3.plant Kingdom Resonance

KINGDOM - PLANTAE
It involves Eucaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic plants.
On the basis of presence or absence of seeds, Eichler (1883) classified plants kingdom into two
subkingdoms.
(i) Cryptogamae : Sex organs are hidden, seeds and flowers absent. Ex: lower plants –Thallophytes,
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes.
(ii) Phanerogamae (spermatophytes) : Sex organs are distinct, seeds present Ex: Higher plants–
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Engler (1886) classified plants into Thallophyta (Embryo formation absent) and Embryophyta
(zygote gives rise to multicellular embryo). Thallophyta included bacteria, fungi and algae.
At present time, bacteria and fungi are excluded from kingdom protista and placed separately in
kingdom Monera and kingdom fungi. Bryophytes, pteridophytes and spermatophytes are collectively
called embryophyta.
Pteridophyta and spermatophyta have vascular tissues hence they are placed in group tracheophyta.
Plant kingdom involves green algae, brown algae, red algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms
and angiosperms.
Algae (= sea weed) :
It involves those organisms that have thallus like plant body, chlorophyll, accessory spores for asexual
multiplication nonjacketed gametangia, absence of embryo stage.
Initially the term ‘Algae’ coined by Linnaeus for hepatacae and others but was used for its present
meaning by A.L. de Jussieu (1789).
Study of Algae is called Phycology or Algology. F. E. Fristch is known as ‘Father of phycology’. He
classified Algae in to 11 classes on the basis of their pigments, storage products, type of flagella, nucleus
reproduction etc.
Characters of Algae :
(i) They are usually found in water (either marine or fresh water).
(ii) Its plant body is covered by mucilage that provides protection from water currents and epiphytic
growth.
(iii) Plant body is thallus that can be unicellular, filamentous, colonial and composed of true paren-
chyma. Mechanical tissue is absent.
(iv) Cell wall consists of cellulose. Nutrition is autotrophic, chlorophyll a and carotene are universal
pigments.
(v) Reserve food is mainly starch.
(vi) Vegetative and asexual reproduction are quite common. One celled mitospores perform asexual
reproduction.
(vii) Sexual reproduction comprises isogamy (Ex: Chlamydomonas debaryanum, Ulothrix), anisogamy
(Ex: Chlamydomonas braunii) and oogamy (Ex: Chlamydomonas coccifera) in different forms.
(viii) Sex organs are nonjacketed gametangia that may be unicellular or multicellular.
(ix) Embryo stage is absent. Mainly zygotic meiosis takes place except brown algae (sporic meiosis).
(x) Life cycle is mostly haplontic type (Diplontic type in brown Algae).
Whittaker classified three types of Algae in plant kingdom – Red algae, brown algae and green algae.
NEET_KINGDOM - PLANTAE # 73
(I) Class – Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) :
General characters :
(i) These are mainly found in marine water except few species Ex: Batrachospermum – Fresh water
algae. Red algae are usually autotrophic but Harveyella is colourless and parasite on other red algae.
(ii) Its thallus shows variations in different members – unicellular Ex: Porphyridium, ribbon like
Ex:Chondrus, parenchymatous sheet Ex: Porphyra, multiaxial poysiphonous filaments
Ex: Polysiphonia, uniaxial monosiphonous branched filaments Ex: Batrachospermum,
graceful lace like Ex: Gelidium.
(iii) Flagellated cells are completely absent in life cycle.
(iv) Cell wall is mucilaginous and contains cellulose, pectin and abundant sulphated phycocolloids
(like agar, carrageenin, funori). In some red algae it has deposition of calcium carbonate and
appear coral like and called coralline Ex: Corallina.
(v) Photosynthetic pigments involve chlorophyll a, – carotenes and phycobilins. Chlorophyll d

has been reported in some cases. Phycobilins are of two types (a) red coloured r-phycoerythrin –
It is responsible for red colour of red algae. (b) Blue coloured r-phycocyanin and
allophycocyanin.
(vi) Reserve food is floridean starch. It is highly branched as cyanophycian starch. Thus floridean starch
and cyanophycian starch both are similar as glycogen in structure.
(vii) Reproduction :
(a) Vegetative reproduction – By fragmentation and regeneration of hold fast.

