Human Physiology

(Locomotion and Movement)

1.1 MOVEMENT
Movement is one of the most important characteristics of living organisms.
Nonliving objects do not move.
Types of Movement
Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of movements which are followings :-
(i) Amoeboid (ii) Ciliary (iii) Muscular.
(i) Amoeboid movement :
Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit amoeboid movement.
It is effected by pseudopodia formed by the streaming of protoplasm (as in Amoeba). Cytoskeletal elements
like micro filaments are also involved in amoeboid movement.
(ii) Ciliary movement :
Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal tubular organs which are lined by ciliated epithelium. The
coordinated movements of cilia in the trachea help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign
substances inhaled alongwith the atmospheric air. Passage of ova through the female reproductive tract
is also facilitated by the ciliary movement.

(iii) Muscular movement :

Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc, require muscular movement. The contractile property of muscles
are effectively used for locomotion and other movements by human beings and majority of multicellular
organisms.
Note : Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of muscular, skeletal and neural systems.
1.2 LOCOMOTION (locus = place + moveo = to move) : Locomotion is the movement of an animal as
a whole from one place to another.
Locomotion in different animals
(i) Locomotion in Protozoa : Locomotion in protozoans by the help of cilia, flagella and pseudopodia.
(ii) Locomotion in Porifera : Sponges are sedentary or fixed animals which are attached to some sub-
stratum.
(iii) Locomotion in Coelentrates : Locomotion in coelentrates is largely due to the contraction of the
epidermal muscle fibres following type of movements take place in coelentrates –
(a) Swimming (b) Floating (c) Climbing
(d) Walking (e) Gliding (f) Somersaulting
(iv) Locomotion in Helminths : In helminths (platyhelminthes and aschelminthes) locomotion not re-
quired by adult due to parasitic adaptations. However in miracidia (a larva) locomotion by cilia, in cercaria
larva by tail. In Ascaris 15% locomotion by cuticle fiber. In planaria locomotion by cilia and muscles.
(v) Locomotion in Annelids : Leech, Earthworm and Nereis have well developed circular and longitudinal
muscles in the body wall that help these animals to move about. Parapodia and setae helpful for locomo-
tion in nereis. In earthworm also locomotion by setae.
(vi) Locomotion in Arthropods : In arthropods locomotion takes place with the help of jointed legs, and a
pair of wings.
(vi) Locomotion in Mollusca : In all the molluscs, the locomotory organ is a thick walled, muscular, broad

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or laterally compressed foot. In some molluscs, the foot is modified into eight or ten arms
(viii) Locomotion in Echinodermata : In echinoderms such as starfish, the locomotory organs are tubefeet
which act on hydraulic pressure phenomena.
(ix) Locomotion in vertebrates : In vertebrates, locomotion takes place with the help of skeletal muscles,
and skeleton. The locomotory organs are a pair of legs.

Contraction for motility in the cells results essentially from the interaction of two contractile proteins,
actin and myosin. These tissues are obviously responsible for movements of organs and locomotion
of the body in response to stimuli.
These develop from embryonic mesoderm except for those of the iris and ciliary body of eyes, which
are ectodermal in origin.
The muscle cells are always elongated, slender and spindle-shaped, fibre-like cells, These are, therefore
called muscle fibres. These possess large numbers of myofibrils formed of actin and myosin. Muscle
cells lose capacity to divide, multiply and regenerate to a great extent.
Study of muscle is called myology.
Based on their location, three types of muscles are identified: (i) Skeletal (ii) Visceral and (iii) Cardiac.

2.1 SKELETAL OR STRIATED OR STRIPED MUSCLES

Most muscles of body are striated. These generally bring about voluntary movements under conscious
control of brain and, hence, called voluntary muscles.
Most of these are inserted at both ends upon bones in different parts of the body depend upon these
muscles. Hence, these are also called skeletal muscles.
Movements of limbs and the body solely depend upon these muscles. Hence these are also called
somatic muscles.
These are also called phasic type of muscles, because contraction in these is rapid, but brief and
fatigue occurs quickly.
Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of a number of muscle bundles or fascicles held
together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called fascia. Each muscle bundle con-
tains a number of muscle fibres.

Diagrammatic cross sectional view of a muscle showing muscle bundles and muscle fibres
2.1 (i) Fine structure of striated muscle fibres :
Striated muscle fibres shows transverse striation in the form of regular alternate dark A (anisotropic)
and light I (isotropic) bands.

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(a) A- band :
The ‘A’ band contains about 120Å thick and 1.8 µ long “myosin filaments”. A slender transverse line, the
‘M’ or Hansen’s line is visible in middle of each ‘A’ band. The major, middle region of ‘A’ band is compara-
tively lighter, but its terminal parts appear darker. The middle lighter region is called ‘H’ zone.
(b) I-band : The I band contains about 60Å thick and 1.0 µ long “actin filament” which are twice as many
as myosin filaments. Each I band is divided into two equal halves by a thin, fibrous and transverse zig-zag
partition, called ‘Z’ band (‘ Z’ disc) or Krause’s membrane. Each segment of a fibril between two adja-
cent ‘Z’ bands is called a sarcomere. It is 2.3 µ long in uncontracted mammalian striated fibres.
Note : Due to the geomatric bonding pattern, the end of each myosin filament is, thus, encircled by the
ends of six actin filaments (hexagon), while the end of each actin filaments is encircled by the ends of three
myosin filaments (trigon).
2.1 (ii) Ultrastructure of myofilaments :
At the molecular level, each myosin filament is composed of about 500 thread-like myosin molecules.
Three different kinds of proteins participate in the composition of actin filaments. The major part of an
actin filament is a coiled double helical strand whose each arm is a linear polymer of small and globular
molecules (monomers) actin protein. Another coiled double helical, but thiner, strand runs along the whole
length of actin strand. Each arm of this strand is a polymer of fibre-like molecules of tropomyosin protein.
The third protein is troponin.
2.1 (iii) Structure of Contractile Proteins :
(a) Actin : Each actin filament is made up of the following components-
(A) F- actin : In each actin filament, two ‘F’ (filamentous) actins helically wound to each other. Each ‘F’
actin is a polymer of monomeric ‘G’ (Globular) actins.
(B) Tropomyosin : Two filaments of another protein, tropomyosin also run close to the ‘F’ actins through-
out its length.
(C) Troponin :It is a complex protein which is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin. In the
resting state a subunit of troponin masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments.
(b) Myosin : Each myosin (thick) filament is also a polymerised protein. Many monomeric proteins called
Meromyosins constitute one thick filament. Each meromyosin has two important parts, a globular head
with a short arm and a tail, the former being called the heavy meromyosin (HMM) and the latter, the light
meromyosin (LMM). The HMM component, i.e.; the head and short arm projects outwards at regular
distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin fllament and is known as
cross arm. The globular head is an active ATPase enzyme and has binding sites for ATP and active sites
for actin.

(a) An actin (thin) filament (b) Myosin monomer (Meromyosin)

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2.1 (iv) Working of striated muscles : Muscle
H.E. Huxley and A.F. Huxley in 1954 proposed Tendon Tendon
a theory to explain the process of muscular
contraction. This theory is known as ‘sliding
filament theory’.
It was observed that when a fibril contracts : Fasciculus of muscle fibres
(a) Its ‘A’ bands remain intact,
(b) ‘I’ bands progressively shorten and
eventually disappear when the fibril has
shortened to about 65% of its resting length.
(c) At this stage, ‘H’ zones also disappear
Muscle fibril Sarcomere ‘A’ Band ‘I’ Band
because the actin filaments of both sides in
each sarcomere reach, and may even overlap
(a)
each other at the “M” line, and the ‘Z’ lines
now touch the ends of myosin filaments. Z Disc
(d) Sarcomere shortens
A
H
Note: It was further observed that if a fibre is (b)
Actin filament
mechanically streched, the zones of overlap
between thick and thin filaments are shorter
than in resting condition, resulting in wider ‘H’
zones. 1/2 1/2
Z Disc
‘I’ Band ‘I’ Band
Spurs M Myosin
It was observed that when a fibril relax : All Line filament
the phenomenona occur in reverse way to H (c)
relax the muscle i.e. the muscle comes in
normal condition.
Note : These observations led Huxley to
propose that shortening of the fibrils in
contraction is brought about by sliding Z
Z Spurs
movement of actin filaments over myosin
Myosin
filaments towards “M” line by means of filament
rapidly forming and breaking cross bridges Actin
filament (d)
or rachets at the spurs of myosin filaments.
Hexagon
Thus, the sarcomere were recognised as the
‘ultimate units of contraction’. Trigon

Ultracstructure of a relaxed striated myofibril (a) a sarcomere (b)

& (c) a contracted sarcomere: (d) T.S. through terminal part of a A
band

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2.1 (v) Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the sliding filament theory which states that
contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments.
Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the central nervous system (CNS) via a motor neuron.
A motor neuron along with the muscle fibres connected to it constitute a motor unit. The junction between
a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is called the neuromuscular junction or motor-
end plate.
A neural signal reaching this junction releases a neurotransmitter (Acetyl choline) which generates an
action potential in the sarcolemma. This spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of
calcium ions into the sarcoplasm.
Increase in Ca2+ level leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin filaments and
thereby remove the masking of active sites for myosin.
Utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on
actin to form a cross bridge.

