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What is a Firewall?
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Firewall is a device that is placed between a trusted and an untrusted network. It deny or permit traffic that
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enters or leaves network based on preconfigured policies. Firewalls protect inside networks from unauthorized
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access by users on an outside network. A firewall can also protect inside networks from each other for example
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by keeping a Management network separate from a user network.
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What is the difference between Gateway and Firewall?
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A Gateway joins two networks together and a network firewall protects a network against unauthorized
incoming or outgoing access. Network firewalls may be hardware devices or software programs.
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Firewalls works at which Layers?
Firewalls work at layer 3, 4 & 7.
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What is the difference between Stateful & Stateless Firewall?
Stateful firewall A Stateful firewall is aware of the connections that pass through it. It adds and maintains Liked Share
information about a users connections in a state table, referred to as a connection table. It than uses this
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connection table to implement the security policies for users connections. Example of stateful firewall are PIX,
ASA, Checkpoint.
Stateless firewalls (Packet Filtering) Stateless firewalls on the other hand, does not look at the state of
connections but just at the packets themselves.
Example of a packet filtering firewall is the Extended Access Control Lists on Cisco IOS Routers.
What information does Stateful Firewall Maintains?
Stateful firewall maintains following information in its State table:
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1.Source IP address.
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2.Destination IP address.
3.IP protocol like TCP, UDP. Books
4.IP protocol information such as TCP/UDP Port Numbers, TCP Sequence Numbers, and TCP Flags. CCNA Routing and Switching Stu…
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What are the securitylevels in Cisco ASA? CCNA: Interview Questions You'l…
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ASA uses Security levels to determine the Trustworthiness of a network attached to the respective interface. INR 1,204.09
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The security level can be configured between 0 to 100 where higher number are more trusted than lower. By Sachin p
default, the ASA allows traffic from a higher security level to a lower security level only.
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How can we allow packets from lower security level to higher security level (Override Security Levels)?
We use ACLs to allow packets from lower security level to higher security level.
Same Security level traffic is allowed or denied in ASA?
By default Same Security level traffic is not allowed. To allow it we use command:
ASA(config)# samesecuritytraffic permit interinterface.
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ASA(config)# samesecuritytraffic permit interinterface.
What is the security level of Inside and Outside Interface by default?
Security Level of Inside interface by default is 100. Security Level of Outside Interface by default is 0.
What protocols are inspected by ASA?
By default, TCP and UDP.
Does ASA inspects ICMP?
No, ASA does not inspect ICMP by default.
Explain DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) Server?
If we need some network resources such as a Web server or FTP server to be available to outside users we
place these resources on a separate network behind the firewall called a demilitarized zone (DMZ). The firewall
allows limited access to the DMZ, but because the DMZ only includes the public servers, an attack there only
affects the servers and does not affect the inside network.
How does a firewall process a packet?
When a packet is received on the ingress interface, the ASA checks if it matches an existing entry in the
connection table. If it does, protocol inspection is carried out on that packet.
———————————————————————————————————————–
If it does not match an existing connection and the packet is either a TCPSYN packet or UDP packet, the
packet is subjected to ACL checks.The reason it needs to be a TCPSYN packet is because a SYN packet is the
first packet in the TCP 3way handshake. Any other TCP packet that isn’t part of an existing connection is
likely an attack.
———————————————————————————————————————–
If the packet is allowed by ACLs and is also verified by translation rules, the packet goes through protocol
inspection.
———————————————————————————————————————–
Then, the IP header is translated if NAT is used and if the NAT rule specifies an egress interface, the ASA will
virtually forward the packet to this egress interface and then perform a route lookup.
———————————————————————————————————————–
If a route is found that specifies the egress interface, then the Layer2 header of the packet is rewritten and the
packet is forwarded out the egress interface.
What are the values for timeout of TCP session, UDP session, ICMP session?
TCP session 60 minutes
UDP session 2 minutes
ICMP session 2 seconds
Explain TCP Flags?
While troubleshooting TCP connections through the ASA, the connection flags shown for each TCP connection
provide information about the state of TCP connections to the ASA.
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What is the command to see timeout timers?
# sh run timeout
What is the Difference between ports in ASA 8.4 and ASA 8.2?
In ASA 8.4 all ports are Gigaports and in ASA 8.2 all are Ethernet ports.
What is the command to check connection table?
# sh conn
How ASA works in reference to Traceroute?
ASA does not decrement the TTL value in traceroute because it does not want to give its information to others
for seurity purpose. It forwards it without decrementing the TTL Value.
What if we apply ACL as global in ASA?
It will be applied on all interfaces towards inbound. Global option is only in ASA 8.4 not in ASA 8.2
What is the difference in ACL on ASA than on Router?
In router, if we delete one accesscontrol entry whole ACL will be deleted. In ASA, if we will delete one
accesscontrol entry whole ACL will not be deleted.