(b) Asexual reproduction – By many types of spores like monospores, carpospores, tetraspores.
(c) Sexual reproduction – It is most advanced type. Male sex organ is called spermatangium that forms
nonmotile spermatia. Female sex organ is a flask shaped carpogonium that contains basal swollen carpogyne
& upper long neck like trichogyne which receives spermatia from water.
Economic importance :
(i) Food :
Some red algae are edible Ex: Laver (Porphyra), Dulse (Rhodymenia), Irish moss (Chondrus).
(ii) Phycocolloids :
(a) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium, Gracilaria etc (these algae are called agarophytes). It is used
to solidify culture medium. It is also used as laxative stabilizer or thickener in preparing jams, jellies,
creams, pudding, baby food, ice cream, bakery products.
(b) Carrageenin is obtained from cell wall of chondrus crispus and Gigartina. It is used in confectionary,
bakery, jelly, creams, as clearing agent in liquors (Beer) and leather finishing, as emulsifier in chocolates,
icecreams, sauces, toothpastes paints and costmetics.
(c) Funori is obtained from Gloiopeltis. It is a glue used as adhesive and in sizing textiles, papers etc.
(II) Class – Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) :
(i) They are mostly marine lithophytes.
(ii) Unicellular, unbranched, filamentous and colonial forms are absent.
(iii) The body is composed of heterotrichous branched filamentous structure in lower forms
Ex: Ectocarpus and parenchymatous structures in higher forms Ex: Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus.
(iv) Some brown algae are giant (large sized) that are called kelps or sea weeds Ex: Macrocystis –
length is 30–60 m, Nereocystis–length is 20–30 m, Laminaria–Length is 2–12 m.
(v) Plant body is differentiated into hold fast (for fixation), stipe and lamina (for photosynthesis).
Sargassum (gulf weed) is free floating and has air filled floats called vesicles that provide buoyancy.
North Atlantic sea is called sargasso sea due to abundant occurrence of free floating Sargassum
fluitans.
(vi) Conducting tubes or trumpet hyphae are found in larger brown algae or kelps.
(vii) Cell wall contains cellulose and nonsulphated phycocolloids like fucin, fucoidin and algin.
(viii) Main pigments are chlorphyll a, c, carotene. Brown pigment fucoxanthin provides brown
colour to the brown algae.
(ix) Reserve food is laminarin, mannitol and oil.

(x) Flagella two, unequal heterokont. Pyrenoids are naked.
(xi) They reproduce asexually by biflagellated zoospores. Sexual reproduction varies from isogamy to
oogamy. Zygotic meiosis absent but sporic meiosis occurs.
(xii) Alternation of generation is isomorphic (Ex: Ectocarpus, Dictyota) or heteromorphic

(Ex: Laminaria).
Laminaria :
1. A large algae(2-12 mt) found in littoral and sub-littoral regions of sea.
2. Plant body in differentiated into holdfast, stipe and blade. Holdfast have root like branches called haptera
or crampons.
3. Stipe is unbranched and cylindrical which forms a new blade at the begining of a new growing season.
4. Blade also called lamina or frond is the photosynthetic part. In centre it have trumpet hyphae, which
takes part in food conduction.
5. It shows heteromorphic alternation of generation with dimorphic diplohaplontic life cycle.
6. it is a source of iodine, algin and potassium fertilizer.
(1) Algin : It is nonsulphated phycocolloid and obtained from Laminaria, macrocystis, Fucus,
sargassum. It is used in flame proof plastics, security glass, gauze and surgical threads, shaving
creams, tooth paste, cosmetic creams, shampoos, sauces, sizing textiles, etc.
(2) Mannitol : It is used as food and added to inks, plastic, paints and varnishes. It is half as sweet as
sugar and is a good substitute of sugar for diabetic patients.
(3) Iodine : It is extracted from Laminaria and Fucus.

(4) Food : Some brown algae are used as food in some countries. Kombu is rich in carbohydrate and
formed by Laminaria. Alaria yields a product called sarumen in japan.
(5) Potash : It is extracted from Macrocystis and Nereocystis and used as fertilizer in germany.
(III) Class Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) :

(i) Most of species are found in fresh water. Some species are marine Ex: Caulerpa, Acetabularia,
Codium.
(ii) Thallus may be in various forms
(a) Unicellular motile Ex: Chlamydomonas.

(b) Cocooid or nonmotile Ex: Chlorella.
(c) Filamentous Ex: Ulothrix, Spirogyra.
(d) Colonial
(1) Motile colony Ex: Volvox
(2) Non-motile colony Ex: hydrodictyon or waternet
(e) Coenocytic Siphonous Ex: Vaucheria, Caulerpa
(f) Foliaceous parenchymatous Ex: Ulva (Sea lettuce).
(g) Heterotrichous Ex: Fritschiella, Draparnaldiopsis, Stigeoclonium and
Coleochaete.
(h) Dendroid Ex: Chrysodendron.
Note : Coenobium a colony with fixed number of cells called coenobium.
(iii) They bear chl a, b, carotenes( and type), xanthophyll like lutein.
(iv) 2, apical and isokont flagella are present.
(v) Chloroplast are agranal (grana is absent). Starch is reserve food material and stored as sheets in
pyrenoids, present in the chloroplast.
(vi) Cell wall consists of cellulose and also have pectin & xylan.
(vii) Vegetative reproduction takes place through fragmentation, stolons and tubers.
(viii) Asexual reproduction occurs by mitospores and meiospores.