This pulls the attached actin filaments towards the centre of ‘A’ band. The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins
are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction. It is clear from the
above steps, that during shortening of the muscle, i.e., contraction, the I bands get reduced, whereas the
‘A’ bands retain the length.
The myosin, releasing the ADP and Pi goes back to its relaxed state. A new ATP binds and the cross-
bridge is broken. The ATP is again hydrolysed by the myosin head and the cycle of cross bridge formation
and breakage is repeated causing further sliding.
The process continues till the Ca2+ ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae resulting in the
masking of actin filaments. This causes the return of’Z’ lines back to their original position, i.e., relaxation.
The reaction time of the fibres can vary in different muscles.
Note : Repeated activation of the muscles can lead to the accumulation of lactic acid due to anaerobic
breakdown of glycogen in them, causing fatigue.
Note : On the basis of quantity of myoglobin pigment muscles are categories as
(A) Red muscle fibre : Muscle contains a red coloured oxygen storing pigment called myoglobin. Myo-
globin rich muscles gives a reddish appearance. Such muscles are called the Red fibres. These muscles
also contain plenty of mitochondria which can utilise the large amount of oxygen stored in them for ATP
production. These muscles, therefore, can also be called aerobic muscles.
(B) White muscle fibre : Muscles possess very less quantity of myoglobin, appear pale or whitish. These
are the White fibres. Number of mitochondria are also few in them, but the amount of sarcoplasmic
reticulum is high. They depend on anaerobic process for energy.

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2.2 VISCERAL OR SMOOTH MUSCLES OR NON STRIATED
These are called smooth, plain nonstriated involuntary or unstriped muscles due to absence of stria-
tions.
These occur in the walls of hollow internal organs (alimentary canal, gall bladder, bile ducts, respiratory
tracts, uterus, urinogenital ducts, urinary bladder, blood vessels, etc.), in capsules of lymph glands, spleen
etc., in iris and ciliary body of eyes, skin dermis, penis and other accessory genitalia, etc.
Smooth muscles of skin dermis, called errector pilli muscles, are associated with hair roots, and are
responsible for flesh (erection of hairs). Those of penis form a muscular network which helps in its erection
and limping.
Structure : Smooth muscle fibre is unbranched goose-spindle shaped, uninucleated and has no sarco-
lemma. Contraction is slow, involuntary under the control of ANS.
Nucleus
Sarcoplasm

Myofibrils
Plasma membrane

smooth muscles
Functionally smooth muscles are of two types –
(1) Single-unit smooth muscle : Single unit smooth muscle fibres are composed of muscle fibres
closely joined together, contract as a single unit. e.g., urinary bladder, gastrointestinal tract, small
arteries and small veins.
(2) Multi-unit smooth muscles : are composed of more independent muscle fibres, contract as separate
units e.g. – hair root muscle, muscles on the wall of large blood vessels, ciliary muscles, muscles of iris and
bronchi.
2.3 CARDIAC MUSCLES
Heart wall (also the wall of large veins just where these enter into the heart) is made up of cardiac
muscles and, hence, called myocardium.
Structurally, these muscles resemble striated muscles but, functioning independently of the conscious
control of brain, these are involuntary like the smooth muscles.
Cardiac muscle cells of fibres are comparatively shorter and thicker, cylindrical, mostly uninucleate with
a central nucleus, somewhat branched and covered by a sarcolemma.

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The total number of muscles in the body of adult man is 639. The muscles that act together to produce a
movement are called synergists and the muscle that act in opposition to each other are antagonists.
According to the type of motion they cause, the muscles are divided into the following types.
(i) Flexor and Extensor : Muscles that bend one part over another joint is called flexor. Extensor muscle
is antagonist of flexor muscle. The contraction of an extensor extends a joint by pulling one of the articulat-
ing bone apart from another.

(ii) Pronator and Supinator : The contraction of a pronator rotates the forearm to turn the palm downward
or backward Supinator is antagonist of pronator. A supinator contracts to rotate the forearm and thus to
make palm face upward or forward.

(iii) Abductor and Adductor : An abductor contracts to draw a bone away from the body midline. Muscle
that brings the limb away from midline is called abductor. An adductor draws a bone towards the body
midline. Muscles that brings the limb towards midline is called adductor. Abductor muscle is antagonist of
adductor muscle.

(iv) Protractor and Retractor : Protractor muscle pulls the lower jaw, tongue and the head forward.
Retraction is opposite to protaction. Retractor muscle draws the lower jaw, tongue and the head backward

(v) Inversion and Eversion : Turning of feet so that the soles face one another in inversion. Eversion is
the opposite of inversion. In this movement, the soles of the feet face laterally

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(vi) Rotation : Rotation is term that indicates the partial revolving of a body part on the part’s long axis.

Rotation Circumduction

(vii) Errector : Raises hairs of skin.

(viii) Levator : Elevates a part of body.
(ix) Depressor : Lowers a part of body.
(x) Sphincter : Closes a natural orifice or passage.
(xi) Constrictor : Causes constriction or squeezing.

Skeletal system consists of a framework of bones and a few cartilages. This system has a significant
role in movement shown by the body.
Bone and cartilage are specialised connective tissues. The former has a very hard matrix due to calcium
salts in it and the latter has slightly pliable matrix due to chondroitin salts.
The study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorder called osteology.
The specialized branch of medicine that deals with preservation and restoration of skeletal system,
joints is called orthopedics.
Bones are made up of a protein called ossein and cartilage are made of a protein called chondrin.
Hence study of bones is called osteology and study of cartilage is called chondrology.
4.1 SKELETON
The hardened tissues of the body together form the skeleton (sclero = hard). Skeleton of invertebrates is
most often secreted on the surface, forming a lifeless or dead exoskeleton. Whereas skeleton of verte-
brates develops most often underneath the surface forming a living or growing endoskeleton.
Three types of skeletons develop in vertebrates :
(1) Epidermal/Horny exoskeleton : These include hard and horny of keratinized derivatives of epidermal
layer of skin, such as claws, most reptilian’s scales, bird feathers and mammalian hairs, horns, nails and
hoofs, etc.
(2) Dermal/Bony skeleton : Dermal bony skeleton is derived from the dermis of skin. It includes bony
scales and plates. In fishes, dermal scales become exposed due to wearing out of epidermis, and form
exoskeleton.
(3) Endoskeleton : Greater part of vertebrate skeleton lies more deeply, forming the endoskeleton. En-
doskeleton is formed by bones in vertebrates.
4.2 SKELETON IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS
(a) Invertebrate –
(i) Protozoa – No skeleton.
(ii) Porifera – Calcarius spicules + silicious spicules
(iii) Coelentrata – Calcareous (corals) and chitinous
(iv) Helminth – No skeleton, cuticle present.
(v) Annelida – No skeleton, cuticle present.
(vi) Arthropoda – Dead Chitinus exoskeleton.
(vii) Mollusca – Calcarius shell

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 (viii) Echinodermata – Dermal calcareous plates are present.
(b) Vertebrates : In vertebrates dermal skeleton is formed by bones. Bone is the connective tissue with
intercellular spaces filled with ossein matrix composed of 25% water, 25% protein fibers, 50% mineral
salts. The inner most region is full of bone marrow having various types of cells.
(i) Cartilage bones : The bones which are formed by the ossification of preexisting cartilage are
called cartilage bones or replacing bones. e.g., vertebra, Girdles, limbs bones, Incus, malleus,
stapes.
(ii) Membrane or dermal bones : The bones which are formed by ossification in connective
tissue are called dermal, bones. e.g., Ribs, sternum, clavicle, Nasal, palatine, maxilla.
(iii) Pneumatic bones : Bones with hollow spaces containing air e.g., bones of bird, Frontal,
ethmoid, maxilla of human.
(iv) Irregular bones : Vertebrae are irregular bone.
(v) Flat bones : Cranial bone, scapula, Ribs.
(vi) Short bones : Carpals and tarsals.

