass standoffs on the exterior of the MDA approximately three inches above the pressure skin. The panels cover 323 square feet, about 70 per cent of the MDA outer surface. Together with the four radiator panels mounted on the Struc- tural Transition Section, the radiators can radiate excess spacecraft heat into space at 16,000 Btu/hr. The remaining 30 per cent of the MDA exter- nal surface is covered with micro-meteoroid shielding. The shields are aluminum alloy sheets 0.020 inch thick covering the barrel and 0.050 inch thick on the cone. Together, the radiators and meteoroid panels protect MDA components and astronauts against meteoroid penetr: beexme ranct stom yn mot vey xecrens (ie \ vaives i el ay ger sane Major docking adapter external items. ssa DOCKING ADAPTER HATCH PRESSURE EQUALIZATION VALVE TUNNEL, DROGUE LATCH PIN (PULL AND ROTATE cow TO UNLOCK) DOCKING RING Docking adapter hatch arrangement. sss outa Socking mooute Darren Caano Truss L-Band truss and antenna. sssINSULATION A 91-layer insulation blanket is laced in the space between the radiator/meteoroid shield assembly and the docking adapter pressure skin. The insulation consists of 91 layers of perforated double aluminized Mylar separated by Dacron net spacers. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL Skylab is subjected to two thermal environ- ments—the intense heat of the Sun, which will heat portions of the Multiple Docking Adapter to 277 degrees Fahrenheit, and the cold of dark space, which will chill the MDA surface to as low as -180 degrees Fahrenheit. The environmental control system must pro- vide a breathable atmosphere inside Skylab and maintain crew and equipment tempera- tures within tolerable limits. Controls for the environmental control sys- tem are located in the Airlock Module. Atmo- spheric circulation within the Skylab cluster is controlled by electric fans and ducts including a flexible duct extending from the Multiple Docking Adapter into the Apollo spacecraft while it is docked to the cluster. The crew areas of Skylab are pressurized to five pounds per square inch with 74 per cent oxygen and 26 per cent nitrogen. This mix gives the astronauts about the same amount of breathable oxygen as Earth. Oxygen and nitrogen gases are stored in pres- sure vessels located between the Airlock Module tunnel and the Fixed Airlock Shroud. Atmospheric purification and humidity con- trol are achieved by passing the gases through carbon dioxide removal equipment and through water removing condensers. Odors are removed by filtering the atmo- sphere through activated coconut shell char- coal filters. During normal operations, internal heat is generated by the lighting system, operating 44 equipment, and crew to provide comfortable compartment temperatures. During the unmanned phases, temperatures could vary more widely. A combination of heaters and active/passive cooling can main- tain Skylab and its instruments during the storage modes. Heat-producing equipment such as the Apollo Telescope Mount control and display console and the Earth resources experiments, produce considerable heat during operation. This and other heat-producing equipment are cooled by a water circulation system through refrig- erator-like cold plates. The excess heat is dumped to space through the Skylab external radiator system. DOCKING ADAPTER ENVIRONMENT MDA environmental control system ducts consist of a four-inch diameter duct from the structural transition section molecular sieve system (an air-filtering unit) into the docking adapter. Three heat exchanger ducts (Martin Marietta) are built as one assembly. All ducts are located along the wall of the MDA op- posite the secondary (radial) docking port and run the full length of the barrel section. Two fans and associated muffler systems (for noise control) circulate conditioned air through the MDA at 15- to 100-cubic- feet-per-minute. A similar fan/muffler is con- nected to a flexible duct that is carried through the docking port into the Apollo spacecraft. This fan/duct combination pro- vides 100 cubic-foot-per-minute airflow in the Apollo command module. The MDA docking port and wall heater sys- tem consists of a 15-watt heater/thermostat assembly and a control thermostat at each docking port. Spaced around the interior wall of the MDA are 16 wall heaters, eight 20-watt units and eight 40-watt units. Each heater has a primary and secondary element and is ther- mostatically controlled. The docking port heaters replace heat lost overboard through the ports to prevent coldFACILITY EARTH TO COMMAND MODULE FAN/DIFFUSERS BATTERY VENT VALVES Docking adapter environmental control system, spots within the docking adapter. The pri- mary (axial) docking port is also equipped with a 160-watt ring heater to keep the port warm during docking and crew entrance. The MDA heaters function much like the furnace in the average home-maintaining a comfortable (65 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit) temperature regardless of the conditions out- side. Power for the heaters comes from the electrical power distribution system in the Airlock Module. EXPERIMENT THERMAL CONTROL/ VENTING An active coolant system maintains thermal control for the Apollo Telescope Mount con- trol and display panel and the Earth resources experiments. A pump system circulates water from the Air- lock Module coolant tanks through heat ex- |SPACE MANUFACTURING a a FLEXIBLE ATMOSPHERE DUCT —IMOSPHERE DUCTS Gl FROM AIRLOGK MODULE D MOLECULAR SIEVE DUCT ‘TELESCOPE CONTROL/DISPLAY EARTH RESOURCES/TELESCOPE MOUNT =] ‘THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEM 356 changer cold plates. Excess heat is then car- ried through the coolant loops to the external radiators, which dissipate it into space. Two experiments in the MDA, the Manufac- turing in Space (M512) and the Zero-Gravity Flammability (M479), produce possibly harm- ful gases as a part of their operation. The experiments are carried out in a sealed chamber, but the byproducts of the exper- iments must be vented to space. The vent system consists of two manually operated valves and a bellows assembly. The primary valve is immediately outside the experiment chamber. The secondary or safety valve is lo- cated against the MDA wall where the vent pipe goes through to space. The bellows as- sembly, installed between the two valves, compensates for movement between the test chamber and the MDA. 45CARBON DIOXIDE CONTROL A carbon dioxide filter bank (Martin Marietta) is located forward of the Apollo Telescope Mount control and display console. The rectangular aluminum box, about 7 by 16 by 30 inches, contains 10 carbon dioxide fil- ters. This system supplements the reusable carbon dioxide filter system in the Airlock Module. ockina ADAPTER Carbon dioxide control unit. ss7 COMMUNICATIONS This subsystem includes data, voice, and tele- vision transmission (telemetry). The instrumentation and communication sub- system checks the operating status of the MDA by monitoring temperature and pres- sure. It also provides communication between the MDA and the rest of Skylab, as well as to the Earth via the Airlock Module and Apollo spacecraft telemetry links. The instrumentation system consists of tem- perature sensors and associated signal condi- 46 tioner and pressure sensors. The temperature is measured inside and outside the MDA in three ranges: 23°F to 112°F; -103°F to 187°F; and -193°F to 212°F. The pressure sensors measure internal MDA pressure from 0 to 6 pounds per square inch. The temperature sensor (Hi-Cal Engineering) has a platinum element that changes resis- tance with temperature change. The pressure sensor (Bourns Inc.) uses a vane or wiper at tached to a potentiometer. Pressure applied to the vane moves the potentiometer and changes the output signal. The signal conditioner (Martin Marietta) com- pletes the circuit for the temperature sensors and adjusts the output voltages to match with the Airlock Module telemetry system. INTERCOM Two speaker intercom panels are located in the docking adapter, one at each end. The units (McDonnell Douglas) are identical to units located in the Airlock Module and Or- bital Workshop. They form a cluster-wide communication system, also tying into the onboard recorders and the Apollo spacecraft S-band radio transmission system to the ground. The intercoms also form part of the