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Waves
PYL100: Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum Mechanics
Semester I 2018-2019
Preliminaries
1
The plane of incidence is the plane which contains the surface normal and
the propagation vector of the incoming radiation.
2
If the electric field vector lies perpendicular to the plane of incidence, we
have the so-called s-polarization, transverse electric (TE) mode.
Reflection and Refraction at Oblique Incidence
p-polarization
Setting Up The E Fields
p-polarization
I
E1 = E10 e i(ω1 t−k1 ·r )
E2 = E20 e i(ω2 t−k2 ·r ) (1)
E3 = E30 e i(ω3 t−k3 ·r )
where E10 , E20 and E30 are independent of space and time,
and is, in general, complex.
I By construction, (see Fig.) we already have that,
k1y = 0, (2)
i.e., k1 for the incident wave is k to the x − z plane.
Reflection and Refraction at Oblique Incidence
p-polarization
k12 = ω12 1 µ1 ,
k22 = ω22 2 µ2 , (4)
k32 = ω32 1 µ1 .
Applying Boundary Condition for Ez
p-polarization
I
k · r = kx x + ky y + kz z
(6)
= ky y + kz z (at the interface x = 0).
I Thus,
h i
−E10 e i(ωt−k1y y −k1z z) cos θ1 + E30 e i(ω3 t−k3y y −k3z z) cos θ3 =
h i x=0
−E20 e i(ω2 t−k2y y −k2z z) cos θ2 ,
x=0
(7)
which must be valid at all t, and for all values of y and z (on
the plane x = 0)
Frequencies ω Remain Unaltered
p-polarization
3
See the problem set for a derivation of this result.
∠i = ∠r
p-polarization
I
θ1 = θ3 (12)
i.e., the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Snell’s Law
p-polarization
I Further,
r
sin θ1 k2 1 µ1 n2
= = = , (13)
sin θ2 k1 2 µ2 n1
which is Snell’s law of refraction.
Reflection (rk ) and Transmission (tk ) amplitude coefficients
p-polarization
I or,
1 (E10 + E30 ) sin θ1 = 2 E20 sin θ2 . (16)
Combining Eqs. 14 and 16 we obtain,
I
E30 2 sin θ2 cos θ1 − 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
rk = = ∈C (17)
E10 2 sin θ2 cos θ1 + 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
where rk is the reflection amplitude coefficient, and the
subscript refers to parallel (or p-) polarization.
Reflection (rk ) and Transmission (tk ) amplitude coefficients
p-polarization
I
S3x S3 cos θ1
Rk = =
S1x S1 cos θ1
p
hRe[E3 ] × Re[H3 ]i 1 /µ1 | E30 |2
= =p (21)
hRe[E1 ] × Re[H1 ]i 1 /µ1 | E10 |2
2
E30
=
E10
I
2
2 sin θ2 cos θ1 − 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
Rk = ∈R (22)
2 sin θ2 cos θ1 + 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
Transmission Coefficient (Tk )
p-polarization
S2x S2 cos θ2
Tk = =
S1x S1 cos θ1
p
hRe[E2 ] × Re[H2 ]i cos θ2 2 /µ2 | E20 |2 cos θ2
= =p
hRe[E1 ] × Re[H1 ]i cos θ1 1 /µ1 | E10 |2 cos θ1
(23)
I
41 2 sin θ1 cos θ1 sin θ2 cos θ2
Tk = ∈R (24)
(2 sin θ2 cos θ1 + 1 sin θ1 cos θ2 )2
We also observe that R + T = 1 which is a consequence of
EM energy conservation.
E Is Polarized ⊥ To The Plane Of Incidence
s-polarization
I
E1 = ŷ E10 e i(ω1 t−k1 ·r )
E2 = ŷ E20 e i(ω2 t−k2 ·r ) (25)
i(ω3 t−k3 ·r )
E3 = ŷ E30 e
where the vectors E1 , E2 and E3 are independent of space and
time.