Functions of bony skeleton : Chief function of vertebrate bony skeleton can be enumerated as follows –
(i) To provide physical support to body by forming a firm and rigid internal framework.
(ii) To give definite body shape and form.
(iii) To protect by surrounding delicate internal organs like brain, heart, lungs etc.
(v) To provide surface for attachment of muscles.
(vi) To serve as levers on which muscles can act.
(vii) To manufacture blood corpuscles in bone marrow.
(viii) To help in breathing (tracheal rings, ribs).

Skull
Cranial portion
Facial portion
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Thorax
Sternum
Ribs
Upper limb (Extremity)
Vertebral column Humerus
Pelvic (Hip) Ulna
girdle Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Lower limb (Extremity)
Femur
Patella

Tibia
Fibula

Tarsal
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Divisions of skeletal system

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In human beings, this system is made up of 206 bones and a few cartilages. It is grouped into two principal
divisions - the axial and the appendicular skeleton.

5.1 AXIAL SKELETON :

Axial skeleton comprises 80 bones distributed along the main axis of the body. The skull, vertebral
column, sternum and ribs constitute axial skeleton.
(a) Skull : The skull is composed of two sets of bones cranial and facial, that totals to 22 bones. Cranial
bones are 8 in number. They form the hard protective outer covering, cranium for the brain.
The facial region is made up of 14 skeletal elements which form the front part of the skull. A single U-
shaped bone called hyoid is present at the base of the buccal cavity and it is also included in the skull.
Each middle ear contains three tiny bones - Malleus, Incus and Stapes, collectively called Ear Ossicles.
The skull region articulates with the superior region of the vertebral column with the help of two occipital
condyles (dicondylic skull).

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 (b) Vertebral column :
Our vertebral column is formed by 26 serially arranged units called vertebrae and is dorsally placed. It
extends from the base of the skull and constitutes the main framework of the trunk.
Each vertebra has a central hollow portion (neural canal) through which the spinal cord passes.
First vertebra is the atlas and it articulates with the occipital condyles.
The vertebral column is differentiated into cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (1-fused) and
coccygeal (1-fused) regions starting from the skull. The number of cervical vertebrae are seven in
almost all mammals including human beings.
The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head and serves as the point of attachment
for the ribs and musculature of the back.
Sternum is a flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax.

Curvatures of vertebral column : In a foetus, there is only a single anteriorly concave curve, in adult
there are 4 curves like, cervical, thoracic, lumber, and sacral. Cervical and lumber are anteriorly convex,
while thoracic and sacral are anteriorly concave.

Posterior Anterior

Cervical curve (formed

by 7 cervical vertebrae)

Thoracic curve (formed by

12 thoracic vertebrae)

Intervertebral disc
Lumbar curve (formed
by 5 lumbar vertebrae)
Intervertebral foramen
Sacrum
Sacral curve
Coccyx
(formed by
Right lateral view showing four normal curves

The curves of vertebral column are important because they increases its strength, help maintain balance
in upright position absorb shock during walking and running and help protect the column from fracture.
Certain abnormalities of curvature are :

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(i) Kyphosis : Exaggeration of thoracic curve, resulting in “round-shouldered” appearance, also called
hunch back.
(ii) Lordosis : An exaggeration of lumber curve, also called sway back.
(iii) Scoliosis : An abnormal lateral curvature in any region of spine.

(c) Ribs & Sternum:

There are 12 pairs of ribs. Each rib is a thin flat bone connected dorsally to the vertebral column and
ventrally to the sternum. It has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end and is hence called bicephalic.
First seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs. Dorsally, they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae and
ventrally connected to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage. The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs of ribs do
not articulate directly with the sternum but join the seventh rib with the help of hyaline cartilage. These
are called vertebrochondral (false) ribs.
Last 2 pairs (11th and 12th) of ribs are not connected ventrally and are therefore, called floating ribs.
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum together form the rib cage or thoracic cage.

5.2 APPENDICULAR SKELETON

The bones of the limbs along with their girdles constitute the appendicular skeleton which are followings
(a) Limb bone : Each limb is made of 30 bones.
(A) Fore limb bones : The bones of the hand (fore limb) are humerus, radius and ulna, carpals (wrist
bones - 8 in number), metacarpals (palm bones - 5 in number) and phalanges (digits - 14 in number).
(B) Hind limb bones : Femur (thigh bone - the longest bone), tibia and fibula, tarsals (ankle bones - 7 in
number), metatarsals (5 in number) and phalanges (digits - 14 in number) are the bones of the legs
(hind limb). A cup shaped bone called patella cover the knee ventrally (knee cap).

(b) Girdle bones : Pectoral and Pelvic girdle bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower
limbs respectively with the axial skeleton. Each girdle is formed of two halves.

(A) Pectoral girdle : Each half of pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula. Scapula is a large
triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the second and the seventh ribs.
The dorsal, flat, triangular body of scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called the spine which projects
as a flat, expanded process called the acromion. The clavicle articulates with this. Below the acromion
is a depression called the glenoid cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the
shoulder joint. Each clavicle is a long slender bone with two curvatures. This bone is commonly called
the collar bone.

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(B) Pelvic girdle : It consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones
- ilium, ischium and pubis. At the point of fusion of the above bones is a cavity called acetabulum to
which the thigh bone articulates. The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the pubic
symphysis containing fibrous cartilage.

Joints are essential for all types of movements involving the bony parts of the body. Locomotory movements
are no exception to this. Joints are points of contact between bones, or between bones and cartilages.
Force generated by the muscles is used to carry out movement through joints, where the joint acts as a
fulcrum. The movability at these joints vary depending on different factors.
Joints have been classified into three major structural forms, namely, fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.
(a) Fibrous joints : These do not allow any movement. This type of joint is shown by the flat skull bones
which fuse end-to-end with the help of dense fibrous connective tissues in the form of sutures, to form the
cranium.
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(b) Cartilaginous joints : In this, the bones involved are joined together with the help of cartilages. The
joint between the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column is of this pattern and it permits limited
movements.
(c) Synovial joints : These are characterised by the presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between the
articulating surfaces of the two bones. Such an arragement allows considerable movement. These joints
help in locomotion and many other movements.

Synovial joints are classified as :

(i) Ball and socket joint : Ball of one bone articulate in socket of another bone. e.g., head of humerus and
glenoid cavity of pectoral girdle, femur and acetabulum of pelvic girdle.

Acetabulum of hip
bone

Head
of femur

Ball-and-socket joint between head of the femur and

acetabulum of the hip bone

(ii) Hinge joint : Movement is possible in one direction only. e.g., Joint of malleus and incus, knee joint,
elbow joint.

Humerus

Trochlea

Ulna
Trochlear notch

inge joint between trochlea of humerus and

trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow

(iii) Pivot joint : Also known as rotatoria and helps in turning movement. e.g. between Atlas & Axis,
Radius & Ulna

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(iv) Gliding joint : Limited movement in all direction. e.g., Tarsals bones of ankle, between the carpals.

Navicular
Second cuneiform
Third cuneiform

Gliding joint between the navicular and second and

third cuneiforms of the tarsus in the foot

(v) Saddle joint : It is ball and socket like joint but not developed fully. e.g. between carpal & metacarpal
of thumb.