Skylab caution and warning system. w~ Intercommunication unit.The intercoms have two voice channels and a “sleep mode” switch, which blocks out all but crew alerting signals. MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS CAUTION AND WARNING The Caution and Warning system in the Mul- tiple Docking Adapter will detect a one-inch flame (approximately the size of a paper match flame) at 10 feet and sound an alarm within five seconds to alert the cluster. The detectors are ultraviolet sensors mounted in the MDA so as to cover nearly the entire area. The sensors also provide their own false alarm protection through a comparator circuit that uses the second sensor as a background particle detector. The system (McDonnell Douglas) is divided into a caution and warning subsystem and an emergency subsystem. Only. the emergency subsystem is operational within the Multiple Docking Adapter. The emergency subsystem monitors two con- ditions: fire in the Multiple Docking Adapter, Airlock Module, and Orbital Workshop, and rapid decreases in pressure (delta P) within Skylab. Two delta P sensors are located in the Structural Transition Section (STS). Two fire sensors are located in the Multiple Docking Adapter, eight in the Airlock Module and 12 in the Orbital Workshop. The warning signals are displayed both as a master alarm light on the intercom boxes (three in the MDA, 10 in the OWS) and audibly from two klaxons, one in the Airlock Module forward compartment and one in the Orbital Workshop, forward compartment. The klaxon emits a siren tone in the event of fire, and a modulated buzzer tone in the event of a rapid pressure change (delta P). The caution and warning system that moni- tors vital spacecraft functions such as thermal control, environmental control, and the elec- trical power systems is controlled from the Airlock Module. An additional caution, warning, and emergency display panel is the Orbital Workshop. Caution and warning audible tones—a continuous one kilohertz tone for caution, and an interrupted one kilohertz tone for warning—are also trans- mitted through the 13 intercom units. A ground commanded ‘crew alert’ can be sent either through the Airlock Module Digital Command System of the command module data uplink. TELEVISION A television input station in the MDA permits a color television camera to be used in the docking adapter. The input station is one of five located throughout the Skylab cluster. A television switching unit (Martin Marietta) also located in the docking adapter, permits the astronauts to select either the portable camera signal or one of the two Apollo Telescope Mount tele- vision signals to be fed into the onboard video tape recorder or directly to Earth via the Apollo spacecraft S-band transmitter. The video tape recorder (Radio Corporation of America), located in the MDA, can handle simultaneous direct ground transmission and recording of television input. The recorder can hold up to 30 minutes of television time. Thus, it is possible to send television pictures of solar phenomena directly to the ground stations from the Apollo Telescope Mount cameras or to permit scientists to watch the conduct of a particular experiment in the Or- bital Workshop. Extravehicular act also televised by extending the television cam- era out through the Orbital Workshop scien- tific airlock on the Optical Contamination Ex- periment (T027) deployment boom. WINDOWS Four window assemblies are installed in the MDA pressure shell. They are for the Multi- spectral Photography (S190), Infrared Spec- ‘trometer (S191), and the Multispectral Scan- ner (S192). 47Astronaut Alan Shepard examines Earth resources window. sso The $190 window is optical BK 7 glass, 16 by 22 inches and 1.6 inches thick (Actron). Because of its size, the window has its own heating system. A tempered glass safety shield (Martin Marietta) is placed over the S190 window to protect it from damage when the camera array is swung back to the stowed position. The glass shield, identical to that used in the Lunar Module, can also serve as a pressure seal. An external window cover of fiberglass honeycomb material (Martin Marietta) pro- tects the window's optical surface from mi- crometeoroid impacts, contamination, and thermal effects when not in use. The $191 window is also optical BK 7 glass, four inches in diameter and 0.48-inch thick (OCLI). The $192 experiment has two win- dows, one of germanium and the other of in- frasil. Both are three inches in diameter and a quarter-inch thick. POWER/LIGHTING The MDA electrical power system receives all of its electrical power from the Airlock Module power distribution system. The MDA has no generating or power storage capability. 48 Typical Skylab interior light. s6o Basic sources of electrical power for the Skylab cluster are the solar arrays—two of wi are located on the Orbital Workshop (the wing of Skylab) and four on the Apollo Telescope Mount—and the rechargeable batteries located in the Airlock Module. The nominal continuous power capability of the solar array generating system is 7530 watts. This is fed through a regulator into the electrical distribution system. Four utility and two high-power electrical outlets (Martin Marietta) are located in the MDA. They are rated at 28 volts de and one ampere each for the utility outlets and 12 amperes each for the high-power outlets. General illumination in the MDA is provided by eight floodlights, giving an illumination level between 3.5 and 5.0 foot candles. This will give the MDA a light level approximately the same as the average home living room. Two lights are located near the Apollo Tele- scope Mount control and display panel. These are equipped with shields to direct up to 90 per cent of the available light directly on thepanel. Two other lights are located along the forward barrel wall and four lights are mount- ed on the cone section where the main docking port is located. Each light is equipped with an off-low-high switch. A master light switch is mounted near the main docking port so the lights can be turned on as the astronauts enter from the Apollo spacecraft. One cone and one barrel light, automatically controlled from the Air- lock Module, are used as emergency lighting. Power Requirements for equipment in the MDA are as follows. tinwer hs ah) so [ne | we Fecwr! ner gh a zo fone | a se so | os | oe ie wo | sso | as Mie aio | amo | amo we fas | fone | ose ttt no | rss | 2180 tices es | as | “ase tee3 a; | SP] 88 se ie | ate | ite cone! 8 igh Cn so | 750 | 100 nck Po Hester vs | wa | 28 rec oa | os | to%3 rece ra foo | 2008 en Vanes ns | oe | doo exon rom cow 2 | a | as en Gnae wtse | 1002 | tao radon Br Mentor ee | zs | ‘m0 Fee ectonswnen ConrtPaet_| ‘38 | az_| oa CREW EQUIPMENT S61 Crew operational equipment is for the protec- tion, comfort, and assistance of the crewmen. This equipment includes data files, tools, fire extinguisher, portable oxygen pack and mask, speaker intercoms, and communication head- sets, stowage containers, television cameras, utility outlets, and other portable equipment. The crew has a data file (Martin Marietta) stored in an 11 by 10 by 20-inch container equipped with elastic dividers which hold books in place in weightlessness. The data file contains checklists, manuals, and operating procedures for the experiments and modular equipment. At launch, the checklists, along with clipboards, are stowed in the container located near the Apollo Telescope Mount con- trol and display console. Crew data file container. S62 A set of tools is located in the MDA to allow the crew to perform inflight maintenance and repairs. The kit contains wrenches, scissors, screwdrivers, tape and repair patches. Each tool has a Velcro strip on it so it can be attached to a belt the crewman wears during inflight maintenance tasks. A fire extinguisher is mounted on the wall with a quick release clamp. The extinguisher s a stainless steel tank, about 10 inches long and weighing about eight pounds. The ex- tinguishing agent is an aqueous gel which cre- ates two cubic feet of foam. The gel can be expelled through a directional nozzle or a spreader attachment for wider coverage. 