I Since the y -axes is tangential to the interface, the y
component of E must be continuous across the interface
(E1k = E2k ) and consequently,
k1 × E10 i(ωt−k1 ·r )
H1 = H10 e i(ωt−k1 ·r ) = e
ωµ1
k2 × E20 i(ωt−k2 ·r )
H2 = H20 e i(ωt−k2 ·r ) = e (27)
ωµ2
k3 × E30 i(ωt−k3 ·r )
H3 = H30 e i(ωt−k3 ·r ) = e
ωµ1
Applying Boundary Condition For The H Tangential To
the Interface
s-polarization
I
k1 k2
(E10 − E30 ) cos θ1 = E20 cos θ2 (29)
ωµ1 ωµ2
Reflection (r⊥ ) and Transmission (t⊥ ) amplitude
coefficients
s-polarization
I Using Eq. 26 in Eq. 30 we get,
k1 k2
(E10 − E30 ) cos θ1 = (E10 + E30 ) cos θ2 (30)
ωµ1 ωµ2
I
E20 E30 2 sin θ2 cos θ1
t⊥ = =1+ = (32)
E10 E10 sin(θ1 + θ2 )
4
Both the final results are only strictly true for non-magnetic media, i.e.,
µ1 = µ2 = µ
Comparing rk and r⊥
Why is rk = r⊥ for θ = 0?
Brewster’s Law
n2 sin θ1 sin θp
= = , (34)
n1 sin θ2 sin(π/2 − θp )
I
n2
θp = tan−1 . (35)
n1
Thus, when the angle of incidence is equal to tan−1 (n2 /n1 )
then the reflected beam is perfectly plane polarized.
I Further, the transmitted beam is partially polarized (but the
p-polarization is dominant).
Phase Change on Reflection
s-polarization, light incident on a denser medium
5
Note that the calculated phase change depends on the assumed direction
of the reflected, and refracted rays w.r.t the incident ray.
Phase Change on Reflection
p-polarization, light incident on a denser medium
7
Do the s-polarization case as HW!
Total Internal Reflection
I where,
r
1 2
γ= sin2 θ1 − , (40)
2 1
is a real number. Substituting this into Eq. 41 we get:
Total Internal Reflection
I
cos θ1 − iγ
rk = , (41)
cos θ1 + iγ
and the reflectance Rk =| rk |2 = 1 showing that the entire
energy is reflected into the first medium. This is the
well-known phenomenon of total internal reflection.
I We may, however, note two points:
1. Since rk is a complex number, there is a phase change on
reflection.
2. However, the amplitude transmission coefficient tk 6= 0. Thus,
the field in the rarer medium is not zero. In fact, an
important side-effect of total internal reflection is the
appearance of an evanescent wave beyond the boundary
surface.
Phase Change During Total Internal Reflection
cos θ1 − iγ
rk = ,
cos θ1 + iγ
(42)
Ae −iφ
= = e −2iφ ,
Ae iφ
p cos θ1
where A = cos2 θ1 + γ 2 , cos φ = √ and
cos2 θ1 +γ 2
sin φ = √ γ , which gives us the phase change ∆,
cos2 θ1 +γ 2
I
p !
γ 1 sin2 θ1 − sin2 θc
∆ = 2φ = 2 tan−1 = 2 tan−1
cos θ1 2 cos θ1
(43)
Evanescent Wave In The Rarer Medium
I Thus,
q
i[(k2 1 sin θ1 )z−ωt]
E2 = E20 e −βx e 2 (46)
I where,
r
2 ω
q
β = k2 γ = n12 sin2 θ1 − n22 (47)
1 c
The field given by Eq. 46 represents a wave propagating in the
+z direction with an amplitude decreasing exponentially in
the x direction. Such a wave is known as a surface wave or an
evanescent wave.
Evanescent Wave In The Rarer Medium
Fingertip valleys reflect light via TIR, while finger tip ridges in
contact with prism frustrate the reflection.