Radius Ulna
Trapezium

Metacarpal of
thumb

Saddle joint between trapezium of carpus (wrist)

and metacarpal of thumb

1. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS : Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading to fatigue,
weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.
Auto antibodies against ach receptors.
2. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY : Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to genetic disorder.
3. TETANY : Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low Ca2+ in body fluid.
4. SPRAIN : Sprain refers to injury to a joint capsule, typically involving a stretching or tearing of tendons or
ligaments.
5. ARTHRITIS : Arthritis refers to inflammation of the joints. It is a common disease of the old age. Its
common symptoms are pain and stiffness in the joints. It is differentiated in three given forms :-
(a) Osteoarthritis : Secretion of the lubricating synovial fluid between the bones at the joint stops. The
smooth cartilage covering the ends of the bones at the joint wears out due to years of use and is replaced
by uneven bony spurs. The joint becomes inflamed, its movement becomes painful, and its function is
diminished. Such a stiffness or fixation of a joint is also called ankylosis. The condition of osteoarthritis is
more or less permanent. It is common in old persons, mainly affecting weight bearing joints.
(b) Rheumatoid arthritis : It is a chronic painful inflammation of the synovial membranes of many joints
simultaneously. It usually starts in the small joints in the hand and progresses in centripetal and symmetri-
cal manner. In severe cases, it eventually results in crippling deformities. There may be other manifesta-
tions such as fever, anaemia, loss of weight and morning stiffness. The rheumatoid arthritis involves ero-
sion of joints. It usually starts at the age of 20 – 40 years, but may begin at any age. It affects the women
more often than the men. Rest and exercise under medical advice may give relief.
(c) Gout : It is an inherited disorder of purine metabolism, occurring especially in men. Body forms excess
amounts of uric acid and the crystals of sodium urate are deposited in the synovial joints, giving rise to a
severe arthritis. It generally affects one or two joints only. It is very painful, particularly at night, and makes
movement difficult. Redness and tenderness may be noticed in and about the affected joint. Gout generally
affects the great toe. Occurrence of gout is related to diet. Persons suffering from gout should avoid meat.
There is no cure for arthritis. However, pain relieving (analgesic) drugs are available to give comfort.

NEET_Locomotion and movement - 15

 6. OSTEOPOROSIS
(a) Meaning : Osteoporosis is reduction in bone tissue mass causing weakness of skeletal strength (G.osteon
= bone, poros = pore, osis = condition). It results from excessive resorption of calcium and phosphorous
from the bone.
(b) Causes : Osteoporosis occurs in postmenopausal women and elderly men. It may result from defective
intestinal calcium absorption and menopause. Possible environment factors include smoking, excessive
drinking, and decreased exercise. Osteoporosis is more common in women than in men, and in older than
in middle-aged persons.
(c) Symptoms : Symptoms of osteoporosis are pain in the bone, particularly the back.
(d) Prevention : Preventive measures in high-risk patients include supplementary calcium and exercise, and,
in postmenopausal women, estrogen replacement therapy. Supplementary calcium and sex hormones
decrease bone resorption and may arrest or reduce disease progression.
7. DISLOCATION : Dislocation is displacement of bones from their normal positions at a joint, for instance,
slipping out of the ball of one bone from the socket of another bone into which it is fitted. Dislocation is
accompanied by pulling or even tearing of the ligaments. Dislocation also tends to become chronic.
8. SLIPPED DISC : Slipped disc is a displacement of vertebrae and the intervertebral fibrocartilage disc
from their normal position. It may result from mechanical injury or defects of ligaments holding the verte-
brae together.
9. FRACTURE : Fracture is a break of a bone. Fracture occurs rarely in children. The bones of children
have a large quantity of organic matter and are, therefore, very flexible and less likely to break. With
advancing age, mineral matter (calcium phosphate) is deposited in the bones. This decreases the organic
matter, making the bones hard and brittle. Thus, old people are more liable to fracture of bones. Bones
fractures are of many types –
(a) Green-stick fracture : It is merely a crack. The bones remains partly intact, occurs only in children.
(b) Simple or complete fracture : Bone breaks completely into two parts which remain close to each other.
(c) Comminuted fracture : Bone breaks into more than two pieces (smaller fragments between two main
fragment,
(d) Compound fracture : Bone breaks completely but a fragment pierces out through the skin.
(e) Evulsive fracture : A small piece breaks off fully from the bone but remains attached to the ligament.

Fractures need surgical treatment for healing and should be promptly and properly attended

Antagonistic muscles : The striated muscles occur in antagonistic pairs; one pulls a bone in one
direction, while the other pulls it back in reverse direction to its normal position. For example, the biceps
muscle, extending from shoulder to radius, bends or flexes the arm at the elbow, whereas the triceps
extending from ulna to the shoulder, straightens the arm. Thus, biceps is a flexor and triceps an extensor
for bending the arm.
Single twitch : When a muscle receives a single excitation impulse, it respond by a sudden partial
contraction (twitch) lasting for about 0.5 second in man. Each twitch is followed by a refractory period
during which the muscle does not respond to next stimulus. The refractory period is, however, so short

NEET_Locomotion and movement - 16

(0.002 second) that the muscle can respond to the second stimulus while still in contraction phase in
response to the first stimulus.
Tetanus : Generally, whole muscles contract, not in a single twitch, but in sustained contractions
evoked by a series of nerve impulses reaching them in rapid succession. Such a sustained contraction is
called tetanus. Described above should not be confused with the disease of “tetanus” (lock jaw) caused by
tetanus bacillus. This disease is characterised by abnormal muscular contractions.
Muscle tone or “Tonus” : Even at rest the striated muscles normally remain in a state of mild sustained
partial contraction to maintain the body posture. This is called muscle tone. It is a mild state of tetanus.
Paralysis : When supply of motor impulses to a muscle is completely cut off due to destruction, either
of the control centres in brain, or of the concerned motor nerves, or due to blocking of myoneural junctions
by the use of certain drugs, the muscle function is completely impaired. This is called paralysis of the
muscle.
Muscle fatigue : A muscle that has contracted many times at short intervals, exhausts its store of ATP
and glycogen and accumulates lactic acid. Hence its contractility gradually decreases and finally stops.
Oxygen debt : During active work or exercise, the rate of oxygen supply by the lungs falls short of the
requirement of the muscles. Hence, lactic acid accumulates in the muscles and the breathing gradually
becomes hard to enhance O2 intake by the lungs. This is called oxygen debt.
Involuntary action of skeletal muscles : Muscles are capable of utilizing, in their mechanical work,
only about 20% to 40% of energy liberated from glucose. The unutilized energy is lost as “heat” dissipated
into the environment. This heat helps in maintenance of body temperature. “Shivering with cold” in winter is
caused by a quick involuntary reaction of striated muscles.
Rigor mortis : Rigidity that develops in the muscles after death is known as rigor mortis. It is due to
permanent irreversible contraction, establishment of permanent link between actin and myosin and also
fall in the concentration of ATP molecules.
Cori’s cycle : Lactic acid is transported by blood to liver and there it is converted to glycogen through
Cori’s cycle.
Contraction period : Time taken in sliding of filament is called contraction time. (10 to 100 milli
second).
Relaxation time : It is time taken in relaxation of fibre i.e. active transport of calcium from sarcoplasm
to cisternae. (10 to 100 milli second)
Refractory period : It is time in a muscle or nerve fibre when they are non responding to second
stimulus. Infact in this period there is temporary loss of excitability. Refractory period for skeletal and
cardiac muscle is 5 and 300 milli second respectively.
Hypertrophy and Atrophy of muscles : Muscles which are put to excessive work become thick and
strong. This is called their hypertrophy. Conversely, if certain muscles are not used for a long period,
those become thin and weak. This is called their atrophy (disuse atrophy). Cardiac muscle have a poor
regenrative power.