49‘OXYGEN TANKS PRIMARY OXYGEN — PRESSURE REGULATOR Portable oxygen pack. 50 343 A portable oxygen pack and mask are located in the aft section of the MDA. The pack is self-contained. Oxygen is stored at 6000 pounds per square inch as a secondary oxygen source for the astronaut pressure suit if the life support umbilical fails. It can also be used in case of smoke, toxic gas, or hostile atmos- phere in the module when the crewman is out of his suit. The pack is worn strapped to the thigh. Stowage containers are located on the walls of the MDA. These containers are labeled and numbered in series according to location to aid the crew in finding a particular item. The film vaults are special containers that provide radiation protection for the ATM film magazines and cameras. RESTRAINTS Crew restraints, such as handholds and special flooring hold the crew securely when using both hands to operate experiments, yet permit them to move from place to place in weightlessness. Handholds around the MDA hatches and at the experiment work stations help the astro- nauts stabilize themselves while working on a particular experiment. The foot restraints are triangular-shaped grid platforms. The astronauts wear special shoes equipped with triangular-shaped cleats. When the cleat is inserted into the grid floor and turned slightly, it locks by friction, holding the astronaut in one place while leaving both hands free for work. Snaps and strips of Velero are attached to the walls and containers to provide temporary stowage of equipment. The crew can attach ‘temporary stowage bags to the snaps./ f eo ae Wa. NY Grillwork floor is part of restraint system. 366 CASSETTE TREES Two film cassette trees (Marshall Space Flight Center) are located in the MDA. These trees are the astronaut’s “shopping basket.” They are used to transport the ATM cameras and film magazines from the film vaults to the ATM. Cameras and magazines clamp on the trees—the astronaut can carry the equipped tree with one hand or tied to his EVA tether. The trees are also used to return film to Skylab. The trees are located on the barrel wall at the aft end of the MDA. MDA EXPERIMENT SYSTEMS The main purpose of the docking adapter is to provide a controlled environment in which astronauts conduct a variety of experiments. Ten major experiments, some consisting of several subparts, are carried out in the dock- ing adapter. EARTH RESOURCES The Earth Resources Experiments Package (EREP) consists of five sensors that will scan Earth for information about its resources. The sensors are supported by a control and display panel and two 24-channel magnetic tape re- corders (primary and backup) that record a major portion of the data. MULTIPURPOSE PHOTOGRAPHIC FACILITY (S190) This experiment consists of six cameras mounted together, the associated control elec- tronics, and film magazines. It looks at Earth through the $190 window and records the planet's surface on film sensitive to visible and infrared radiation. The cameras will observe and record information on water pollution, geological features, and development of urban and metropolitan areas. INFRARED SPECTROMETER (S191) This instrument evaluates infrared (heat) radi- ation originating or reflected from Earth, and measures the effect of Earth’s atmosphere on this radiation. This instrument is used in conjunction with a viewfinder/tracker (Martin Marietta) to manually track Earth targets. The device has a small field of view, allowing it to take infor- mation from relatively small areas of the Earth’s surface. The viewfinder/tracker per- mits the instrument to be aimed at the target for longer periods of time than would be pos- sible if it were solidly fixed to Skylab. MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER (S192) This sensor measures radiation from Earth in several areas of the spectrum. It obtains data that may identify and map significant features in agriculture, forestry, geology, water re- sources (hydrology), and oceanography. MICROWAVE RADIOMETER/ SCATTEROMETER/ALTIMETER (S193) This multipurpose instrument will examine ocean surfaces to determine global patterns of roughness, wave conditions, and surface wind patterns. This information will provide new 51rapowerer . — MULTISPECTRAL CAMERAS] 2. INFRARED SENSOR ‘& VIEWFINDER EARTH TERRAIN CAMERA (= Earth resources sensors controlled from single panel. data for weather and sea condition predic- tions. Areas of ice, rain, and cloud patterns can be identified—as well as sea surface tem perature—which are useful in establishing the location of new fishing grounds. Over land, the instrument will show seasonal advances and retreats of snow cover—vital to water resource management, changes in the boarders of frozen and unfrozen ground, and extent of recent rainfall in remote regions that could cause flooding in populated areas. The device will also be used to develop more sophisticated space radar altimeters. Its distinct. advantage among the EREP sensors is that operation is not affected by clouds or darkness. 52 PRIMARY TAPE RECORDER RADIOMETER /SCATTEROMETER 1 ALTIMETER. ce MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER L-BAND RADIOMETER This instrument measures reflected radiation from the Earth—the brightness of various fea- ‘tures such as the oceans and land features. It can also provide information on cloud mois- ture content because the reflectance of the clouds varies with moisture content. APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT CONTROL & DISPLAY CONSOLE This console is the control center for the Apollo Telescope Mount solar observatory. It provides television monitors—so the astronaut operator can watch solar activities—and a manual pointing control to aim the solar ob- servatory instruments at the Sun.Solar observatory control pane. see The unit (Martin Marietta/Bendix) is mounted in the aft part of the MDA adjoining the Structural Transition Section. From the console, the following solar exper- iments and subsystems can be operated. Hydrogen-Alpha Telescopes X-Ray Telescope (S056) Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroheliograph (S082A) White Light Coronagraph (S052) Ultraviolet Scanning Polychromater Spectroheliometer (SO55A) X-Ray Spectrographic Telescope (S054) Attitude Pointing Control System Telemetry system Electrical Power System Television System for observation, recording, or direct transmission Experiment Canister Thermal Control System Ground Data Acquisition System Experiment Alert System. The control and display console operates con- tinuously while the Skylab is pressurized and will operate on a limited basis without spacecraft pressurization. Electrical power to the ATM control and dis- play console comes from the ATM solar array. The power is conditioned by the Inverter/ Light Control Assembly mounted outside the MDA on the L-Band truss. The Inverter/Light Control Assembly provides both regulated and unregulated, alternating and direct cur- rent to the console. OTHER EXPERIMENTS The Nuclear Emulsion (S009) experiment (Naval Research Laboratory) consists of a de- tector package of film layers designed to separate high and low energy particles to study charge spectrum of primary cosmic rays. The experiment obtains the data before the cosmic rays strike the earth’s atmosphere. The data will yield information contributing to basic understanding of cosmic ray physics. The Materials Processing in Space (M512/479) experiment (MSFC) is used to test space man- ufacturing applications of phenomena such as molten metal flow, freezing patterns, thermal stirring, fusion across gaps, and surface ten- sion, This information will be useful in con- struction, assembly, and repair of structures outside the Earth environment. Two Radio Noise Burst Monitors (RNBM) (SCI Electronics) are installed in the MDA. One is the primary and one the backup. They provide onboard, quick reaction monitoring of solar flare activity to permit immediate manual activation of the ATM solar experiments. The Proton Spectrometer (MSFC) is mounted ‘on the L-Band truss. It consists of a detector head and electronics housed as a single unit. The detector head is the particle identifying and measuring device. It measures electrons from 1.2 to 10 MeV. and protons from 20 to 400 MeV. It is used to determine the energy and intensity spectra of energetic protons and electrons in the South Atlantic Anomaly. The instrument also aid in the evaluation of shielding and film fogging and to determine the radiation dose received by the crew. 53ssaauape WATER QUENCH Astronaut prepares vacuum chamber. 