Chapter 3

Lateral bracing system

General design consideration:
1. Location
2. Weight of the building
3. Building size
4. General nature of the building’s responses to dynamic loading effects of an earthquake
5. Materials and forms
Two basic types of elements in lateral bracing structure
1. Horizontal distribution elements
2. Vertical cantilevered elements
Types of lateral force resisting systems
1. Box/panelized system
2. Internally braced frames
3. Externally braced frames
4. Rigid frames
5. Self stabilizing structures
Shear walls- used to brace a building in one direction
Horizontal bracing- functions by collecting the lateral forces at a particular level of the building
Zone of load propriety- defined for individual diaphragm
General issues of concern:
1. Relative stiffness of the horizontal diaphragm
2. Relative stiffness of the vertical elements
3. Torsional effects
4. Use of control joints
Deck(web)- designed primarily to resist shear
Member(flange)- designed to resist bending moment
Developing bracing structures
Anchorage elements:
1. Tie down
2. Horizontal anchors
3. Shear anchors
4. Separation joints
Two components of the motion at separation joint
A.) Shear parallel to the joint
B.) Together apart motion perpendicular to the joint
Joint- provide structural separation and still maintains general connection of the adjacent building parts
Building sites- provide support for the building’s but also sources of concern for lateral forces
Additional site problems:
1. Site surface development
2. Macrosite consideration
Elements of deep foundation that needs consideration:
1. Supported building
2. Deep foundation
3. In between mass of the upper soil levels
Chapter 4
Vulnerable nonstructural elements:
1. Suspended ceilings
2. Cantilevered elements
3. Miscellaneous suspended objects
4. Piping
5. Heavy objects
6. Stiff weak elements

Soft story- based on stiffness; resistance to deformation

Weak story- based on load capacity; created by over stiffening or over strengthening or a lower level

Vertical irregularity:
1. Soft story
2. Weight irregularity
3. Vertical geometric irregularity
4. In plane discontinuities in vertical bracing
5. Weak story
Plan irregularities
1. Torsional irregularity
2. Reentrant corners
3. Diaphragm discontinuity
4. Out of plane offsets
5. Nonparallel systems
Chapter 5-6
Retrofit and repair
Structural designer- necessary computations for the member of a reinforced concrete
Graphic specialist- translates the designer’s notes into plans and details
Specification writer- prepares the specifications that largely define the specific materials
Commonly used grade of steel prior to world war II WAS A7 steel, allowable 2000lbs/square inch
Design for using vulnerability
Extensive non structural - no significant damage to the structure is involved
Cosmetic-caused by the structures lack of stiffness
Laminates-consist of built up layers of plastic and reinforcement of glass or carbon fiber
Base isolation-/base isolator- amounts to a form of shock absorption between the ground and building
Energy- damping and shock absorbing functions are ordinarily performed by the failure of various
elements of the building construction
Shock absorber- it is to reduce the need for the yield of steel in the main bracing elements
Architectural design for mitigation
Mitigation – any effect that functions to reduce the impact of an earthquake
Major influences in building’s response to earthquakes
1. Building form
2. Dimensions
3. Use of materials
4. Construction details
Building form
1. Shape
2. Mass/size
3. Scale
4. Proportion
5. Rhythm
6. Articulation
7. Texture and color
8. Light
Bracing system- serves to stabilize the main girders during construction
Ground modification
Ground modification methods:
1. Dynamic compaction-uses the energy from a falling weight to improve granular soils and fills
2. Jet grouting-versatile erosion based system used ti create in situ engineered geometries
3. Soil nailing-ground stabilization technique that can be used on their natural or excavate slopes
4. Slurry cut-off-used to build reinforced concrete walls

Chapter 7-8
Moment resisting frame- rectilinear assemblage of beams and columns
Cantilever retaining walls- critical site structure
Curbs- lowest freestanding retaining structures
Short retaining walls- concrete masonry walls of uniform thickness
Tall retaining walls- permits the development of a reasonable cross-section for the high bending stress
at the base without an excessive amount of concrete.
Soft retaining structure- slopes and greet changes can be protected by various devices
Functions of sheer walL:
1. Providing lateral strength the building
2. Providing lateral stiffness to building
Standalone wall that is not connected at either end the building or other structure
Considerations in designing a foundation of freestanding wall:
1. Anchorage of the shear wall
2. Sliding of the foundation
3. Overturn of the foundation
4. Maximum vertical soil pressure