NEET_Locomotion and movement - 17

Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]
1. Which bones are present in pectoral girdlle ?
2. Write down the formula of vertebral column
3. Name the cells/tissues in human body which
(a) exhibit ameboid movement
(b) exhibit ciliary movement
4. Write down the phallangel formula of human forelimb
Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]
5. Difference between kyphosis and lordosis ?
6. Name the different bones of
(i) Middle ear
(ii) Pelvic Girdle
7. Name the type of joint between the following:-
(a) atlas/axis
(b) carpal/metacarpal of thumb
(c) femur/acetabulum
(d) between cranial bones
8. What is the difference between the matrix of bone and cartilage ?
Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [03 Mark Each]
9. Describe structure of actin and myosin proteins
10. Distinguish between
(a) Pronator and supinator
(b) Abductor and Adductor
11. Explain the bones of rib cage.
Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [05 Mark Each]
12. How does calcium affect the process of muscle contraction
13. Explain sliding filament theory of muscle contraction with neat sketches.
14. Explain the bones of fore limbs.
15. Describe the various types of joints present in human body with examples.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
MUSCLES
1. Sarcolemma is a membrane found over in
(1) Nerve fibre (2) Cardiac muscle (3) Skeletal muscle fibre(4) Heart
2. When there is a drop in the force of contraction after prolonged stimulation, it is known as
(1) Muscle tone (2) Muscle atrophy (3) Muscle fatigue (4) Muscle dystrophy

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 18

3. The sliding filament theory to explain muscular contraction was given by
(1) Corti (2) H.E. Huxley (3) A.F. Huxley (4) Huxley and Huxley
4. The contraction of muscle of shortest duration is seen in
(1) Heart (2) Jaws (3) Intestine (4) Eyelids
5. Name the connective tissue sheath which surrounds the muscle bundles
(1) Epimysium (2) Endomysium (3) Perimysium (4) Sarcomere
6. What is sprain
(1) More pulling of tendon (2) Less pulling of tendon
(3) More pulling of ligament (4) Less pulling of ligament
7. Muscles are red because of the presence of
(1) Myoglobin and mitochondria (2) Haemoglobin and golgi bodies
(3) Globulin and mitochondria (4) Protein and lysosome
8. The functional unit of the contractile system in the striped muscle is
(1) Z–band (2) A–band (3) Myofibril (4) Sarcomere
9. The total number of muscles in the body of man is
(1) 409 (2) 439 (3) 539 (4) 639
10. Muscles of the heart are
(1) Voluntary striated (2) Voluntary smooth (3) Involuntary striated (4) Involuntary smooth
11. Contraction of a muscle is caused by
(1) Myosin (2) Actin (3) ATP (4) Actomyosin
12. The dark bands (A–bands) of a skeletal muscle are known as
(1) Isotropic bands (2) Anisotropic bands
(3) Intercalated disc (4) Cross bridges
13. Ciliary muscles are found in
(1) Diaphragm of a mammal (2) Eyes of vertebrates
(3) Heart of vertebrates (4) Stomach of frog
14. Heart beat is controlled by a nodal tissue which is made up of specialised cardiac muscles, called
(1) Purkinje fibres (2) Myonemes (3) Collagen fibres (4) Telodendria
15. Papillary muscles are found in
(1) Haemocoel (2) Heart of cockroach (3) Arm (4) Heart of mammal
16. During muscle contraction
(1) Chemical energy is changed into electrical energy
(2) Chemical energy is changed into mechanical energy
(3) Chemical energy is changed into physical energy
(4) Mechanical energy is changed into chemical energy
17. Major protein in the thick filament of skeletal muscle fibre is
(1) Tropomysin (2) Myosin (3) Actin (4) Tropnin
18. Flexion of thigh, knee and their rotation is facilatated by
(1) Biceps muscle (2) Triceps muscle (3) Sartorius muscles (4) Shank
19. The time period between the beginning of electrical response and peak of tension recorded is
(1) Contraction time (2) Latent period (3) Refractory period (4) Relaxation time
NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 19
20. The special contractile protein actin is found in
(1) Thick filaments of A–bands (2) Thin filaments of I–bands
(3) Both thick and thin bands (4) Whole of myofibril
21. During muscular contraction, the
(1) I–zone will decrease in length (2) A–zone will decrease in length
(3) Z–zone will decrease in length (4) H–zone will decrease in length
22. Action potential in a muscle fibre is
(1) – 90 mV (2) – 80 mV (3) 45–50 mV (4) 90–mV
23. The term refractory period with reference of muscle tissue refers to
(1) A period when stimulation does not lead to contraction
(2) A period when maximum contraction occurs
(3) Time gap between application of stimulus and occurrence of contraction
(4) Loss of transluscency in muscle fibres due to death of animal
24. The muscular contraction in which the tension remains the same and the mechanical work is also done is
called
(1) Isotonic contraction (2) Tetanus
(3) Isomeric contraction (4) Single muscle twitch
25. Striated muscles contract by -
(1) Sliding of actin filament upon myosin filaments
(2) Sliding of myosin filaments upon actin filaments
(3) Pulling together of myosin filaments
(4) Pulling together of actin filaments
26. The distance or length of the myofibril between two adjacent Z–bands is called
(1) Sarcomere (2) Sarcolemma (3) Fibril (4) Sarcoplasm
27. In a relaxed fibril, H–zone, a lighter region of low density can be seen in the centre of
(1) Anisotropic or A–band (2) Isotropic or I–band
(3) Z–band (4) Both in A and I–band
28. The dark bands in a myofibril are due to overlapping of
(1) Only thick bands (2) Only thin bands
(3) Both thick and thin bands (4) None of the above
29. A ...... muscle rotates the forearm to turn the palm downwards
(1) Pronator (2) Supinator (3) Adductor (4) Abductor
30. Which one of the following takes place in a myofibril when skeletal muscle contract
Light band Dark band H–zone
(1) Shortens Shortens Shortens
(2) Shortens Unchanged Unchanged
(3) Shortens Unchanged Disappears
(4) Unchanged Shortens Shortens
31. When we lift a heavy object
(1) Triceps contracts and biceps relaxes (2) Biceps contracts and triceps relaxes
(3) Both biceps and triceps contracts (4) Both biceps and triceps relax
NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 20
32. An all out sprint can not continue for more than 40 seconds because
(1) Run out of oxygen (2) Accumulation of creatine
(3) Muscles collapse (4) All of these
33. Ions that must be present for binding the cross bridges is
(1) Na+ (2) Ca++ (3) K+ (4) None of these
34. Match the columns.

(1) a –i, b – ii, c – i, d – iv

(2) a –ii,b – iii, c – i, d – iv
(3) a –iii, b – ii, c – iv, d–i
(4) a –ii,b – iv, c – iii, d – i
35. Tetanus is sustained contraction of muscle, is due to-
(1) Parathyroid deficiency (2) Ca2+ deficiency
(3) Bacterial disease (4) Auto immune disease
36. Match the columns :

37. Time period present between two sucessive contraction-

(1) Refractory period (2) Total period
(3) Break period (4) Lag period
38. Contraction of shortest duration are present is-
(1) Heart muscle (2) Lungs muscle
(3) Leg muscle (4) Eyelids muscle
39. Find out the incorrect statement-
(1) Muscle fibre is a syncitium as the sarcoplasm contains many nuceli.
(2) A characterstic feature of the muscle fibre is the presence of a large number of parallely arranged fila-
ments in the sarcoplasm called myofilaments or myofibrils.
(3) Actin & myosin are rod like structures, arranged perpendicular to each other and also to the longitudnal
axis of myofibrils
(4) The protein of the myofibril between 2 successive Z-line is considered as the functional unit of contraction,
is called a sarcomere.

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 21

40. Find out the set of correct statements
(A) Meromyosin is the monomeric protein of myosin.
(B) Each meromyosin has head as HMM and tail as LMM
(C) Increase in Ca2+ level leads to binding of Ca with a subunit of tropomyosin on actin filament
(D) ATP hydrolysis is done by myosin head to make cross bridge.
(1) A, B (2) A, B, C (3) B, C, D (4) A, B, D
41. Match the columns -

A B C D
(1) iv iii ii i
(2) iii iv ii i
(3) iii iv i ii
(4) iv iii i ii

AXIAL SKELETON
42. The bony sockets of the jaws in which the teeth are implanted, are known as
(1) Alveolus (2) Fossae (3) Dentaries (4) Thecae
43. In the case of most of the mammals including man and Giraffe, the number of cervical vertebrae are
(1) 8 (2) 7 (3) 9 (4) 10
44. The number of vertebrae in rabbit is
(1) 40 (2) 33 (3) 44 (4) 46

45. Lumber vertebra are found in

(1) Neck region (2) Abdominal region (3) Hip rigion (4) Thorax

46. Which one is odd pair

(1) Femur-Humerus (2) Tibia-Radius (3) Axis-Atlas (4) Tarsal-Carpals
47. Coccygeal bone is formed by the fusion of ......... bones in man
(1) 3 vertebrae (2) 6 vertebrae (3) 5 vertebrae (4) 4 vertebrae
48. Inter-vertebral disc is a
(1) Fibro cartilage between the centrum of vertebrae
(2) Pad in the centrum of bone
(3) Cartilage bone in the body
(4) Body of vertebrae
49. The hardest substance present in the
(1) Bone– Ossein (2) Chitin – Protein (3) Tooth– Enamel (4) Muscle–Myosin
50. What is correct about human body
(1) There are 5 vertebra in the neck (2) Brain box is made up of 4 bones
(3) There are 15 pairs of ribs (4) There are 12 thoracic vertebra