54 a conrainen nes ‘Special monitors check solar activity.STOWAGE/FILM VAULTS Four film vaults (Martin Marietta) are located in the MDA. They are all rectangular in shape and have hinged doors. Two expando pins secure each vault door during launch and as- cent. These pins expand when the hinged lever handle is moved from its open position to closed position. The pins are removed when in orbit and replaced by pushbutton- operated pip pins. Film vault description— Vault 1 Vault 2 Material [Aluminum 6061 | Aluminum 6061 Thickness | 0.5 inch 1.0 inch Size 23 by 24 by 40 | 32 by 23 by 29 Fabrication | Welded Welded Aft of Secondary Port Location | Adjacent to Vault 2 Vault 3 Vault 4 ‘Aluminum 6061 | Aluminum 2024 1.8 inch 0.09 inch 21 by 24by30_| 33 by 28 by 26 Welded Mechanical Aft of Secondary | Same Level Port as Secondary Port 72 These vaults contain film and cameras for the Apollo telescope solar photography. + Vault No. 1 contains— Two S082A film cai zines Two S0828 film canisters and maga- zines Vault No. 2 contains— Two S052 cameras with film Two S054 magazines with film Two S056 magazines with film Vault No. 3 contains— ‘One $052 camera with film One S054 magazine with film One S056 magazine with film Vault No. 4 contains— Three H a1 magazines with film fers and maga- * * * + Inflight maintenance spares pallet has a spare video switch, a spare TV input station, a contingency power cable (MDA to CSM), and a contingency power cable for the video switch. + Cable container pallet has three crewman communication umbilicals and stowage for six vault door pip pins. The vault walls vary in thickness to protect film of different radiation sensitivity from exposure while in storage. STOWAGE CONTAINERS A miscellaneous stowage container (Martin Marietta) is mounted aft of film vault 1. It is a rectangular aluminum box approximately 30, by 23 by 11 inches of welded construction with a hinged door. It is compartmentalized and all dividers are covered with mosite sponge. The box also incorporates a remov- able tray that covers approximately one-third of the stowage area lower level. Items stowed in the container include— * Lower Level Spare CM/MDA power cable Spare CM/MDA control cable © Tray Two Accutron timers (one spare) for ATM C&D console One spare manual pointing controller for ATM C&D console Nine ATM film return stowage bags * Upper Level Eight lightweight crewman communi- cation umbilicals Four lightweight headsets One Skylab oxygen mask Three filter bypass adapters Two shorting plugs A control head stowage container (Martin Marietta) is mounted on the side of film vault 1, It is an aluminum box of welded construc tion approximately 8 by 14 by 6 inches filled with mosite foam that is cutout to cradle four Communication Control Heads. Two in the box proper and two in the lid. 55An inflight Maintenance Tool Container (Martin Marietta) is mounted on the aft end of film vault 2. It is a rectangular aluminum box of riveted construction that contains three sliding drawers for tool stowage. It is approximately 22 by 18 by 15 inches. The drawers are filled with mosite sponge with cutouts that cradle the tools. The tools are used to perform spare component replace- ments, contingency AM and OWS hatch re- moval in case of a jammed hatch, and con- tingency patching material in the event of a meteoroid puncture. An X-Ray Spectrographic Telescope film return canister container (Martin Marietta) is mounted on the forward side of film vault 2. It is an aluminum cylinder of welded and riveted construction that opens clamshell fashion. It has sponge dividers to cushion the four S054 film return canisters that are launched in the container. It is approximately 13 inches in diameter by 24 inches in length. An EREP Accessories stowage container (Martin Marietta) is mounted adjacent to the 56 Experiment stowage vault. S73 secondary docking port. It is a rectangular aluminum box of welded and riveted con- struction approximately 13 by 14 by 48 inches. It contains Multipurpose Photographic Facility components such as 18 lens filters, two filter return containers, spare magazine drive assembly, 18 desiccant assemblies and small hand tools.CHAPTER VII EXPERIMENTS Skylab is a large manned scientific laboratory circling Earth every 90 minutes. More than 90 separate experiments are being conducted during the 140 days of manned flight. These experiments will lead to a better under- standing of the space environment, the Sun, the galaxy, the Earth, and the effects of space ‘on man. Martin Marietta Aerospace produced equip- ment for approximately 25 per cent of the experiments at its space center near Denver. The company developed and produced five complete experiments, portions of several others, and control systems for more than a dozen. The five experiments are Crew Vehicle Dis- turbance (1013), Foot-Controlled Man: euvering Unit (T020), Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (M509), Contamination Measurement (T7027), and Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light (S073). Martin Marietta built portions of the Sleep Monitoring (M133), Coronagraph Conta nation Measurement (TO25), Inflight Lower- Body Negative Pressure (M092), Vector- cardiogram (M093), Metabolic Activity (M171), Ultraviolet Airglow Horizon Photog: raphy (S063), and equipment for the Portable Color Television System, Earth Resources (EREP) Support Equipment, and Apollo Tele- scope Mount Control and Display Panel CREW VEHICLE DISTURBANCE (T013) Purpose is to determine if crew members moving about in Skylab affect the stability of the spacecraft. One function of Skylab and future space stations is to serve as a platform for solar and stellar observations. This re- quires that the platform be extremely stable. Even on Earth, observatory telescopes are shock-mounted against possible Earth tremors and other vibrations which might throw the telescope off target. While Skylab is weightless in space, it is pos- sible that normal movements of its crew could change the spacecraft's mass distribution, thus affecting its ability to maintain a precise atti- tude to a specific target. The experiment consists of an instrumented coverall-type garment, two load-measuring systems sensitive to the amount of force ap plied to them, a data collection system, and an umbilical cable to carry information from the instrumented garment to the data system. The coverall garment is equipped with a set of connected metal rods and rotating potentiom- eters named an exoskeleton. The potentiom- eters are located at principal body joints and are linked together in the same manner as the joints of the body. When any portion of the body changes position, the shift results in a position change for one or more of the potentiometers. Crew motion experiment suit.Thus, from the potentiometer signals, scientists on Earth can identify body movements during the experiment and can compare these movements with reactions from the spacecratt’s attitude control system. Each load cell array (called a force measuring unit) consists of six load cells (force mea- suring devices) arranged between two metal plates. As force is applied to the plate, one or more load cells are affected. Their output helps calculate the amount and direction of any force applied to the plate. The load cells are attached to the walls of Skylab. One is equipped with foot straps much like skis, By attaching himself to this load cell array, the astronaut can record the amount of force transmitted by his move- ments to the Skylab structure. The astronaut can also “bounce” back and forth between load cell arrays, thus measuring the amount of force (disturbance) carried to Skylab by such common actions as grabbing a handhold to stop at a control panel, The data acquisition system consists of a signal digitizer/amplifier which correlates signals from the coverall sensors, the force measuring units, and the elapsed time signal from the Orbital Workshop. This information is fed to the Airlock Module tape recorder for later transmission to ground. The crew will return a film cartridge of the entire experiment, which will be correlated with the telemetered data, including infor- mation from the Apollo Telescope Mount attitude contro! system to determine effects of movement on Skylab stability. FOOT- CONTROLLED MANEUVERING UNIT (TO20) The purpose of this experiment is to de- termine if a hands-free, foot-controlled astro- naut maneuvering unit is practical, The unit permits the astronaut to maneuver through space while using his hands for other tasks such as carrying objects. 