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The Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic

Waves
PYL100: Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum Mechanics
Semester I 2018-2019

Prof. Rohit Narula1


1 Department of Physics

The Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

September 13, 2018


Outline

Preliminaries

Reflection and Refraction at Oblique Incidence


p-polarization
s-polarization
Polarization by reflection: Brewsters law
Phase change on reflection
Total Internal Reflection
References

I Introduction to Electrodynamics, David J. Griffiths [IEDJ]


I Chapter IX. Electromagnetic Waves
I Optics, A. K. Ghatak [OAKG]
I Chapter IX. Vibrations and Waves
Reflection and Refraction at Oblique Incidence
p-polarization

I We consider reflection and refraction of a plane EM wave


incident at the interface of two dielectrics characterized by
(1 , µ1 ) and (2 , µ2 ).
I Both media are linear, nonabsorbing, isotropic and
homogenous.
Reflection and Refraction at Oblique Incidence
p-polarization

I The incident electric field is polarized parallel to the plane of


incidence1 (p-polarization aka, the transverse magnetic (TM)
mode.)2 .

1
The plane of incidence is the plane which contains the surface normal and
the propagation vector of the incoming radiation.
2
If the electric field vector lies perpendicular to the plane of incidence, we
have the so-called s-polarization, transverse electric (TE) mode.
Reflection and Refraction at Oblique Incidence
p-polarization
Setting Up The E Fields
p-polarization

I
E1 = E10 e i(ω1 t−k1 ·r )
E2 = E20 e i(ω2 t−k2 ·r ) (1)
E3 = E30 e i(ω3 t−k3 ·r )
where E10 , E20 and E30 are independent of space and time,
and is, in general, complex.
I By construction, (see Fig.) we already have that,

k1y = 0, (2)
i.e., k1 for the incident wave is k to the x − z plane.
Reflection and Refraction at Oblique Incidence
p-polarization

I Since the fields in a non-absorbing dielectric/vacuum must


satisfy the wave equation
1 ∂2f
∇2 f = , (3)
v 2 ∂t 2
we get for each ray,

k12 = ω12 1 µ1 ,
k22 = ω22 2 µ2 , (4)
k32 = ω32 1 µ1 .
Applying Boundary Condition for Ez
p-polarization

I We begin by resolving the electric vector E along the x and


z-axis
I Since the z-component is tangential to the surface we must
have Ez continuous across the interface (E1k = E2k ) giving
us,

E1z + E3z = E2z ,


h i
−E10 e i(ωt−k1 ·r ) cos θ1 + E30 e i(ω3 t−k3 ·r ) cos θ3 =
h i x=0
−E20 e i(ω2 t−k2 ·r ) cos θ2 .
x=0
(5)
Applying Boundary Condition for Ez
p-polarization

I
k · r = kx x + ky y + kz z
(6)
= ky y + kz z (at the interface x = 0).
I Thus,
h i
−E10 e i(ωt−k1y y −k1z z) cos θ1 + E30 e i(ω3 t−k3y y −k3z z) cos θ3 =
h i x=0
−E20 e i(ω2 t−k2y y −k2z z) cos θ2 ,
x=0
(7)
which must be valid at all t, and for all values of y and z (on
the plane x = 0)
Frequencies ω Remain Unaltered
p-polarization

Consequently, the coefficients of y , z, and t in the exponents


appearing in the above equation must be equal3 .
I
ω = ω2 = ω3 ,
k1y = k2y = k3y , (8)
k1z = k2z = k3z ,
and thus the frequencies associated with the reflected and
refracted waves must be the same as that of the incident
wave.
I And further, √
k1 = ω 1 µ1 = k3
√ (9)
k2 = ω 2 µ2

3
See the problem set for a derivation of this result.
∠i = ∠r
p-polarization

I Since k1y = 0, we must have,

k2y = k3y = 0. (10)


i.e., k1 , k2 and k3 will all be parallel to the x − z plane, thus
establishing that all the rays lie in the plane of incidence.
I Using k1z = k2z = k3z derived above we get,

k1 sin θ1 = k2 sin θ2 = k1 sin θ3 , (11)

I
θ1 = θ3 (12)
i.e., the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Snell’s Law
p-polarization