Name some concepts that can not be configured on ASA?
Line VTY cannot be configured on ASA.
Wildcard mask concept is not present in ASA.
Loopback cannot be configured on ASA.
What is the command to capture packets in ASA?
To capture packet from inside interface: # capture abc interfacer inside
To see it: # sh capture abc
What is the command to enable HTTP on ASA?
# http server enable
How to give static route on ASA?
# route outside <Destination IP> <Subnet Mask> < Next Hop>
How to give default route on ASA?
# route outside 0 0 < Next Hop>
What are the different types of ACL in Firewall?
1.Standard ACL
2.Extended ACL
3.Ethertype ACL (Transparent Firewall)
4.Webtype ACL (SSL VPN)
What is Tranparent Firewall?
In Transparent Mode, ASA acts as a Layer 2 device like a bridge or switch and forwards ethernet frames based
on destination macaddress.
What is the need of Transparent Firewall?
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If we want to deploy a new firewall into an existing network it can be a complicated process due to various
issues like IP address reconfiguration, network topology changes, current firewall etc. We can easily insert a
transparent firewall in an existing segment and control traffic between two sides without having to readdress or
reconfigure the devices.
What are the similarities between switch and ASA (in Transparent mode) ?
Both learns which mac addresses are associated with which interface and store them in local mac address table.
What are the differences between switch and ASA (in Transparent mode) ?
ASA does not floods unknown unicast frames that are not found in mac address table.
ASA does not participate in STP.
Switch process traffic at layer 1 & layer 2 while ASA can process traffic from layer 1 to layer 7.
What are the features that are not supported in Transparent mode?
1.Dynamic Routing.
2.Multicasting.
3.QOS.
4.VPNs like IPSec and WebVPN cannot be terminated.
5.ASA cannot act as DHCP relay agent.
Explain EtherType ACL?
In Transparent mode, unlike TCP/IP traffic for which security levels are used to permit or deny traffic all non
IP traffic is denied by default. We create EtherType ACL to allow NONIP traffic. We can control traffic like
BPDU, IPX etc with EtherType ACL.
What is the command to convert ASA into Transparent mode?
# firewall transparent
What is the command to see mode (routed or transparent)?
# sh firewall
Explain Failover?
Failover is a cisco proprietary feature. It is used to provide redundancy. It requires two identical ASAs to be
connected to each other through a dedicated failover link. Health of active interfaces and units are monitored to
determine if failover has occured or not.
What are type of Failover?
1.Active/Standby Failover.
2.Active/Active Failover.
What information is Exchaged between ASAs over a Failover link?
1.State Active or standby.
2.Hello Messages.
3.Network Link Status.
4.Mac Addresses.
5.Configuration Replication and Synchronization.
What is the difference between Statefull failover and Stateless failover?
Stateless Failover When failover occurs all active connections are dropped. Clients need to reestablish
connections when the new active unit takes over.
Statefull Failover The active unit continually passes perconnection state information to the standby unit.
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Statefull Failover The active unit continually passes perconnection state information to the standby unit.
After a failover occurs, the same connection information is available at the new active unit. Clients are not
required to reconnect to keep the same communication session.
What Information Active unit passes to the standby unit in Statefull Failover?
NAT translation table, TCP connection states, The ARP table, The Layer 2 bridge table (when running in
transparent firewall mode), ICMP connection state etc.
What are the Failover Requirements between two devices?
Hardware Requirements The two units in a failover configuration must be the same model, should have same
number and types of interfaces.
Software Requirements The two units in a failover configuration must be in the same operating modes (routed
or transparent single or multiple context). They must have the same software version.
Explain Active/Standby Failover?
In Active/Standby Failover, one unit is the active unit which passes traffic. The standby unit does not actively
pass traffic. When Failover occurs, the active unit fails over to the standby unit, which then becomes active.
We can use Active/Standby Failover for ASAs in both single or multiple context mode.
Explain Active/Active Failover?
It is only available to ASAs in multiple context mode. In an Active/Active Failover configuration, both ASAs
can pass network traffic. In Active/Active Failover, we divide the security contexts on the ASA into Failover
Groups. A Failover Group is simply a logical group of one or more security contexts. Each group is assigned to
be active on a specific ASA in the failover pair. When Failover occurs, it occurs at the Failover group level.
What is the command to enable Failover?
# Failover
What is the command to see Failover?
# sh failover
Explain Unit Health Monitoring in Failover? or How Failover occurs?
The ASA determines the health of the other unit by monitoring the failover link. When a unit does not receive
three consecutive hello messages on the failover link, it sends hello messages on each interface, including the
failover interface, to find whether or not the other unit is responsive.
Based upon the response from the other unit it takes following actions:
1.If the ASA receives a response on the failover interface, then it does not fail over.
2.If the ASA does not receive a response on the failover link, but it does receive a response on another
interface, then the unit does not failover. The failover link is marked as failed.