58 While the Foot-Controlled Maneuvering Unit will be tested inside the Orbital Workshop, it will provide information to be used in de- signing units to propel astronauts in free space. The experiment consists of a bicycle-like framework with a saddle seat, a backpack to hold the propellant supply and control equip- ment. The framework is equipped with restraining straps, a movie camera to record the flight Foot controlled maneuvering unit. sasdirection, and two four-nozzle thruster assem- blies controlled by foot-actuated switches. The backpack is an aluminum framework with shoulder straps. A 1500-cubic-inch, 3000-psi pressure vessel of nitrogen gas is attached to the backpack along with a bat- tery. Both the 15-inch-diameter pressure vessel and the Ni-Cd battery are taken from the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (M509) experiment. The maneuvering system is limited to four degrees of freedom; it can rotate about three axes, i.e., roll, pitch, and yaw, but can move directionally only along one axis, i.e., it can move forward/backward, left/right, but not forward and up at the same time. ASTRONAUT MANEUVERING UNIT (M509) This experiment’s purpose is to demonstrate man’s maneuverability while obtaining data and experience in a zero-gravity environment. Astronaut maneuvering in workshop. S16 Maneuvering in zero gravity is complicated by the fact that since gravity is absent, there is no stabilizing force. The lightest impulse (movement) imparted to the astronaut causes motion that will not stop until an exactly equal but opposite impulse is applied. The Astronaut Maneuvering Unit is actually several maneuvering systems combined in a single test article. The experiment consists of the backpack, a hand-held maneuvering device, a spare re- chargeable battery, a battery charger, a telem- etry receiver, three rechargeable cold gas (nitrogen) propellant bottles, and racks for stowing the backpack and the gas pressure bottles. The backpack consists of a welded aluminum frame covered with sheet aluminum, the ni: trogen propulsion system, the battery and electrical power distribution system, instru- mentation and telemetry system, a rate gyro- controlled automatic attitude control system, a control moment gyro-controlled automatic attitude control system, and a control and dis- play system. The propulsion system consists of a spherical pressure vessel capable of containing gaseous nitrogen at 3000 psi, in a volume of 1500 cubic inches, a combination regulator/relief valve assembly, a solenoid-operated emer: gency shutoff valve, a manifold, and 14 solenoid-operated fixed-position thrusters each capable of producing one to four pounds of thrust. MANEUVERING UNIT SPECIFICATIONS Size and Weight Width 27 inches, Height 41% inches Thickness 14% inches (backpack) 48 inches (arms up) Weight 255 pounds 59The instrumentation and telemetry system includes sensors, a transmit antenna, and a data module that performs multiplexing, analog-to-digital conversion, and radio trans- mission. Data from the maneuvering unit are radioed to a pair of antennas mounted on the Orbital Workshop wall. The receiver “sandwiches” the backpack data with the elapsed time signal from the Orbital Workshop, and converts the information for the tape recorder. There are 29 analog and 54 bilevel measurements. The rate gyro system is a three-axis miniature integrating gyro which provides attitude rate signals to the backpack control electronics. The electronics translate the signals into thruster actuations. When the astronaut moves the rotation controller, the gyro sys- tem responds by firing the proper thrusters to produce a rate proportional to the movement of the hand controller. When no commands are issued, the gyro sys- tem maintains the backpack and astronaut in a relatively stable position. TANK ASSEMBLY Nitrogen tanks for Astronaut Maneuvering Unit. 60 Astronaut Maneuvering Unit. REGULATOR ASSEMBLY COVER ‘guick RELEASE CLAMP 3BOTTLE STOWAGE RACKA 50-pound control moment gyro system consists of six gyros mounted in “scissored pairs.” Each gyro wheel is three inches in di- ameter and spins at 22,000 rpm. The control moment gyros provide mechanical torque to resist external disturbances, thus holding the astronaut in a “rock solid’ attitude. When rotational commands are issued from the hand controller, electromagnets torque the gyros. This produces a rotation rate which is Proportional to the controller displacement. The hand controls and display system in- cludes two hand controllers (handles), power switches, a mode selector switch, voltage meter, a tank pressure meter, and control moment gyro status lights. The translation hand controller (to move for- ward, backward, up, down, left, right) and the switches, meters, and indicator lights, are mounted on the left arm, The rotational (roll, pitch, yaw) controller is located on the right arm. The astronaut uses the control and dis- play system to operate the backpack in any one of the following modes: + Direct Mode—Moving the lefthand con- troller in a direction causes the astronaut to move in that direction. Normal velocity is 0.3 feet per second with a maximum velocity of 2 feet per second (roughly a slow walk). To change attitude (pitch up, down, roll left, right) the right hand con- troller is rotated. Maximum angular accel- eration is 15 degrees per second. The pilot must use visual cues to direct and stop his movements. * Control Moment Gyro Mode—The contro! moment gyros provide the torque to change attitude rate in response to a com- mand from the rotational controller. When the controller is in neutral, the gyros automatically reduce the body attitude rate to zero. Attitude control is accom- plished by momentum exchange between the backpack and the gyros rather than firing thrusters as in the rate gyro mode. The translation thrusters are used in the same manner as in the direct mode. * Rate Gyro Mode—The translation thrusters operate much the same as in the direct mode. However, when the rota- tional controller is in neutral, the rate gyro system automatically fires the proper thrusters to halt movement. * Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit Mode—The hand maneuvering unit has two 1%-pound tractor (puller) thrusters, and one 3-pound pusher thruster. A flexible hose from the backpack supplies nitrogen to the unit. Thrust is controlled by a throttle valve and a selector valve (to select pusher or puller thrusters). The astronaut controls his movements by visual means and estimating the relationship between the thrusters’ line of action and his center of mass. CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENT (T027/S073) The experiment deployment boom and con- trol system are used for two separate exper- iments: one involves optical contamination in space; the other, studies of the gegenschein, Zodiacal light, and ionospheric (F-region) air- glow in Earth’s upper atmosphere. The deployment boom and control system are also used to deploy the micrometeoroid de- tector as well as the television camera. The latter will be deployed outside Skylab during extravehicular activities. GEGENSCHEIN/ZODIACAL LIGHT The gegenschein/zodiacal light/airglow equip- ment includes the control and deployment unit, a photometer (light meter) capable of detecting extremely low light levels (It can sense a candle flame at six miles) a 16-mm camera to photograph star fields for refer- ence; 10 selectable filters covering from 4000 to 8200 angstroms and a polarization ana- lyzer to measure polarized light components. The aims of this portion of the Contami- nation Experiment are to study the nature of the contamination cloud surrounding Skylab; the faint solar phenomena of the gegenschein and zodiacal light; and the luminescent condi- tion in Earth’s ionosphere. 