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 22

51. Axial skeleton is made up of
(1) Skull only (2) Sternum only (3) Complete vertebral column (4) All of the above
52. What is the right sequence of bones in the ear ossicles of a mammal starting from the tympanum inwards
(1) Malleus, Incus, Stapes (2) Malleus, Stapes, Incus
(3) Incus, Malleus, Stapes (4) Stapes, Incus, Malleus
53. The smallest bone in rabbit’s or man’s skeleton is
(1) Nasal (2) Stapes (3) Patella (4) Palatine
54. In man the axial skeleton is made up of
(1) 80 bones (2) 100 bones (3) 103 bones (4) 106 bones
55. The last two pairs of ribs are named floating ribs because
(1) Their sternal parts are attached to the sternum directly
(2) Their sternal parts are attached on the 7th pair of ribs
(3) Their sternal parts remain free and do not even reach the sternum
(4) They float in the body cavity
56. The number of floating ribs in human body is
(1) 6 pairs (2) 3 pairs (3) 5 pairs (4) 2 pairs
57. Sternum of mammal consists of
(1) A xiphisternum and a xiphoid cartilage (2) 4 sternebrae, a xiphisternum and a xiphoid
(3) 6 sternebrae, a xiphisternum and a xiphoid (4) 6 sternebrae and a xiphoid cartilage
58. Elastic cartilage is found in
(1) The trachea (2) The auditory tube (3) The intervertebral disc(4) None of these

59. Cervical vertebrae are located in

(1) Thoracic region (2) Abdominal region (3) Neck region (4) Lumbar region
60. The number of lumbar vertebrae in human vertebral column is
(1) 12 (2) 7 (3) 5 (4) 2
61. How many ribs are present in human beings
(1) 6 pairs (2) 9 pairs (3) 12 pairs (4) 15 pairs
62. Find out the correct option regarding true sentence/s from the followings-
(i) Human skull is dicondylic like reptiles.
(ii) Foramen of Magnum is found at the anterior side of skull
(iii) Atlas vertebrae helps in rotation of neck.
(iv) Spinal cord passes to the brain through Foramen of Magnum.
(1) only iv (2) i, ii, iv (3) i, iii, iv (4) all are correct
63. Largest foramen of human body is -
(1) Foramen of Monro (2) Foremen ovalis (3) Foramen of Magnedie(4) Foramen of Magnum
64. Vertebrochondral ribs are –
(1) 11th & 12th pair ribs (2) 8th, 9th & 10th pair ribs
(3) 1st – 7th pair ribs (4) 8th– 12th pair ribs

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 23

 APPENDICULAR SKELETON
65. A shallow depression in the scapula which receives the head of the upper arm bone is known as the
(1) Acetabulum (2) Neural arch (3) Glenoid cavity (4) None of these
66. The protein present in the bones is known as
(1) Chondrin (2) Ossein (3) Sclero protein (4) Globulin
67. The bone of mammals contains Haversian canals which are connected by transverse canals known as
(1) Bidder’s canal (2) Inguinal canal (3) Volkmann’s canal (4) Semicircular canal
68. The cup-shaped cavity for the articulation of the head of the femur is called
(1) Glenoid cavity (2) Acetabulum (3) Obturator (4) Sigmoid notch
69. Haversian system is found in
(1) Atlas of man (2) Ilium of man (3) Femur of man (4) Lumbar of man
70. Cartilage is formed by
(1) Osteoblasts (2) Chondriocytes (3) Fibroblasts (4) Epithelium
71. The total number of ear bones in man is
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 4 (4) 2
72. The pectoral and pelvic girdles and the bones of limb form
(1) Axial skeleton (2) Appendicular skeleton
(3) Visceral skeleton (4) Outer skeleton
73. Number of bones in human body is
(1) 260 (2) 206 (3) 306 (4) 203
74. An acromian process is characterisically found in rabbit/mammals in
(1) Pelvic girdle (2) Pectoral girdle (3) Skull (4) Sternum
75. Which pair does not have corresponding bone
(1) Humerus and femur (2) Pectoral and pelvic girdle
(3) Atlas and coccyx (4) Carpals and tarsals
76. Ends of long bones are covered with
(1) Cartilage (2) Muscles (3) Ligaments (4) Blood cells
77. Which part of mammalian body has a single pair of bones
(1) External ear (2) Lower jaw (3) Pelvic girdle (4) Wrist
78. Pelvic girdle of rabbit consist of
(1) Ilium, ischium & pubis (2) Ilium, ishcium & coracoid
(3) Coracoid, scapula & clavicle (4) Ilium, coracoid & scapula
79. The central shaft of a long bone is known as
(1) Diaphysis (2) Epiphysis (3) Hypapophysis (4) Zygapophysis
80. In children the bones are more flexible and brittle because their bones have
(1) Large quantity of salts and little organic substances
(2) Large quantity of organic substances and little salts
(3) Well developed Haversian system
(4) Large number of osteoblasts

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 24

81. Rotation of thigh on lateral sides is facilitated by
(1) Gluteus medius (2) Gluteus minimus (3) Iliacus (4) Obturator externus
82. Bones act as reservoir of which mineral salts
(1) Sodium and magnesium (2) Calcium and sodium
(3) Calcium and magnesium (4) Copper and iron
83. The pelvic girdles of females are ...... than those of males
(1) Narrower (2) Broader (3) Stoughter (4) (1) and (2) both
84. Old people are, more liable to fracture of their bones because
(1) Bones become soft and elastic (2) Bones become hard and brittle
(3) Bones contain large quantity of organic matter (4) None of the above
85. The function of skeleton in vertebrates is/are
(1) Support (2) Hearing (3) Sound production (4) All the above
86. Patella is associated with
(1) Elbow (2) Knee (3) Neck (4) Wrist
87. Which one of the cartilage helps in early birth of a child, without damage to the pelvic girdle
(1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Elastic cartilage (3) Calcified cartilage (4) Fibrous cartilage
88. Red bone marrow is present in
(1) Tips of long bones (2) Tips of short bones
(3) Bones of skull (4) Shaft of long bones
89. Total number of bones in the hind limb of a man is
(1) 14 (2) 21 (3) 24 (4) 30

90. Which of the following is an example of appendicular skeleton

(1) Bones of skull (2) Bones of vertebal column
(3) Ribs (4) Bones of fore and hind limbs

91. Appendicular skeleton is

(1) Girdles and limbs (2) Vertebrae (3) Rib and sternum (4) Skull
92. The vertebral column is connected to the pelvic girdle in the
(1) Coccygeal region (2) Sacral region (3) Lumbar region (4) Cervical region
93. Match the columns.
Column I Column II
(a) Largest & Heaviest Vertebrae (i) Stapes
(b) Strongest & longest bone (ii) Femur
(c) Smallest bone (iii) Fibula
(d) Weakest bone (iv) Lumbar

(1) a – iii ; b – ii ; c–i; d – iv

(2) a – ii ; b – iv ; c – iii ; d–i
(3) a – iii ; b–i; c – iv ; d – ii
(4) a – iv ; b – ii ; c–i; d – iii
94. Obturator foramen is present between-
(1) Ilium & Ischium (2) Ilium & pubis (3) Ischium & pubis (4) None of these

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 25

95. Match the columns (NCERT)
Column I Column II
(a) Obturator foramen (i) Sternum
(b) Deltoide ridge (ii) Pectoral girdle
(c) Xiphoid Process (iii) Humerus
(d) Acrominan process (iv) Pelvic girdle
(1) a – iv ; b – iii ; c – ii ; d–i
(2) a – iv ; b – iii ; c–i; d – ii
(3) a – ii ; b – iii ; c–i; d – iv
(4) a – ii ; b–i; c – iii ; d – iv

