CAB 1033

Jan 06
1. a. State the difference between a steady-state mass balance and an unsteady-
state mass balance.
[2 marks]

Solution:
Steady state mass balance – when total mass flow rate in = total mass flow rate
out.
Unsteady state mass balance – mass flow rate in – mass flow rate out = rate of
accumulation.

b. FIGURE Q1 shows a closed tank of fixed volume used for the continuous mixing of
two liquids. Liquid A enters through inlet 1 while Liquid B enters through inlet 2.
Both liquids are completely mixed as Liquid C and discharged through outlet 3.
The data for the flow characteristics is given in TABLE Q1.

1
3
2

FIGURE Q1: Liquid mixing in a tank

TABLE Q1: Flow characteristics

Inlet/ Pipe Size Velocity, V Specific Gravity
Liquid
Outlet (Schedule 40) (m/s) (SG)
1 A 3 inch 0.15 0.93

2 B 2 inch 0.20 0.87

3 C 4 inch X Y

i. Determine the mass flow rate at outlet 3.

[4 marks]
Solution:

2
 CAB 1033
  
m C  m A  mB
 ρA A A VA  ρB A B VB


π
4

1000  0.93 0.07793 2  0.15   0.87 0.0525 2  0.2  
kg
 1.042
s
ii. Calculate the specific gravity and specific weight of the mixture
discharged.
[6 marks]
Solution:
 
m A  mB 1.042 kg
C    907.3 3
Q A  QC 
4

 0.07793 2  0.15   0.0525 2  0.2 m 
 907.3
SG  C   0.9073
 Water 1000
 kg  N
   C g   907.3 3  9.81  8900.95 3
 m  m

iii. Determine the velocity of Liquid C.

[4 marks]
Solution:
cQc = cAcVc

mC 1.042 m
VC    0.140
C A C
 907.3    0.10226 2 s
4

iv. What are the possible outcomes if the total volume of Liquid A and Liquid
B are not additive? Justify your answer.
[4 marks]
Solution:
If the total volume is not additive there will be 2 outcomes:
If VA + VB > VC  density will be lower.
If VA + VB < Vc  density will be higher.

mC
Due to the equation: c =
VC

2. a. State ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1) disadvantage between the usage of a
mercury manometer and a water manometer.
[2 marks]

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 CAB 1033
Advantages Disadvantages
Water manometer Water manometer
1. easy to set up 1. Long tube will be used.
2. safe to be used because water is 2. not suitable for highly fluctuates flow.
non-hazardous.
Mercury manometer:
Mercury manometer: 1. Mercury itself is hazardous material
1. Easy to set up.
2. Shorter length of tube used.
3. Good for greater pressure difference.

b. FIGURE Q2 shows a cylindrical container that is inverted and immersed in water,

which fills the container until level A at 20 cm below the water level in the tank.
The pressure of air inside the container is measured through the differential
height, h of the manometer that is attached to the container’s wall. The
manometer contains a liquid with a specific gravity of 2.0. The mass of the whole
assembly (the container and the manometer) is 2.5 kg. A force, F is given to the
system to maintain the manometer liquid height at h.
F

Air

30 cm

20 cm
A

Water

IGURE Q2: Inverted cylindrical container.

i. Determine the pressure at level A.

[3 marks]

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 CAB 1033
Solution:
PA = Patm + gh = (0 kPag) + (1000)(9.81)(0.020)
= 1962 Pa
= 1.962 kPa

ii. Determine the differential height, h. State ONE (1) assumption.

[4 marks]
Solution:
Assumption: The pressure of the air is distributed equally in all directions.
Pair – gh = Patm
Pair = Patm + gh
1962 = (1000)(9.81)h
h = 0.1 m
iii. Calculate the required force, F exerted on the system in order to maintain the
differential height, h.
[4 marks]
Solution:
Fdownward + W = Pressure force upward.
F + mg = PA
F = PA – mg
π
  1962  0.3 2   2.5 9.81
4
 114.16 N

iv. If the force, F is maintained and the manometer liquid is replaced with a liquid of
a greater density, predict the new differential height, h. Justify your answer.
[3 marks]
Solution:
Pair = ’gh’
Pair 1962 200
h'   
g '  9.81 '

Increasing the density will results in reduction of new differential height, h’.

v. If greater force is applied resulting in the container to be immersed deeper into

the water, while the specific gravity of the manometer liquid remains constant,
what would happen to the differential height, h. Justify your answer.
[4 marks]

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 CAB 1033
Solution:
When the manometer is immersed deeper into the tank, the different in elevation
between the water level in the tank and level A will increase.
This will increase PA.
Resulting in h to increase.