61Contamination experiment deployment boom extended. The contamination cloud around Skylab is believed caused by several factors: the out- gassing (evaporation) of particles from the spacecraft’s materials exposed to solar radi- ation and vacuum, particles from waste dumps and other ventings from Skylab, and firings of the reaction control system which stabilize the spacecraft. The purpose of this study is to determine how much affect the cloud has on optical instru- ments such as the multispectral camera sys- tem used in Earth resources sensing. The ex- periment will also tell scientists and engineers about the best locations for optical instru- ments to minimize the cloud’s effect on opti- cal sensors. The gegenschein is a faint light directly op- posite the Sun. It is thought to be caused by sunlight reflecting from particles of space dust outside Earth’s orbit. The light is so dim its full extent can only be determined in the absence of moonlight. The zodiacal light, like the gegenschein, is believed caused by sunlight reflecting from particles of space dust between the Earth and Sun. The galactic gegenschein is thought to be a special case of zodiacal light. The F-region (ionosphere) airglow is a luminescent condition in Earth’s ionosphere due primarily to the emission of oxygen and nitrogen. Excitation energies appear to be low and the luminescence may be caused by the release of latent energy stored during the day. 62 Out of these experiments will come a new understanding of the effects of contamination clouds on optical instruments which have Earth as well as space applications. From the light phenomena studies will come formation on how much of the solar sys- ‘tem’s mass is in the form of tiny dust particles and whether concentrations of space dust have any relationship to known laws of galac- tic behavior. The astronauts fit the TO27/SO73 exper- iment equipment into the anti-solar (away from the Sun) scientific airlock. Five deploy- ment rods are used to extend the photometer 18 feet beyond the Skylab outer skin. The automatic programmer is turned on and the experiment starts. The instrument has five scanning modes, each ‘one capable of being repeated up to 64 times. SAMPLE ARRAY SYSTEM This part of the experiment examines the ef- fects of the near-Skylab contamination cloud on optical surfaces, The samples are deployed outside the spacecraft and exposed to the space environment for varying periods from ‘one to 120 hours. The purpose is to determine the causes of optical contamination that manifests itself as fogging on windows and other optical sur- faces. The contamination also degrades the value of optical experiment data.sss eayypene PROVISIONS (a) INTERNAL COLLAR LOWER FACE PLATE—SEALING INTERFACE WITH SAL UPPER FACE PLATE LOWER FACE PLATE: LOWER CARROUSEL (BELOW PLATE) ARTZ MICROBALANCE CARROUSEL CANISTER (BELOW PLATE) BEAL: VALVE (OPEN POSITION) aaa Details of Optical Contamination experiment equipment. 63The sample array system is self-contained, re- quiring only spacecraft power to operate. A manual deployment rod extends a panto. graph-like mechanism with the sample array container through the scientific airlock. Once extended, exposure of the optical samples—248 lenses, mirrors, coated and un: coated optical glass samples and defraction gratings—is controlled by the electric drive system and the automatic programmer. The sample array container looks like two flat plates connected by a center square post. The container is made of aluminum, is 11 by 10 by 18 inches, and weighs 33 pounds. The upper plate or carrousel contains 30 samples which are exposed in 24-hour incre- ments for a total of 120 hours. The lower carrousel contains 78 samples arranged in three circles. These are exposed in one-hour steps for a total of 25 steps. The remaining samples are located on the center post. After five days exposure, the array container is sealed in space and returned to Earth with the crew. Principal investigator Dr. Joseph Muscari, a Martin Marietta scientist, will study the opti- cal characteristics of the exposed samples and compare the data with information on the samples before exposure. These data should give indications of the kinds of contamination affecting optical surfaces and the types of materials least affected by contamination. SPECIFICATIONS Total Experiment Weight (Photom- eter and control unit) 200 pounds Experiment Size 9.5 by 9.5 by 52 inches (retracted) Operating 28 v de, spacecraft power Power 80 watts Power Requirement Deployment Manual push rods, each System 2h feet long; either 2 or 5 rods (5 or 18 feet) 2 astronauts for setup; automatic programmer controls actual operation 80 watts Manpower Requirement Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light experiment equipment; deployment rods are atop the case. = 64Operating Solar or anti-solar Location scientific airlock Operating Occasionally throughout Period entire mission; see Sky lab Missions, Chap. V Martin Marietta was involved in the design and production of parts of the following ex- periments. SLEEP MONITORING (M133) The Skylab crew will be checked during the missions to determine how well they sleep in the prolonged weightless environment. The quality and quantity of sleep a crewman gets is vital to his physical condition and how well he can be expected to perform his Skylab tasks. Results of this experiment will aid in planning future mission workloads and help in obtaining the best crew performance during the Skylab missions. Sleep cap with electrodes. S83 Crewman tests sleep monitoring system. The sleep monitoring system is based on re- search by Dr. James D. Frost of Baylor University. The system consists of a sleep cap with seven built-in pre-fitted electrodes, a low noise preamplifier, an analyzer (mini-com- puter), and two tape recorders. Two of the electrodes measure eye actions during sleep. Four are used to measure “brain wave” changes that indicate sleep conditions. The seventh electrode is a ground. The crewman cuts off the sealed tips of the electrodes and puts the sleep cap on his head. He then connects the preamplifier cable on the cap to the analyzer. A checkout system in the analyzer indicates by lights when all elec- trodes are making proper contact. The system detects low-level electrical signals generated by the brain and records them on the tape recorders. At the same time, the ana lyzer evaluates the signals to determine the sleep state—awake, drowsy, deep sleep, dreaming—and sends ‘this information to the Airlock Module telemetry system for trans- mission to ground stations. The crew will bring back the experiment tapes at the end of each mission for detailed anal- ysis by a medical team. The system also contains two piezoelectric ac celerometers to sense head movements during sleep. 65CAP ASSEMBLY (WITH ELECTRODES) = oy Gi ey Sleep Monitoring equipment. The astronaut is protected from electrical shock by a miniature hybrid circuit that limits the current that can pass through the body to less than 200 microamperes. LIMB VOLUME MEASUREMENT This measurement is made during the Lower Body Negative Pressure experiment. The goal is to determine how long aman can stay in space before the circulatory system is severely affected, and if there are any limits to the effects—does the leg circulation reach a certain minimum level? The crewman places the lower half of his body in a chamber resembling an iron lung. This chamber, called the lower-body negative pressure device, reduces the atmospheric pres- sure on the subject's lower body to a pound 66 WIS SLEEP MOMTORING fh con saa less than spacecraft atmospheric pressure. This pressure change causes an increased blood flow to the legs. The limb volume measuring system consists of two leg bands, connecting cables, a signal con- ditioner, and a reference adapter. Each leg band is made of high porosity foam and a laminated copper band. The copper band forms one plate of a capacitor. The sub- ject’s leg (and body) form the other plate. ‘As the negative pressure forces blood into the legs, the calves swell. The swelling compresses the foam and reduces the distance between the plates (the calf surface and the copper plate) without restricting blood circulation. The signal conditioner provides a 100-kHz sine wave to the “capacitor.” The distance be- ‘tween the two plates changes the wave cycle. This change is converted by the conditionerinto a signal which is telemetered to the ground and is also displayed as a “percent volume change’ on the control panel. The electronics on each leg band are temper- ature and humidity sensitive, This sensitivity is compensated for by using two leg bands, the left measuring temperature, humidity, and leg volume changes; the right measuring only ‘temperature and humidity. Thus, by subtracting the right leg information from the left, the leg volume changes are known, Limb volume measuring devices (plethysmographs). s-86 INFLIGHT VECTORCARDIOGRAM (Mog3) This is one of several biomedical experiments integrated into the Skylab Orbital Workshop. It is the first vectorcardiogram specifically designed, fabricated and qualified for space flight. Martin Marietta Aerospace, Denver division, is responsible for the design and fabrication of this experiment. The experiment is used to show changes in astronaut heart performance in prolonged weightlessness. These measurements are com- pared to control data obtained on the astro- nauts on Earth prior to launch. The exper- iment is operated at regular intervals during flight in order to determine serially the changes in cardiac (heart) electrical activity. The experiment includes an electronics module, an umbilical, a subject interface box and an electrode harness consisting of 8 re- usable electrodes, The harness is supplied by NASA.JSC. Lower Body Negative Pressure experiment. 