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RW Session ID = MSTCHEM1
Hybridization
• The orbitals in a molecule are not necessarily
the same as the orbitals in an atom.
• Trigonal planar
– 3 electron groups 120° sp2
• Tetrahedral
– 4 electron groups 109.5° sp3
• Trigonal bipyramidal
– 5 electron groups 90°, 120° sp3d
• Octahedral
– 6 electron groups 90° sp3d2
Bonding
• When orbitals overlap end to end, the resulting bond is
called a sigma(σ) bond.
• When p orbitals overlap side by side the resulting bond is
called a pi(π) bond.
σ π σ π
σ
σ σ π σ
σ σ
C2H4 C2H2
5σ and 1π bonds 3σ and 2π bonds
Determine the electron geometry, molecular
geometry, and bond angles for each carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen in the given structure.
Trigonal planar
linear
Linear 180°
Linear
180° Tetrahedral
Tetrahedral
Trigonal pyramidal Bent
< 109.5° < 109.5°
H O
H N C C C C O H
H H
Trigonal planar
Tetrahedral Trigonal planar
Tetrahedral 120°
109.5°
Determine the hybridization of each
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the given
structure.
sp2
sp
sp3 sp3
H O
H N C C C C O H
H H
sp2
sp3
Electronegativity
• The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself
in a chemical bond.
– Results in polar, nonpolar, and ionic bonds
– Inversely related to the atomic size
• The larger the atom, the lower the ability to attract electrons
• The smaller the atom, the greater the ability to attract
electrons
• Nonpolar covalent
– Small or no electronegativity difference (0 to <0.4)
• Polar covalent
– Intermediate electronegativity difference (0.4 to 2.0)
• Ionic
– Large electronegativity difference (>2.0)
Bond polarity
Ionic character (IC) estimation = |χ1-χ2|
Polar bonds
do not imply
a polar molecule
Bond dipoles
may cancel
Therefore:
Molecular polarity is
determined by
bond-dipole
vector addition
Red arrows indicate bond dipoles
Polar molecules – nonzero net dipole
Blue arrows indicate the net dipole
Trigonal Planar
Trigonal Pyramidal
Always polar due to lone pair
Tetrahedral
Nonpolar if terminal atoms are the same
Polar if terminal atoms are different
Bent
Always polar due to lone pairs
Trigonal Bipyramidal
Trigonal Bipyramidal
Nonpolar if terminal atoms are
the same
Generally polar if terminal
atoms are different
Seesaw
Always polar due
to lone pair
Linear
T-shaped Nonpolar if terminal atoms are the same
Always polar due to lone pairs Polar if terminal atoms are different
Octahedral
Square Pyramidal
Always polar due
to lone pair
Octahedral
Nonpolar if terminal atoms are
the same Square Planar
Generally polar if terminal Nonpolar if terminal atoms are the same
atoms are different Generally polar if terminal atoms are
different
Is O2 polar or nonpolar?
O O nonpolar
Cl Cl