3. Air is to be transferred from a reservoir to a receiver tank through a convergent-

divergent nozzle. Air enters the nozzle at a temperature of 227 oC and a pressure of 20
bar, and discharges at the divergent section at 300 K. The diameter of the throat of the
nozzle is 50 mm. The cross sectional area of the discharge section is three times that of
at the throat.

a. Based on the reservoir conditions, determine:

i. The critical pressure.

[4 marks]
Answer:
Assumption:
Isentropic flow process

PR = 20 bar = 2000 kPa

TR = 500 K

At critical conditions, Ma = 1
TR M 2  k  1
 1
T 2
500
T   416.67K
 1.4  1  1
2
k
PR  T  k 1

  R 
P T 
2000
P  1.4
 1056.5kPa
 500  1.4 1
 
 416.67 

ii. The critical velocity.

[4 marks]
Critical Ma = 1 = V*/c*
c* = kRT   1.4  287  416.67

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 CAB 1033
= 409.2 m/s

 V* = c* = 409.2 m/s

iii. The mass flow rate.

[4 marks]

A* = throat area =  0.05 2  1.963  103 m2
4
1
 k 2
 PR  
m
  TR R 
 k 1
A
  k  1  2  k 1
  1
 2 
1


1.963  10 3
 2000   5001.4287  2
m  
 1.4 1
  1.4  1  2  1.4 1
  1
 2 
kg
 7.097  10 3
s

b. At the discharge section, determine:

i. The Mach number.

[4 marks]
Answer:
 k 1
 M12  k  1  2  k 1
 1 
A1 1  2 

A M 1   k  1 
 1 
 2 
 M12  1.4  1
3

 1 
1  2 
3
M 1   1.4  1 
 1 
 2 
3
 1 
1.442     0.1667M 12  0.833
 M1 
Using trial and error method
M1,guessed RHS LHS Error
1 0.9997 1.442 0.4423
0.9 1.327883 1.442 0.114116598
0.8 1.835328 1.442 -0.39332813

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 CAB 1033

Graph Error vs Ma

0.2

0.1 y = 5.0744x - 4.4529

0
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92
-0.1
Error

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
Ma

From the graph,

at y = 0 (Error = 0)
x = 0.8775
 Ma = 0.8775

ii. The velocity of the air.

[4 marks]

M  k  1
2
TR
 1 1
T1 2
500
T1   425.35 K
 0.87751.4  1  1
2
c1 = kRT1  1.4  287  425.35
= 413.4 m/s
V = Ma x c = (0.8775)(413.4) = 362.8 m/s

4. FIGURE Q4 shows water in a dam being discharged through a pipeline system to a

river. Due to the elevation difference of the water level between the dam and the river,
there is an opportunity to generate work through a rotating turbine, located somewhere
in the pipeline system. The pipe has a total length of 500 m and is constructed using a
6-in, Schedule 40 pipe. In the pipeline, there are five 90 o standard elbows and two
globe valves. The height difference between the water level in the dam and the water
level in the river is 200 m. The water flow rate is 2000 gal/min. Assume that the water

8
 CAB 1033
level in the dam is constant, and the dam is very large compared to the pipeline
connected to it.

Water in a
dam 200 m

Wout
Discharge
to river
FIGURE Q4: Water discharged through a turbine.

a. Write the overall energy balance and state any TWO (2) assumptions made.
[3 marks]

P V 2 dWn.f
 gz   F
 2 dm
Assumptions:
- Open tank – P1 = P2 = Patm
- Velocity change in pipes is negligible
- Steady flow operation, dm = 0
- Density for the liquid is constant  incompressible fluid

dWn.f dWn.f
Energy balance: gz   F    gz  F
dm dm

b. Characterize the flow of water discharged to the river.