JOINTS
96. Synovial membrane is found in
(1) Neuromotor junction (2) Synaptic junction (3) Joints (4) All the nerves
97. Joints are lubricated by
(1) Epidermis (2) Dermis (3) Tympanic membrane (4) Synovial fluid
98. Ball and socket joints can be seen in
(1) Wrist (2) Fingers (3) Neck (4) Shoulders
99. Bone joints are made up of
(1) Cardiac muscles (2) Elastin fibres
(3) Skeletal muscle fibres (4) Collagen fibres
100. When the head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity, joint is
(1) Ball and socket joint (2) Hinge joint
(3) Pivot joint (4) Saddle joint
101. Joint of wrist is of
(1) Hinge type (2) Ball and socket type
(3) Pivot type (4) None of these
102. When joint becomes inflamed and painful, condition is called
(1) Rheumatism (2) Sprain (3) Osteoarthritis (4) Gouty arthritis
103. Joint between femur and pelvic girdle is
(1) Pivotal (2) Ball and socket (3) Hinge (4) Saddle
104. Joint between femur and acetabulum is known as
(1) Hinge joint (2) Saddle joint (3) Gliding joint (4) Ball and socket joint
105. Joint between femur and tibio–fibula is
(1) Hinge joint (2) Saddle joint (3) Pivot joint (4) Imperfect joint
106. Ball and socket joint is found between
(1) Ribs and vertebral (2) Femur and tibio-fibula
(3) Humerus and olecranon fossa (4) Humerus and pectoral girdle

107. Tendon is a structure which connects

(1) A bone with another bone (2) A nerve with a muscle
(3) A muscle with a bone (4) A muscle with a muscle

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 26

108. Synovial joints is
(1) Pivot joint (2) Hinge joint (3) Ball and socket joint (4) All of these
109. ........acts as a shock absorber to cushion when tibia and femur came together
(1) Ligament (2) Cartilage (3) Tendon (4) Disc
110. Which of the following lubricates ligament and tendons and is an important constituent of synovial fluid of bones
(1) Pectins (2) Lipids (3) Hyaluronidase (4) Hyaluronic acid
111. Match the columns.
Column I Column II
(a) Saddle joint (i) Skull bones
(b) Fibrous joint (ii) between metacarpals & carpals
(c) Cartilagenous joint (iii) between vertebraes
(d) Gliding joint (iv) between stenum & ribs
A B C D
(1) ii i iv iii
(2) i ii iv iii
(3) iii iv ii i
(4) iv iii ii i

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following animals is correctly matched with its types of skeleton ? (1st ABO)
(1) Crab – Exoskeleton
(2) Earthworm – Exoskeleton
(3) Fly – Endoskeleton
(4) Dog – Exoskeleton
2. Which state of a living muscle, are the following events associated ? (3rd NSEB)
1. Ca+2 released by sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Actin complexes with myosin
3. ATPase is activated
4. Troponin binds Ca+2
(1) Relaxed state (2) Muscle at the beginning of contraction
(3) Muscle in tetanus (4) Muscle at the end of contraction
3. A myofibril has the proteins-actin, myosin, tropomyosin and troponin. The ratio of actin : myosin is :
(1) 1 :2 (2) 2 : 1 (3) 2 : 5 (4) 5: 2
++
4. Bone cells that disintegrate the bone matrix to release Ca in blood in response to parathormone are
(1) Osteoblasts (2) Osteoclasts (3) Osteocytes (4) All of these
5. Rigor mortis (stiffness after death) occurs due to muscle contraction. However, it lasts for 24 hours and
then disappears. This is because
(1) Ca2+ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are closed after 24 hrs
(2) Contraction is an energy requiring process. Since ATP synthesis ceases after death, contraction
also ceases
(3) Proteolytic enzymes from lysosomes digest the cross linkges between myosin and actin
(4) All of the above

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 AIIMS CORNER
1. At times the ligaments are overstretched or torn. It is called [AIIMS 1984]
(1) Dislocation (2) Fracture (3) Sprain (4) Tension
2. Which of the following is not found in birds [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Pectoral girdle (2) Pelvic girdle (3) Hind limb (4) Fore limb
3. Which one of the following is a sesamoid bone? (AIIMS 2009)
(1) pelvis (2) patella (3) pterygoid (4) pectoral girdle
4. Which of the following is correct about the given figure? (AIIMS 2010)

(1) the length of the thick and thin myofilaments has changed
(2) length of both an isotropic and isotropic band has changed.
(3) the myosin cross-bridges move on the surface of actin and the thin and thick myofilaments slide past
each other.
(4) length of the sarcomere remains same.
5. Bone marrow is absent in (AIIMS 2011)
(1) reptilia (2) amphibia (3) fishes (4) birds
6. Sesamoid bone is derived from- (AIIMS 2012)
(1) Cartilage (2) Areolar tissue (3) Tendon (4) Ligament
In each of the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by a correspond-
ing statement of Reason (R) just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(1) If both assertion and resaon are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(2) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(3) If assertion is true but reason is false
(4) If both assertion and reason are false
7. Assertion : Muscle twitch is related with tetanus.
Reason : Tetanus is caused by many nerve impulses at a time.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
8. Assertion : Ball and socket joints are the most mobile joints.
Reason: Synovial fluid is present here.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

9. Assertion : Arthritis or inflammation of a joint makes the joint painful.

Reason: Some toxic substances are deposited at the joint.
(1) (2) (3) (4)

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 28

10. Assertion : There are similarities between the locomotion of unicellular organisms and multicellular animal.

Reason: Ciliary, flagellar and amoeboid movement occur in unicellular organisms.

(1) (2) (3) (4)
11. Assertion : Biceps and triceps are called antagonistic muscles.
Reason : This is due to the fact that they contract and relax together.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
12. Assertion : Muscle contraction force increases with rise in strength of stimulus.
Reason: This is due to increased contraction of individual muscle fibres with increase in stimulus strength.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
13. Assertion : Old ladies are prone to osteoporesis. (AIMMS 2011)
Reason : Oestrogen also maintain calcium balance in the bones and blood.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
14. Assertion : Outermost layer of the bone is a fibrous connective tissue. (AIMMS 2011)
Reason : Matrix of bone is composed of protein ossein.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
15. Assertion : Ball and socket joints are the most mobile joints. (AIIMS 2012)
Reason : Synovial fluid is present here.
(1) (2) (3) (4)

1. Elblow joint is an example of [AIPMT 2009]

(1) Pivot joint (2) Hinge joint (3) Gliding joint (4) Ball and socket joint
2. Which one of the following is the correct pairing of a body part and the kind of muscle tissue that moves
it ? [AIPMT 2009]
(1) Heart wall – Involuntary unstriated muscle
(2) Biceps of upper arm – Smooth muscle fibres
(3) Abdominal – Smooth muscle
(4) Iris – Involuntary smooth muscle
3. Which one of the following is the correct matching of three items and their grouping category ?
Items Groups [AIPMT 2009]

(1) Malleus, incus, cochlea Ear ossicles

(2) Ilium, ischium, pubis Coxal bones of pelvic girdle
(3) Actin, myosin, rhodopsin Muscle proteins
(4) Cytosine, uracil, thiamine Pyrimidines
++
4. Low Ca in the body fluid may be the cause of [AIPMT 2010]
(1) Anaemia (2) Angina pectoris (3) Gout (4) Tetany

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 29

5. The type of muscles present in our : (AIPMT 2011)
(1) heart are involuntary and unstriated smooth muscles
(2) intestine are striated and involuntary
(3) thigh are striated and voluntary
(4) upper arm are smooth muscle fibres fusiform in shape
6. Three of the following pairs of the human skeletal parts are correctly matched with their respective inclusive
skeletal category and one pair is not matched. Identify the non-matching pair. (AIPMT 2011)
Pairs of skeletal
Category
parts
(1) Sternum and Ribs Axial skeleton
Clavicle and Glenoid
(2) Pelvic girdle
Cavity
Appendicular
(3) Humerus and ulna
skeleton
(4) Malleus and stapes Ear ossicles
7. Select the correct statement regarding the specific disorder of muscular or skeletal system :-[AIPMT Pre 2012]
(1) Muscular dystrophy - age related shortening or muscles.
(2) Osteoporosis - decrease in bone mass and higher chance of fractures with advancing age.
(3) Myasthenia gravis - Auto immune disorder which inhibits sliding of myosin filaments
(4) Gout - inflammation of joints due to extra deposition of calcium.
8. Which one is the most abundant protein in the animal world [AIPMT Pre 2012]
(1) Trypsin (2) Hemoglobin (3) Collagen (4) Insulin