I Further,
r
sin θ1 k2 1 µ1 n2
= = = , (13)
sin θ2 k1 2 µ2 n1
which is Snell’s law of refraction.
Reflection (rk ) and Transmission (tk ) amplitude coefficients
p-polarization

I Using Eqns. 7, 8 and 12 we get,

(E10 − E30 ) cos θ1 = E20 cos θ2 (14)

I Further, the normal component of D must also be continuous


(D1⊥ = D2⊥ ), and since for linear, isotropic media D = E ,
we must have,

1 E1x + 1 E3x = 2 E2x , (15)


Reflection (rk ) and Transmission (tk ) amplitude coefficients
p-polarization

I or,
1 (E10 + E30 ) sin θ1 = 2 E20 sin θ2 . (16)
Combining Eqs. 14 and 16 we obtain,
I
E30 2 sin θ2 cos θ1 − 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
rk = = ∈C (17)
E10 2 sin θ2 cos θ1 + 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
where rk is the reflection amplitude coefficient, and the
subscript refers to parallel (or p-) polarization.
Reflection (rk ) and Transmission (tk ) amplitude coefficients
p-polarization

I Similarly we get for the transmission amplitude coefficient tk ,

E20 21 sin θ1 cos θ1


tk = = ∈C (18)
E10 2 sin θ2 cos θ1 + 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
Calculating Intensities

I To calculate the reflection coefficient/reflectance R, we


must determine the ratio of the x components of the Poynting
vectors associated with the incident and, reflected waves.
I If S1 denotes the magnitude of the Poynting vector associated
with the incident wave, then the energy incident on area dA
(on the surface x = 0) per unit time is S1x dA = S1 dA cos θ1 .
Calculating Intensities

I Similarly, the energy transmitted through area dA is

S2x dA = S2 cos θ2 dA, (19)


and the energy reflected from area dA is,

S3x dA = S3 cos θ1 dA, (20)


Reflection Coefficient (Rk )
p-polarization

I
S3x S3 cos θ1
Rk = =
S1x S1 cos θ1
p
hRe[E3 ] × Re[H3 ]i 1 /µ1 | E30 |2
= =p (21)
hRe[E1 ] × Re[H1 ]i 1 /µ1 | E10 |2
2
E30
=
E10

I
 2
2 sin θ2 cos θ1 − 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
Rk = ∈R (22)
2 sin θ2 cos θ1 + 1 sin θ1 cos θ2
Transmission Coefficient (Tk )
p-polarization

S2x S2 cos θ2
Tk = =
S1x S1 cos θ1
p
hRe[E2 ] × Re[H2 ]i cos θ2 2 /µ2 | E20 |2 cos θ2
= =p
hRe[E1 ] × Re[H1 ]i cos θ1 1 /µ1 | E10 |2 cos θ1
(23)

I
41 2 sin θ1 cos θ1 sin θ2 cos θ2
Tk = ∈R (24)
(2 sin θ2 cos θ1 + 1 sin θ1 cos θ2 )2
We also observe that R + T = 1 which is a consequence of
EM energy conservation.
E Is Polarized ⊥ To The Plane Of Incidence
s-polarization

I Consider the reflection and refraction of a linearly polarized


plane wave with its electric vector perpendicular to the plane
of incidence which describes the transverse electric (TE)
mode, or s-polarization.
Setting Up The Electric Field
s-polarization

I
E1 = ŷ E10 e i(ω1 t−k1 ·r )
E2 = ŷ E20 e i(ω2 t−k2 ·r ) (25)
i(ω3 t−k3 ·r )
E3 = ŷ E30 e
where the vectors E1 , E2 and E3 are independent of space and
time.
I Since the y -axes is tangential to the interface, the y
component of E must be continuous across the interface
(E1k = E2k ) and consequently,

E10 + E30 = E20 (26)


Setting Up The Magnetic Fields H
s-polarization

I The direction of the magnetic fields H lie in the plane of


incidence and are given by:

k1 × E10 i(ωt−k1 ·r )
H1 = H10 e i(ωt−k1 ·r ) = e
ωµ1
k2 × E20 i(ωt−k2 ·r )
H2 = H20 e i(ωt−k2 ·r ) = e (27)
ωµ2
k3 × E30 i(ωt−k3 ·r )
H3 = H30 e i(ωt−k3 ·r ) = e
ωµ1
Applying Boundary Condition For The H Tangential To
the Interface
s-polarization