[4 marks]
Given:
Lpipe = 200 m
6-in Schedule 40 pipe  From APPENDIX di = 6.065 in = 0.15405 m
Flow rate, Q = 2000 gal/min = 0.126 m3/s
 = 1000 kg/m3,  = 10-3 kg/ms

Q 0.126 m
  6.76
V= A  s
 0.15405  2
4

9
 CAB 1033
VD 1000  6.76  0.15405
Re    1041378  1.04  10 6  Turbulent flow
 10 3
c. Determine the total friction losses in the pipeline.
[5 marks]

Answer:
K for fittings:
2 globe valves = 6.3 x 2 = 12.6
5 90o-elbow = 0.74 x 5 = 3.7
Total 16.3

Contraction loss, Kc = 0.5

 0.0018 in
For pipe,   0.0003
di 6.065 in

From the Moody’s diagram  f = 0.0038

Or:
 1

 10 6 3 
f  0.001375 1  
 20000 0.0003  1.04  10 6 
   0.0040
   

 

2
 4 fL V
  K fittings  K c 
 D  2
  6.76
2
 4  0.0038  500
  16.3  0.5 
 0 .15405  2
Total friction losses, F =
J
 1511
kg
kJ
 1.511
kg

d. Calculate the actual power output generated by the turbine if the efficiency is
75%.
[5 marks]
From Bernoulli’s equation
dWn.f  
  gz  F   W nf  m ( g z  F)
dm


Mass flow rate, m  Q  = (0. 126)(1000)

= 126kg/s
 
 W nf  m (g z 2  z 1   F)

10
 CAB 1033
= (126)(9.81 (-200) + 1511)

W nf = – 56.81 kW
 
W n,actual  η W nf   0.75   56.8   42.61 kW

e. Predict the actual power generated by the turbine if the pipe length is greater
than 500 m.
[3 marks]
Solution:
Assume that L = 600 m
2
 4 fL V
  K fittings  K c 
 D  2
  6.76
2
 4  0.0038  600
Total friction losses, F =    16.3  0.5 
 0.15405  2
J
 1736.5
kg

 
 W nf  m (g z 2  z 1   F)
= (126)(9.81 (-200) + 1736.5)

W nf = – 28.41 kW
 
W n,actual  η W nf   0.75  0.28.41  21.31 kW
Power generated is lesser.

5. a. A pipeline system is to be designed for the purpose of transferring water from

Tank A to Tank B. A Schedule 40 pipe of 100 m in length is used and in the
pipeline there are two 45o elbows and a pump. The level of water in Tank A is 10
m below the level of water in Tank B. Both tanks are opened to the atmosphere.
It is required that the total frictional losses, F, in the pipeline would not exceed
0.030 kJ/kg when the volumetric flow rate of water is 1500 L/min. Assuming the
flow of water is turbulent when the volumetric flow rate is 1500 L/min, determine:

i. The size of the Schedule 40 pipe suitable to be used.

[7 marks]
Solution:

L 1 min 1 m3 m3
Given Q = 1500    0.025
min 60 s 1000 L s

11
 CAB 1033
Q Q 0.025 0.03183
  
V= A π 2 π 2 D2 ……………….(1)
D D
4 4

1000  0.03183 
D
VD  D
2
 31830 …………….(2)
Re   
 10  3 D
 0.0018

D D
2
 0.03183 
 
F = 30 J/kg =  L   D2 
 4 f    1.5  2 0.3 
  D  pipe  2
 

 5.066  10
-4
 100
30   4 f  2.1
 D  D4

Trial 1:
If D = 4-inch Schedule 40  Din = 0.10226 m
Re = 311.27 x 103
/D = 4.47 x 10-4
 1

   10 6  3 
f  0.001375 1  
 20000  
  D Re   

 


f = 4.536 x 10-3

  0.10226  5.066  10
-4
 100 J
F   4 4.536 x 10  2.1  91.9
-3
4
  0.10226 kg
>> 30 J/kg  Pipe 4-inch Schedule 40 is not suitable

Trial 2:
If D = 5-inch Schedule 40  Din = 0.12819 m
Re = 2.48 x 105
/D = 3.366 x 10-4
f = 4.4482 x 10-3

  0.12819  5.066  10
-4
 100 J
F   4 4.482 x 10  2.1  30.2
-3
4
  0.12819 kg
 30 J/kg  Pipe 5-inch Schedule 40 is suitable

ii. Actual work requirement by a pump to transfer water from Tank A to Tank
B if the efficiency of the pump is 50%.
[4 marks]
From Bernoulli’s equation

12
 CAB 1033
dWn.f
 gΔΔ F
dm
dWn.f
= (9.81)(10 – 0) + 30 = 128.1 J/kg
dm
 dWn.f  128.1 J
    256.2
 dm  actual 0.5 kg

b. FIGURE Q5 shows a pipeline system. Water flows through pipe AB and pipe BC,
and branch out into two pipes, pipe CD and pipe CE. Pipe CE carries one-third of
the flow in pipe AB. Some of the flow properties are given in TABLE Q5.
FIGURE Q5: Pipeline system.