67The Inflight Vectorcardiogram works much like the familiar electrocardiogram (or EKG) used in hospitals and clinics. The electrodes pick up the electrical signals created by the heart activity and transmit these signals via the umbilical to the electronics module. The electronics module amplifies these signals (up to 2800 times) so they can be analyzed by a physician on the ground. The system detects and processes the signals in three axes—front to back; side to side, and up and down—hence the name “vector” cardiogram. The relationships of these signals in the three planes provide significant infor- mation to the monitoring physician. The equipment provides automatic heart rate determination for display to subject astronaut and other crew members. The heart rate range is 40 to 200 beats per minute. The heart rate is also transmitted to the ground by the work- shop telemetry system. Any of the VCG sig- nals can be used for heart rate determination. VECTORCARDIOGRAM UMBILICAL Vectorcardiogram equipment; buttons are electrodes which are attached to subject’s body. 68 METABOLIC ACTIVITY (M171) This experiment measures man’s metabolic ef- fectiveness in doing mechanical work. It is believed that tl effectiveness may be pro- gressively altered by exposure to a space en- vironment. Experiment M171 has the fol- lowing items of flight hardware: metabolic analyzer; breathing apparatus; exercise ergom- eter; ergometer restraint harness; and body temperature measuring system. Martin Marietta designed, developed, qualified and built the breathing apparatus and body temperature measuring portions of this exper- iment hardware. The other three items are provided by NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The metabolic analyzer consists of a mass spectrometer, a spirometer for volume mea- surements, and an analog computer. SUBJECT INTERFACEMouthpiece and hose assembly. sas It samples spacecraft air to obtain a compo- sition baseline of cabin gases as inhaled by the crew and collects, analyzes, and displays the ABSORBENT CARTRIDGE INTAKE FILTER >CHECK, VALVES INTAKE exHaUST Mouthpiece details. S90 composition of the experiment subject’s ex- haled breath while he is pedaling a stationary bicycle exerciser (ergometer). The breathing apparatus, which connects man and analyzer, consists of a valve assembly, mouthpiece, nose clip, and a breathing hose assembly. The heart of this equipment is the “Y"" valve assembly into which the breathing hoses terminate. Air from the analyzer enters a small “common” chamber through a one- way valve when the test subject inhales. When the subject exhales, the spring-loaded exhaust port opens. Thus, no mixing of inhaled and exhaled gases occurs despite the fact that the subject breathes normally through a single mouth- piece. The nose clip simply pinches the sub: ject’s nostrils to insure that all breathing occurs through the mouth. The ergometer is a wheel-less exercise “bicycle” in which workload can be varied to any predetermined level desired. The ergom- eter is specifically designed for use in a zero- gravity environment and_ incorporates selective position adjustments of seat, handle bars, and pedals with index markings for each to accommodate different crewmen 69The body temperature measuring system con- sists of a miniaturized electronic signal condi- tioner and a temperature probe designed for oral use. The probe is a thermistor (resistance thermometer) calibrated to detect temper- atures in the range of 95 to 105”. The temperature probe is inserted in the astronaut’s mouth before the experimental exercise period. Similarly, an “after’’ oral temperature reading is taken at the end of the exercise period. The hardware is used in conjunction with the Vectorcardiogram experiment hardware and the automatic blood pressure measuring sys- tem portion of the MO92 experiment. AUTOMATIC BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT This system was developed to support the Lower-Body Negative Pressure and the Meta: bolic Activity Experiment (M171), which PNEUMATIC UMBILICAL Automatic Blood Pressure equipment. 70 OCCLUSION, CUFF require frequent and accurate blood pressure information. The Automatic Blood Pressure Measurement system consists of the typical medical blood pressure cuff (occlusion cuff), and electrical/ Pneumatic hose system, and the electronic controls. The cuff is equipped with a pressure-sensing instrument and a microphone. The electronic system operates the cuff pressurization sys- tem in pre-determined ranges rather than using the squeeze bulb and gage usually found in the doctor's office. The microphone replaces the stethoscope, and a set of frequency filters in the electronics replaces the doctor's ears. The microphone senses the blood flow sounds (Korotkoff’s sounds) and, in connection with the pressure sensor, determines the blood pressure. Systolic (upper) and diastolic (lower) pres- sures are displayed on the control panel and are telemetered to ground stations. ELECTRONIC MODULE CUFF PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRICAL LINES 591The electronics module provides a choice of maximum cuff pressures as well as “one-time” or repeated pressure cycling ULTRAVIOLET AIRGLOW HORIZON PHOTOGRAPHY (S063) This experiment measures and maps ozone concentration in the Earth's upper atmos- phere. Ozone is an unstable form of oxygen scat- tered in a 30-mile-thick layer 15 miles above Earth. The gas concentration is so thin that a column 20 miles high would be less than 1/8-inch thick at normal temperature and Pressure. Mapping the concentration and circulation of this layer is important to understanding Earth's weather. The experiment will also record the twilight airglow phenomenon caused by solar radia- ‘TRACKING MOUNT — ‘MOUNTING ASSEMBLY ADJUSTABLE MOUNT WINDOW Ultraviolet Airglow Horizon Photography experiment. WaRDROOM tion entering the layers of the upper atmos- phere 60 to 180 miles above Earth. Equipment for the experiment consists of two special 35mm Nikon cameras, one equipped with a /2 lens capable of passing ultraviolet light. The other camera has a high-resolution 4/1.2 lens for full color photography. Ultraviolet images are recorded as density (opacity) on the film. This indicates ultravi- olet-reflecting substances such as ozone. Martin Marietta Aerospace developed the camera mounts and tracking system for the cameras. The ultraviolet camera and tracking sight are mounted in the anti-solar scientific airlock. The color camera is fixed-mounted in the Skylab wardroom window. The crewman will sight on a fixed point on Earth or in space and by a mechanical linkage between sight and ultraviolet camera, hold the camera steady during exposures from one VERNIER DRIVE CAMERA ASSEMBLY sa2 71second to two minutes. The wardroom camera does not track, but has a coverage area of 80 square miles. BIOINSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM This is biomedical equipment designed to monitor a crewman’s vital physiological func- tions: heart and respiration rates, and heart electric action (electrocardiography). The equipment includes electrode sensors at- tached to the body, miniature signal condi- tioners smaller than a pack of cigarettes in a cloth belt attached to the crewman's under- garment. A cable from the belt connects with the spacecraft’s power and data systems. The Skylab bioinstrumentation system is a refinement of similar equipment flown in the Apollo program, The signal conditioners are the electrocardio- graph, a device for measuring lung movements during breathing (pneumograph), and a heart- beat counter (cardiotachometer). The belt equipment also contains an identification system which uses a distinct electrical voltage for each crewman, The bioinstrumentation belt is worn by crew- men from launch through docking, during ex- travehicular activities, while using the Astro- naut Maneuvering Unit in the suited mode, during critical orbit trim maneuvers and un- suited return to Earth The bioinstrumentation system is designed so that, once installed on the crewman, no further active participation is required. Hi movements are limited only by the con- necting cable, EARTH RESOURCES SUPPORT SYSTEM Support equipment for Earth resources sensing includes two 28-channel magnetic tape recorders, a viewfinder/tracker for the Earth resources infrared spectrometer, and the control and display console. yom PNEUMOGRAPH Bioinstrumentation harness. 