I Using the boundary condition for the component of tangential


to the interface H1k − H2k = Kf ⊥ and realizing that Kf ⊥ = 0
for a dielectric we get,

H10 cos θ1 − H30 cos θ1 = H20 cos θ2 , (28)

I
k1 k2
(E10 − E30 ) cos θ1 = E20 cos θ2 (29)
ωµ1 ωµ2
Reflection (r⊥ ) and Transmission (t⊥ ) amplitude
coefficients
s-polarization
I Using Eq. 26 in Eq. 30 we get,

k1 k2
(E10 − E30 ) cos θ1 = (E10 + E30 ) cos θ2 (30)
ωµ1 ωµ2

I After some algebra we finally get4 ,

E30 (k1 /ωµ1 ) cos θ1 − (k2 /ωµ2 ) cos θ2 sin(θ1 − θ2 )


r⊥ = = =−
E10 (k1 /ωµ1 ) cos θ1 + (k2 /ωµ2 ) cos θ2 sin(θ1 + θ2 )
(31)

I
E20 E30 2 sin θ2 cos θ1
t⊥ = =1+ = (32)
E10 E10 sin(θ1 + θ2 )
4
Both the final results are only strictly true for non-magnetic media, i.e.,
µ1 = µ2 = µ
Comparing rk and r⊥

Figure: The reflection amplitude coefficients for p- and, s-polarizations.

Why is rk = r⊥ for θ = 0?
Brewster’s Law

I Now let us investigate the Brewster’s angle (θp ) or the angle


of incidence θ1 where there is no reflected beam for
p-polarization. (rk = 0). It occurs when,

θ1 + θ2 = π/2 and rk = 0. (33)


Brewster’s Law

I if an unpolarized beam is incident at an angle such that


θ1 + θ2 = π/2 , then the parallel component of the E vector
will not be reflected and the reflected light will be perfectly
linearly polarized with its E vector perpendicular to the
plane of incidence.
Brewster’s Law

I Notice that the angle of refraction will be π/2 − θp , and


therefore Snell’s law takes the form,

n2 sin θ1 sin θp
= = , (34)
n1 sin θ2 sin(π/2 − θp )

I  
n2
θp = tan−1 . (35)
n1
Thus, when the angle of incidence is equal to tan−1 (n2 /n1 )
then the reflected beam is perfectly plane polarized.
I Further, the transmitted beam is partially polarized (but the
p-polarization is dominant).
Phase Change on Reflection
s-polarization, light incident on a denser medium

I For s-polarization, there is always a phase change5 of π.

5
Note that the calculated phase change depends on the assumed direction
of the reflected, and refracted rays w.r.t the incident ray.
Phase Change on Reflection
p-polarization, light incident on a denser medium

I For p-polarization, there is no phase change for θ1 < θp .


I But a phase change of π when θ1 > θp .
I Compare the case of normal incidence for p, and s
polarizations.
Total Internal Reflection

I When an EM wave is incident on a rarer medium (i.e.,


n2 < n1 ) then θ2 > θ1 and Snell’s law (Eq. 13) can be written
in the form6 :
r
n1 1
sin θ2 = sin θ1 = sin θ1 (36)
n2 2
6
Both media are assumed non-magnetic.
Total Internal Reflection

I We will work out the reflectance R for p-polarization.7


I Clearly, when θ1 > θc we have sin θ2 > 1.
I Precisely at the critical angle θc , θ2 = 90◦
  r
−1 n2 −1 2
θc = sin = sin (37)
n1 1

I Using Eq. 37 to rewrite Eq. 17 describing rk we get,


p
E30 cos θ1 − (1 /2 ) sin2 θc − sin2 θ1
rk = = p . (38)
E10 cos θ1 + (1 /2 ) sin2 θc − sin2 θ1

7
Do the s-polarization case as HW!
Total Internal Reflection

I Clearly, for θ1 > θc the quantity under the square root


becomes negative and we may write,
r
1 1 2
q
2 2
sin θc − sin θ1 = − sin2 θ1 = iγ, (39)
2 2 1

I where,
r
1 2
γ= sin2 θ1 − , (40)
2 1
is a real number. Substituting this into Eq. 41 we get:
Total Internal Reflection