Q m3/s
V m/s
U m/s D

Dm
C
A B

TABLE Q5: Flow properties.

Pipe Velocity, ms-1 Diameter, cm
AB 2.0 10.2
BC U 15.4
CD V 7.8
CE 2.5 D

Determine:

13
 CAB 1033
i. The velocity of water in pipe BC.
[3 marks]
Answer:
QBC = QAB
ABCVBC = AABVAB
2
 10.2 
VBC =    2
 15.4 
= 0.877 m/s

ii. The volumetric flow rate of water in pipe CD.

[3 marks]
Answer:
1 1   2 m
QCD = QAB =   0.102 m  2 
3 3 4  s
= 5.448  10-3 m3/s

iii. The diameter of pipe CE.

[3 marks]
2
QCE = QAB
3
2
ACEVCE = AABVAB
3
2 2 
 0.102
2
DCE 2 = 
3  2.5 
DCE = 7.45 cm

6. a. FIGURE Q6a shows a copper cube submerged in between water and mercury.
The copper cube has a specific gravity of 8.96 while water and mercury have
specific gravities of 1.00 and 13.6, respectively at room temperatures.

Water

a
Copper

Mercury

14
 CAB 1033

FIGURE Q6a: Copper cube submerged in water and mercury

a
i. Derive an expression for the ratio , where a is the height of copper
b
cube in water and b is the height of copper cube in mercury.
[4 marks]
Answer:
Let cross sectional area of the body = A
body,avg gVbody,total = (body,sub gVbody,sub)water + (body,sub gVbody,sub)Hg
8.96 W A (a + b) = W Aa + 13.6 W Ab
8.96a + 8.96b = a + 13.6b
7.96a = 4.64 b
a
= 0.583
b

ii. Determine the volume of the copper cube if b is equal to 5 cm.

[3 marks]
Answer:
a = (0.05)(0.583) = 0.0291 m

Volume = (a + b)3 = (0.05 + 0.0291)3 = 4.958 x 10-4 m3

iii. Determine the buoyancy force acting on the copper cube.

[3 marks]

Answer:
Buoyancy force = body,avg gVbody,total
= (body,sub gVbody,sub)water + (body,sub gVbody,sub)Hg
= (8.96)(1000)(9.81)(4.958 x 10-4)
= 43.8 N

b. State the difference between the following terms:

i. Compressible and incompressible fluid.

[2 marks]
Solution:
 A flow is classified as being compressible or incompressible, depending on the level of
variation of density during flow.

15
 CAB 1033
 Incompressibility is an approximation, and a fluid is said to be incompressible if the
density remains nearly constant throughout, whereas the density of Compressible fluid
changes with pressure and temperature.

ii. Kozeny-Carmen and Burke-Plummer equations in flow through porous

media.
[2 marks]
Solution:
 Kozeny Carman is used for Re < 10 while Burke Plummer is used for Re > 1000 in flow
through bed of solid.

iii. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.

[2 marks]
Solution:
 According to the Newton’s law of viscosity, shear stress is linearly proportional to the
velocity gradient:


 dV 
 
 dy 

 Fluids that obey Newton’s law of viscosity is thus called Newtonian fluids
 Fluids that do not obey the Newton’s law of viscosity – non-Newtonian fluids

iv. Specific volume and specific weight.

[2 marks]
Solution:
 Specific volume, u, is defined as the ratio of volume to the mass. (Or the inverse of
density)
 Specific weight is defined as weight force per unit volume of a fluid

v. Laminar and turbulent flow.

[2 marks]
Solution:
 Laminar when Re < 2100 while turbulent is when Re > 4000
 Laminar  Fluid moves in orderly manner (as if flowing in thin shell or layer or
laminae)
 Turbulent  A rapid, chaotic motions in all directions. Formation of eddies / wakes in
the flow

-END OF PAPER-

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