72 SUBJECT IDENTIFICATION BIOBELT ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHEarth resources tape recorder, ——s Viewfinder tracker system. $94 The tape recorders developed by Martin Marietta, in conjunction with Ampex, record data from all Earth resources sensors except the Multispectral Photographic Facility which records on film. The primary recorder is located near the Earth resources control and display panel at the forward end of the Multiple Docking Adapter. The backup recorder is located just aft of the secondary docking port. The viewfinder/tracker is used by the crew- man to locate a selected Earth target and direct the infrared spectrometer sensor to the target site. Viewfinder and sensor are mechanically linked to permit manual tracking of a target during data take. The device is a high-resolution prismatic tele- scope which is bore-sighted along the same jhtline as the spectrometer. The viewfinder/ tracker has a 200m controlled magnification from 2.25 diameters to 22.5 diameters. This gives it a field of view from 80.60 to 8.1 statute miles. The control and display panel was developed by Martin Marietta. It provides contro! for all Earth resources experiments. The panel contains equipment to control and distribute power and protect circuits. The crewmen can select operating modes for each experiment, check calibration and display key operating parameters. The panel also has con- trols for operating the Earth resources tape recorder. 73CHAPTER VIII SKYLAB ASTRONAUTS SKYLAB 2 (28 Days) CHARLES CONRAD JR. (Commander)— Selected as an astronaut in 1962. Has logged 506 hours, 48 minutes in space—7 hours and 45 minutes of which were spent in lunar extravehicular activity. Pilot of eight-day Gemini 5 endurance flight. Command pilot on Gemini 11 for orbital docking maneuver tests, spacecraft commander of Apollo 12 for the second manned lunar landing mission which included first lunar geological traverse, and deployment of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package. Holds degrees in aeronautical engineering. Captain in the Navy. Born June 2, 1930, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PAUL JOSEPH WEITZ (Pilot)—Selected as an astronaut in 1966. Member of the astronaut support crew for Apollo 12. Holds degrees in aeronautical engineering. Commander in the Navy with more than 3900 hours flying time. Born July 25, 1932, Erie, Pennsylvania, JOSEPH P. KERWIN (Science Pilot)— Selected as a_ scientist astronaut in 1965. Holds medical degree from Northwestern University Medical School, and is naval aviator and flight surgeon with the rank of commander. He has logged 2000 hours flying time. Born Feb. 19, 1932, Oak Park, Illinois. SKYLAB 3 (56 Days) ALAN L. BEAN (Commander)—Selected as an astronaut in 1963. He has logged 244 hours, 36 minutes of space flight—7 hours, 45 minutes in lunar extravehicular activity. Flew as lunar module pilot on Apollo 12 in 1969. During this mission Surveyor Ill, the last unmanned lunar lander, was visited and examined, Holds degrees in aeronautical engineering and science. Captain in the Navy. Born March 15, 1932, in Wheeler, Texas. JACK ROBERT LOUSMA (Pilot)—Selected as an astronaut in 1966. Member of the astronaut support crews for Apollo 9, 10, and 13. Holds degrees in aeronautical engineering Marine pilot since 1960 with present rank of major. Born Feb. 29, 1936 in Grand Rapids, Michigan OWEN K. GARRIOTT (Science Pilot)— Selected as a_ scientist- astronaut in 1965. Com- pleted the 53-week flight training course and is cert) ‘d as commercial pilot and flight instructor. Has doctorate in electrical engineering. Performed re- search in ionospheric physics and authored more than 25 papers and one book in the field. Born Nov. 22, 1930, Enid, Oklahoma. 75SKYLAB 4 (56 Days) GERALD PAUL CARR (Commander)— WILLIAM REID POGUE (Pilot)—Selected as Selected as an astronaut in an astronaut in 1966. 1966. Member of astronaut Member of the astronaut support crews for Apollo 8 support crews for Apollo 7, and 12. Involved in 11, and 14, Holds degrees in development and test of education and mathematics. lunar roving vehicle. Holds PQ Member of the Air Force degrees in mechanical and Ps) Thunderbirds. Graduate of aeronautical engineering. Empire Test Pilots’ School, Lieutenant colonel in the Farnborough, England. Marine Corps with 3300 Logged more than 4600 hours flying time. Born hours flying time. Aug. 22, 1932, Denver, Lieutenant colonel in the Colorado. Air Force. Born Jan. 23, 1930, Okemmah, Oklahoma. EDWARD R. GIBSON (Science Pilot)— Selected as a_ scientist astronaut in 1965. Member of the astronaut support crew and capsule communicator (capcom) for Apollo 12. Holds doctorate in engineering and physics. Author of several papers and one book on solar and plasma physics. Completed the 53-week flight training course and has logged 1700 hours flying time. Born Nov. 8, 1936, in Buffalo, New York. a ; | PAN ; Astronauts Charles Conrad and Paul J. Weitz, right, examine workshop section of Skylab. Bicycle in foreground is pera HAI oninree tse a 76INDEX Agriculture Airglow Airlock, scientific Anthropology Apollo Telescope Mount Astronauts Axial Backpack Blood pressure Booster Camera Cardiac Cardiotachometer Caution/Warning Contamination Coronograph Deactivation Diastolic Docking Drogue Electric Electrocardiograph Endocrinology Environment Earth resources (EREP) Ergometer Exoskeleton F-region Forestry Freedom (degrees of) Gegenschein Geography Geology Gryoscope H-Alpha telescope Hatch Heart Rate Hydrology "1 34,71 18 13,14 34, 48, 52, 57, 73 75, 76 22, 30, 39 34, 58, 59 7, 33, 70 25, 27 n 8, 67 72 19,47 34, 61, 62 34 35, 36, 38 70 20, 22, 30, 36, 41 30,41 18, 19, 21, 39, 48, 53 72 8 44 6, 34, 39, 40, 51, 56, 57,74 23, 69 57 61, 62 1 59 34, 61 12 12 59, 60 23, 53 22, 30 7,68 12 Instrument unit Insulation Intercom lonosphere Korotkoff Launch Control Center L-Band Limb motion sensor Load cell Maneuvering unit Manufacturing Metabolic Micrometeorites Mission Mobile lab Mobile launcher Mobile Service Structure Monitor, radio noise Multispectral camera Nitrogen Nuclear Occlusion cuff Oceanography Optical contamination Orbit Outgassing Oxygen Ozone Panels, solar Plethysmograph Pneumograph Potentiometer Probe Radiator Recorder Remote sensing Rescue 18, 19, 25 39, 41, 44 46 61, 62 70 28 22, 39, 43, 52 57 57 34, 36, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 14, 15, 39 9, 34, 68 16, 43 6,7 8 28 28 22, 53 22, 51, 56, 62 19, 29, 36, 59 53 70 11, 12 62, 63, 64 29, 30, 31, 35, 38 62 19, 29, 50 7 18, 21, 23, 29, 35, 48 33, 66 72 57 30,41 22, 39, 41, 43 34, 41, 53, 65, 72 11, 34, 51 38 7Safety Shielding Sleep SMEAT Solar Spectrometer Stowage Sublime SWS Systolic Television Temperature Thermal control Thermistor Thrusters Time use Transporter 78 6 23, 39, 41, 43 23, 30, 34, 65 7 6, 7, 12, 13, 39,71 21, 22, 23, 39, 51, 68, 72 23, 55 18 17 70 22, 47, 55, 57 70 15, 22, 45 70 32 32 28 Ultraviolet Vaults Vectorcardiogram Vertical Assembly Building Viewtinder/tracker Wardroom Waste storage Windows Xray Y-axis Y-valve Zodiacal light 21, 34,71 18, 22, 39, 53 33, 67 28 73 17,35, 71 17, 18, 23 20, 22, 23, 35, 39,47 15, 21, 56 39 69 34,61