I
cos θ1 − iγ
rk = , (41)
cos θ1 + iγ
and the reflectance Rk =| rk |2 = 1 showing that the entire
energy is reflected into the first medium. This is the
well-known phenomenon of total internal reflection.
I We may, however, note two points:
1. Since rk is a complex number, there is a phase change on
reflection.
2. However, the amplitude transmission coefficient tk 6= 0. Thus,
the field in the rarer medium is not zero. In fact, an
important side-effect of total internal reflection is the
appearance of an evanescent wave beyond the boundary
surface.
Phase Change During Total Internal Reflection

I Let us calculate the phase change in the beam which


undergoes total internal reflection. From Eq. 41 we have,

cos θ1 − iγ
rk = ,
cos θ1 + iγ
(42)
Ae −iφ
= = e −2iφ ,
Ae iφ
p cos θ1
where A = cos2 θ1 + γ 2 , cos φ = √ and
cos2 θ1 +γ 2
sin φ = √ γ , which gives us the phase change ∆,
cos2 θ1 +γ 2
I
p !
γ 1 sin2 θ1 − sin2 θc
∆ = 2φ = 2 tan−1 = 2 tan−1
cos θ1 2 cos θ1
(43)
Evanescent Wave In The Rarer Medium

I tk 6= 0. Thus, the field in the rarer medium is not zero.


I An evanescent wave appears in the rarer medium just beyond
the interface.
I Essentially, even though the entire incident wave is reflected
back into the originating medium, there is some penetration
into the second medium at the inteface.
I The evanescent wave appears to travel along the boundary
between the two materials. It is characterized by its
propagation in the z direction and its exponential
attenuation in the x direction.
Evanescent Wave In The Rarer Medium

I Let us determine the nature of the transmitted wave when the


beam undergoes total internal reflection.

E2 = E20 e i(k2 ·r −ωt)


= E20 e i(k2x x+k2z z−ωt) (44)
= E20 e i(k2 x cos θ2 +k2 z sin θ2 −ωt)
I Using Snell’s law of Eq. 13 we find that,
r
2
cos θ2 = iγ, (45)
1
q
where γ = 21 sin2 θ1 − 21 .
Evanescent Wave In The Rarer Medium

I Thus,
q
i[(k2 1 sin θ1 )z−ωt]
E2 = E20 e −βx e 2 (46)

I where,
r
2 ω
q
β = k2 γ = n12 sin2 θ1 − n22 (47)
1 c
The field given by Eq. 46 represents a wave propagating in the
+z direction with an amplitude decreasing exponentially in
the x direction. Such a wave is known as a surface wave or an
evanescent wave.
Evanescent Wave In The Rarer Medium

I We had remarked that for the case of total internal reflection


tk 6= 0, but nevertheless Rk = 1.
I In order to figure out the power transferred to the rarer
medium we must calculate the real part8 of the time-averaged
Poynting vector, which turns out to be,
2
E20
r
1
? −2βx
Re[hS2 i] = Re[hE2 × H2 i] = e k2 sin θ1 ẑ (48)
2µ0 ω 2

I Since the normal to the surface is along the x direction, the


average energy transferred to the rarer medium Re[S2 ] · n̂ = 0.
8
The imaginary component of hS2 i is along x̂, and thus the power travelling
in the x̂ direction is reactive (stored energy), i.e., the average power is zero.
Comparing R for incidence from a rarer to a denser
medium
Comparing R for incidence from a denser to a rarer
medium
Frustrated Total Internal Reflection

(b) Frustrated Total Internal


(a) Total Internal Reflection Reflection

I By placing a high-index material in the presence of the


evanescent wave power can be coupled through the low-index
gap, frustrating the total internal reflection
I The prisms must be within a few wavelengths (where the
evanescent field is non-zero) for this to work
I This is the principle of operation for cube beamsplitters
Uses for Total Internal Reflection
Zigzag Laser Slabs

The circulating beam in many high-power lasers is made to zig-zag


through the laser crystal to average over the thermal gradient in
the crystal. Having many reflections requires the reflectivity at
each interface be high.
Fiber Optics

I Glass fibers are used as waveguides to transmit light over


great distance
I High index core guides the light
I A low index cladding protects the interface of the core
I The acceptance angle of a fiber determines what light will be
guided through the fiber
Fingerprinting with TIR

Fingertip valleys reflect light via TIR, while finger tip ridges in
contact with prism frustrate the reflection.

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