3.If the ASA does not receive a response on any interface, then the standby unit switches to active mode and
classifies the other unit as failed.
How active unit is determined in Active/Standby Failover?
1.If a unit boots and detects another unit already running as active, it becomes the standby unit.
2.If a unit boots and does not detect active unit, it becomes the active unit.
3.If both units boot simultaneously, then the primary unit becomes the active unit, and the secondary
unit becomes the standby unit.
Name some commands replicated to standby unit?
All configuration commands except for mode, firewall, and failover lan unit.
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# copy runningconfig startupconfig
# write memory
Name some commands that are not replicated to standby unit?
All forms of the copy command except for # copy runningconfig startupconfig
all forms of the write command except for # write memory
Explain Active/Standby Failover & Active/Active Failover in terms of preemption?
In Active/Standby Failover there is no preemption.
In Active/Active Failover preemption is optional.
Explain Security Context?
We can partition a Single ASA into multiple virtual devices, known as Security Contexts. Each Context acts as
an independent device, with its own security policy, interfaces, and administrators. Multiple contexts are
similar to having multiple standalone devices.
What features are supported in multiple context mode?
Routing tables, Firewall features, IPS, and Management.
What features are not supported in multiple context mode?
VPN and Dynamic Routing Protocols.
Explain System Area?
When we boot up in multiple mode from the CLI, we are taken into the system area. The system area is used to
create and manage the contexts, configure the physical properties of the interfaces, create VLANs for trunking,
create resource classes to restrict the context system resource usage.
What is the Admin Context?
When the Appliance boots up, one context is automatically created called Admin Context which defaults to
being the administrative context. Any context can be made administrative context. One of the contexts on our
appliance must be the administrative context. An “*” beside a context name indicates that the context is the
administrative context.
How ASA Classifies Packets?
The packet that enters is to be processed by which context is classified by ASA as follows:
1.Unique Interfaces If only one context is associated with the ingress interface, the ASA classifies the packet
into that context.
2.Unique MAC Addresses If multiple contexts share an interface, then the interface MAC address is used as
classifier. ASA lets us assign a different MAC address in each context to the same shared interface. By default,
shared interfaces do not have unique MAC addresses. We can set the MAC addresses manually or we can
automatically generate MAC addresses by # macaddress auto command.
3.NAT Configuration If we do not use unique MAC addresses, then the mapped addresses in our NAT
configuration are used to classify packets.
What is the command to Switch to Multiple context Mode?
# mode multiple
After entering this command the appliance will reboot itself and our current configuration is automatically
backed up to flash in case we want to switch back to single mode. The file is called “old_running.cfg.”
What is the command to Switch back to Single Mode?
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# mode single
What are different types of NAT in ASA?
Static NAT A consistent mapping between a real and mapped IP address. It allows Bidirectional traffic
initiation.
Dynamic NAT A group of real IP addresses are mapped to a (usually smaller) group of mapped IP addresses
on a first come first served basis. It allows only Unidirectional traffic initiation.
Dynamic Port Address Translation (PAT) A group of real IP addresses are mapped to a single IP address using
a unique source port of that IP address.
Identity NAT A real address is statically transalted to itself, essentially bypassing NAT.
What is Policy NAT?
Policy NAT allows you to NAT by specifying both the source and destination addresses in an extended access
list. We can also optionally specify the source and destination ports. Regular NAT can only consider the source
addresses, not the destination address .
In Static NAT it is called as Static Policy NAT.
In Dynamic NAT it is called as Dynamic Policy NAT.
Give the order of preference between different types of NAT?
1.Nat exemption.
2.Existing translation in Xlate.
3.Static NAT
Static Identity NAT
Static Policy NAT
Static NAT
Static PAT
4.Dynamic NAT
NAT Zero
Dynamic Policy NAT
Dynamic NAT
Dynamic PAT
What is the difference between Auto NAT & Manual NAT?
Auto NAT (Network Object NAT) It only considers the source address while performing NAT. So, Auto NAT
is only used for Static or Dynamic NAT. Auto NAT is configured within an object.
Manual NAT (Twice NAT) Manual NAT considers either only the source address or the source and destination
address while performing NAT. It can be used for almost all types of NAT like NAT exempt, policy NAT etc.
Unlike Auto NAT that is configured within an object, Manual NAT is configured directly from the global
configuration mode.
Give NAT Order in terms of Auto NAT & Manual NAT?
NAT is ordered in 3 sections.
Section 1 – Manual NAT
Section 2 – Auto NAT
Section 3 – Manual Nat AfterAuto
What are the command to see NAT Translations?
# sh xlate
# sh nat
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# sh nat
What is the command to see both NAT Table and Connection Table?
# sh localhost
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1 comment ASA Firewall
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Jitendra Yadav
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Its really amazing webside, plz keep post good thing on this portal
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