Chapter 9-10
Special design issues
Major concerns:
1. Location of the site
2. Site development
3. Building design
Managing design for lateral force
1. Determining the basic scheme
2. Determining loads
3. Determining the load propagation
4. Design of individual elements
5. Design for interactions
6. Design documentation
Wood framed residence
-developed in the 19th century
Light Gage elements- can emulated in steel
Conditions that could cause collapse
1. Inadequate foundation anchorage
2. Bad distribution of the building mass
3. Bad distribution of the lateral bracing structure
4. Inadequate resistance if individual elements
5. Interaction failure
6. Damage to service system
7. Nonstructural damage
8. Broken seals
9. Chimneys
Design for improved seismic response
Diaphragms- common ways to brace a building are with rigid shear planes
Framework- trussing or rigid frame action
 External struts
 Guys
 Flying buttresses
Two performance goals are significant for the general building design
1. Damage control- owner’s sake
2. Accommodation of planning- architect’s sake
Lateral bracing structure for the light wood frame residence consideration
1. General form
2. Continuity of the frame
3. Anchorage and interconnection of the construction bracing
4. The individual diaphragms
5. Building site
6. Building foundation

Retrofit or repair
Retrofit- involves modification to existing buildings

Optimal design-class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion
CHAPTER 11
Seismic response of the wood structure
Diaphragm shear- beam action shear In the diaphragm surface must be resisted by the structural
surfacing of the roof
Diaphragm chord- must be capable of both tension and compression as the seismic force reserve
direction
Anchorage and load transfer- roof diaphragm must be adequately connected to the supporting walls
Horizontal orientation of the diaphragm- should b in flat plane
Aspect ratio of the diaphragm- reasonable stiffness must exist for development of the spanning action
Shear load issues:
1. orientation to lateral loads
2. Orientation in building plan
3. Aspect ratio
4. Chords
5. Shear capacity
6. anchorage for sliding and overturn
7. Openings
8. Intersecting walls
Foundations-lateral force on the building must be transferred to the ground through the building
foundation
General building form issues:
1. Overturn of the building
2. Irregular shape

Design of the wood structure

Shear wall- vertical element of a seismic force resisting system that is designed to resist in plane lateral
forces.

Masonry structure
Two major concerns:
1. Weight of the construction
2. Relative stiffness of the walls in the shear wall action

Tilt up construction- concrete elements are form d horizontally on a concrete slab; requires a building
floor as a building form

Advantages of tilt up:

1. Mor cost effective than cast in alls
2. Faster and safer to install
3. Less waste and lower environmental impact
4. Allows for some customization and architectural design
Disadvantage of tilt up:
1. Not ideal for complex buildings
2. Difficult to word with on some worksites
3. Lacking in versatility

Columns for the girder

-with use of some form of column for girders header beams can be used
Design of the walls:
1. Use panels to support the ends of joists
2. Develop walls to accommodate the openings shown in the plans
3. Develop interior wall surfaces
4. Use the walls for shear wall functions

Chapter 12
Low rise multiunit building
Plywood- widely used materials for roof sheathing, floor decking and exterior wall sheathing in the past
OSB(oriented strand board)- product used frequently for structural sheathing
Gypsum drywall- for interior partitions, most common material is the product consisting of a sandwich
of paper and gypsum plaster

Two major concerns relates primarily to architectural design:

1. Multi massed condition
2. Open ground floor

 Difference between motel and hotel? Motel is a tow story building that has parking lot on the
ground floor and hotel is a high rise building

Concrete fill- used at the top of the precast planks to achieve a smooth top surface for flooring or
roofing
Roof fill- as insulation and makes attaching roofing materials easier

Chapter 13
Low rise office building

Structural alternatives
1. Using of lightwood frame
2. Steel frame, concrete frame, and masonry bearing wall systems are feasible
3. Depend on desired plan form
General considerations of the building
1. Core shear wall system
2. Truss braced core
3. Perimeter shear wall
4. Mixed exterior and interior shear walls or trussed bents
5. Full rigid frame system
6. Perimeter rigid framed system
Structural deck- concrete slab, either sitecast or precast, non structural fill
Common beam- will produce simple span behavior
Common girder- simple beam loading condition
Design of the trussed bents
1. King post
2. Simple bent
3. King post with struts
4. Queen post
5. King post with arc
Bent columns must be designed for the following loading
1. Vertical compression due to gravity
2. Vertical load due to lateral force action
3. Bending due to gravity loads on both column axes
4. Bending due to lateral loads on the column axis perpendicular to the bent plate
Bearing walls- major supports for the floor framing
Options for the floor framing
1. Wood
2. Steel
3. Sitecast concrete
4. Precast concrete
Spandrel- solid portion of wall between windows in the vertical row functions as wall beams
Xshape- typical form of cracking

Chapter 14
Concrete frame- common form of structure comprising a network of columns and connecting beams
that forms structural skeleton of a building
Eccentric bracing- consist of diagonal braces located in the plane of the frame

Chapter 15 and 16
Single story warehouse
Sawtooth roof- regularly spaced series of sky windows
Sloping sites
Transition site- combines a cut into the up slope side of the site and build up fill on the down slope side
Problems with this situation considering the possibility of a major earthquake
1. Settlement of the footings on fill
2. Loss of the down slope edge
3. Slope failure at the cut edge of the site
4. Failure of the original slope
5. Exposure of sensitive or unstable soils by the cut
Downhill frame- a frame laid on the original slope and anchored by deep foundation elements