9. The muscle fatigue occurs due to accumulation of [CPMT 1972, 74, 87, 95; NCERT 1972; DPMT 1985]

(1) Pyruvic acid (2) ATP (3) Lactic acid (4) Eroman CO2
10. Intercostal muscles are found in [CPMT 1973; CBSE PMT 1988]

(1) Fingers (2) Thoracic ribs (3) Femur (4) Radius-ulna

11. The knee joint in between the thigh and lower leg is a [BHU 1976]

(1) Hinge joint (2) Gliding joint (3) Pivot joint (4) Fixed joint
12. Arytenoid cartilages are found in [CPMT 1977; NCERT 1977, 85]

(1) Hyoid (2) Sternum (3) Larynx (4) Nose

13. The cup-shaped structure of pelvic girdle, the acetabulum in man is formed by [CPMT 1980; BHU 1980]

(1) lium, ischium and pubis (2) Ilium, ischium and cotyloid
(3) Ilium and ischium (4) Ilium and cotyloid
14. In man ribs are attached to [DPMT 1983]
(1) Clavicle (2) Ileum (3) Sternum (4) Scapula
15. Hinge joint is present between [CPMT 1984, 94, 96; DPMT 1993; MP PMT 1994 ;

BHU 2000; MH CET 2003; Pb. PMT 2004]

(1) Humerus and pectoral girdle (2) Femur and acetabulum

(3) Humerus and radio-ulna (4) Femur and pelvic girdle

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 30

16. In man the nasal cavity is separated from the buccal cavity by a bone which is known as [BHU 1985]
(1) Palate complex (2) Lingual bone (3) Soft palate (4) Hyoid apparatus
17. Malleus is a part of [AFMC 1985]

(1) Fore limbs of vertebrates (2) Reproductive organs of cockroach

(3) Auditory ossicles of middle ear of rabbit (4) Skull of frog
18. Humerus bone is situated in [DPMT 1985]

(1) Thigh (2) Lower arm (3) Upper arm (4) Shank
19. Which of the following movements in man are directly concerned with locomotion [CPMT 1985]

(1) Bending of arm at elbow (2) Rotation of head of femur in acetabulum

(3) Peristalic movements (4) Contraction of the heart
20. An example of unstriated muscles which are entirely involuntary are located [DPMT 1986]

(1) In the diaphragm (2) In the eyelid

(3) At the pylorus (4) At the base of external ear
21. Which bone during its development is not a cartilage [AFMC 1988]

(1) Malleus (2) Humerus (3) Incus (4) Nasal

22. In mammals, the largest vertebra is [CPMT 1988]

(1) Cervical (2) Lumbar (3) Caudal (4) Sacral

23. Bone marrow is largely composed of [CBSE PMT 1990]
(1) Periosteum and osteoblast (2) Adipose tissue and blood vessels
(3) Yellow and elastic tissue (4) Cartilage and elastic tissue
24. Number of bones of face is [CPMT 1990]

(1) 12 (2) 30 (3) 40 (4) 14

25. Typically all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae except in [CBSE PMT 1990]

(1) Elephant (2) Man (3) Kangaroo (4) Sea cow

26. The opening at the base of the skull for the spinal cord is called [CPMT 1990; CMC Vellore 1993]
(1) Foramen Magnum (2) Foramen of Monro
(3) Obturator foramen (4) Foramen of Magendie
27. The 8th and 9th ribs are known as false ribs because their external portions are attached to [CPMT 1992]
(1) Xiphisternum (2) Costa of 7th rib
(3) They have no costa (4) They are not true ribs
28. In rabbit radius and ulna are [MP PMT 1992]
(1) Completely fused together (2) Completely separated
(3) Fused in middle and separated at both the ends (4) Separated but united at both the ends
29. Foramen Magnum is situated in [CMC Vellore 1993; RPMT 1995]

(1) Buccal cavity (2) Base of skull (3) Left auricle (4) Vertebra
30. Which one of the following component is the part of pectoral girdle [CBSE PMT 1994; MP PMT 1994]

(1) Acetabulum (2) Hilum (3) Sternum (4) Glenoid cavity

31. What will happen if a bone is kept in 10% KOH solution for 3 days
(1) Remain unchanged (2) Dissolved
(3) Become soft and elastic (4) Break

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 31

32. The total number of vertebrae in man is [CPMT 1992; AFMC 1996]
(1) 30 (2) 31 (3) 32 (4) 33
33. In mammals each half of pelvic girdle consists of [MP PMT 1998]

(1) Ilium (2) Ischium (3) Pubis (4) All the above
34. Quadriceps and Gastrocnemius muscle lies in [MP PMT 2001]

(1) Hands (2) Legs (3) Shoulder (4) Wrist

35. Patella, the knee cap is the example of [BVP 2001; Pb. PMT 2004]

(1) Cartilage gland (2) Replacing bone (3) Sesamoid bone (4) None of the above
36. Smallest muscle in the human body [JIPMER 2002]

(1) Sartorius (2) Spinal muscle (3) Stapes (4) Stapedius

37. Largest smooth muscle present in [CPMT 2002]

(1) Leg (2) Thigh

(3) Uterus of pregnant woman (4) Urethra

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 32

 BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE : HINT & SOLUTIONS
1. Scapulla & Clavicle
2. C7, T12, L5 S(5) Co(4)
3. (a) WBC & macrophages
(b) sperm
4. 23333
5. Kyphosis : Exaggeration of thoracic curve, resulting in “round-shouldered” appearance, also called hunch
back.
Lordosis : An exaggeration of lumber curve, also called sway back.
6. (i) Malleus, Incus, Stapes
(ii) Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
7. (a) Pivot joint
(b) Saddle joint
(c) Ball & Socket joint
(d) Fixed joint
8. Bone and cartilage are specialised connective tissues. The former has a very hard matrix due to calcium

salts in it and the latter has slightly pliable matrix due to chondroitin salts.

9. Follow Page No. 3

10. (a) Pronator and Supinator : The contraction of a pronator rotates the forearm to turn the palm downward
or backward Supinator is antagonist of pronator. A supinator contracts to rotate the forearm and thus to make
palm face upward or forward.
(b) Abductor and Adductor : An abductor contracts to draw a bone away from the body midline. Muscle
that brings the limb away from midline is called abductor. An adductor draws a bone towards the body
midline. Muscles that brings the limb towards midline is called adductor. Abductor muscle is antagonist of
adductor muscle.

11. Follow Page No. 12

12. Follow Page No. 5
13. Follow Page No. 4
14. Follow Page No. 13
15. Follow Page No. 14

EXERCISE - 1
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (1)
6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (3)
11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (1) 15. (4)
16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (1)

26. (1) 27. (1) 28. (3) 29. (1) 30. (3)

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 33

31. (2) 32. (4) 33. (2) 34. (2) 35. (3)
36. (3) 37. (1) 38. (4) 39. (3) 40. (4)
41. (2) 42. (1) 43. (2) 44. (4) 45. (2)
46. (3) 47. (4) 48. (1) 49. (3) 50. (4)

51. (4) 52. (1) 53. (2) 54. (1) 55. (3)
56. (4) 57. (3) 58. (2) 59. (3) 60. (3)
61. (3) 62. (1) 63. (4) 64. (2) 65. (3)
66. (2) 67. (3) 68. (2) 69. (3) 70. (2)
71. (2) 72. (4) 73. (2) 74. (2) 75. (3)
76. (1) 77. (3) 78. (1) 79. (1) 80. (2)
81. (4) 82. (3) 83. (2) 84. (2) 85. (1)
86. (2) 87. (4) 88. (1) 89. (4) 90. (4)
91. (1) 92. (2) 93. (4) 94. (3) 95. (2)
96. (3) 97. (4) 98. (4) 99. (3) 100. (1)
101. (4) 102. (3) 103. (2) 104. (4) 105. (1)
106. (4) 107. (3) 108. (4) 109. (3) 110. (4)

111. (1)

EXERCISE - 2
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (2)

EXERCISE 3
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (2) 4. (3) 5. (3)
6. (3) 7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (3) 10. (2)
11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (2)

EXERCISE - 4
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (3)
6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (2)
11. (1) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (3)
16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (2) 20. (3)

21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (4) 25. (4)
26. (1) 27. (2) 28. (4) 29. (2) 30. (4)
31. (1) 32. (4) 33. (4) 34. (2) 35. (3)
36. (4) 37. (3)

NEET_ Locomotion and Movement - 34