(ix) Sexual reproduction takes place through isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy.
(x) In green algae, three types of life cycle occur.
(a) Haplontic (b) Diplontic (c) Diplohaplontic
(a) Haplontic : The dominant phase is haploid. The diploid phase is represented only by zygote or
zygospore. Meiosis takes place during germination of zygote or zygospore (zygotic meiosis) Ex: Ulothrix,
Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra.
(b) Diplontic : The dominant phase of Algae is diploid. It forms haploid gametes by meiosis. The gametes
fuse to form zygote that regenerates the diploid phase. Ex: Caulerpa.
(c) Haplodiplontic : In this type of life cycle, well developed multicellular haploid and diploid phases occur
which are respectively called gametophyte and sporophyte. The haploid gametophyte forms haploid
gametes and after fusion of gametes diploid zygote is formed that gives rise to diploid sporophyte. The latter
forms haploid spores by meiosis (Sporic meiosis). Meiospores form new gametophytes after germination.
Ex: Ulva, Cladophora.
(i) Food : Chlorella pyrenoidosa (called space alga) is used by exobiologists for food, O2, disposal of
CO2 in prolonged space flight. Chlorella has proteins (upto 50%), fats (20%), carboydrates (20%), vit A, B1,
B2 B12, C and E. It is used as SCP (single cell protein) and its nutritional value is equal to soybean and
spinach. Ulva (see lettuce) and codium are used as salad.
(ii) Sewage oxidation : Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus and Chlorella are found in sewage
oxidation tanks where they produce O2. The latter helps aerobic bacteria to decompose sewage.
(iii) Antibiotic : Chlorellin is extracted from Chlorella. It is effective against bacteria.
(iv) Larvicidal property : Chara, Nitella show larvicidal property. They kill mosquito larvae.
(v) Parasitism : Usually green algae are autotrophic. Exceptionally Cephaleuros virescence is a
parasite. It produces red rust disease of tea.
Land plants have been evolved from chara like green algae. Tetrasporine line of evolution is
most accepted.
Comparision of characters of chlorophyceae, phaeophyceae & Rhodophyceae

S. Colour of Re serve Se xual
Clas s thallus Pigm ents Flagella food Pyrenoids reproduction
No.
Chlorophyceae Grass Chlorophyll 2, apical Starch Present Iso-, aniso-
Ex:-Spirogyra, green a,b, Beta- and isokont and
chlamydomonas, carotene, oogamous
Ulothrix, lutein,
1 Oedogonium,
Ulva,
Acetabularia etc.
Phaeophyceae Brown Chl a,c, 2, unequal Mannitol Naked Iso-,aniso-

Ex:- Sargassum Beta-carotene, and , pyrenoid and
2 Laminaria, fucoxanthin, heterokont Laminari oogamous
Fucus, violozanthin, n
Macrocystis,
etc.
Rhodophyceae Red Chl a, d, absent Floridea Present Oogamous
Ex:-Polysiphonia, Beta-carotene, n in
Batrachospermu lutein, starch primitive
3 m, r- members
Gelidium, phycoerythrin, only
Gracillaria, etc. r-phycocyanin,
Point of Remember
1. Acetabularia (umbrella alga) is largest unicellular marine alga that was used by Hammerling
for grafting experiment to prove the role of nucleus in heredity.
2. Calvin used chlorella and Scenedesmus for studying photosynthesis.
3. Ordovician period of palaeozoic era is called the age of algae.
4. Father of Indian phycology–M.O.P. Iyenger.
5. Cryophytes : They grow on polar region Ex: Some species of Chlamydomonas–Haematococcus
nivalis produces red colour of snow (Red snow) in polar region.
6. Thallophyta :
(a) The term thallophyta coined by Endlicher.
(b) According to two kingdom classification, it involves Algae, fungi and Bacteria.
(c) These are simplest seedless, nonvascular plants in which main plant body is thallus (which is haploid
gametophyte) that does not differentiate into roots, stem and leaves.
(d) One celled non jacketed gametangia are sex organs.
(e) Zygotic Meiosis is mostly found and embryo formation is absent.
* Blackman and Smith described three evolutionary lines of evolution of thallus in green algae from a motile
unicellular green alga like chlamydomonas.
(i) Volvocine line :
Motile unicellular algae Motile colonies Motile coenobium
(Ex: Chlamydomonas) (Ex: Gonium, Pandorina) (Ex: Volvox)
(ii) Chlorococcine (Coccoid) line :
Motile unicellular algae Nonmotile coccoid Coenocytic thallus
(Ex: Chlamydomonas) (Ex: Chlorella) (Ex: Vaucheria, caulerpa, protosiphon).
(iii) Tetrasporeine line :
Motile unicellular algae Nonmotile colonies Filamentous Hetrotrichous
(Ex: Chlamydomonas) (Ex: Palmella, Tetraspore) (Ex: Ulothrix) (Ex: Draparnaldiopsis)
Branched mutilayered body Parenchymatous

(Ex: Chara) (Ex: Ulva)
Land plants have been evolved from chara like green algae. Tetrasporine line of evolution is
most accepted.
Chlamydomonas :-
It is unicellular, eukaryotic, microscopic
(10–30 m), pyriform, biflagellate green alga.
It is found in both stationary fresh water
and marine habitats (rich in ammonia
salts).
Cellulose is absent in cell wall. The
latter is composed of glycoproteins.
Structurally, it contains a cup shaped
chloroplast with a red eye spot or
stigma and starch storing pyrenoid, a
single nucleus, two contractile vacuoles
for osmoregulation and excretion. The
anterior end bears a beak called apical
papilla which bears two long, equal, and
tinsel type of flagella.
Asexual reproduction takes place through
formation of zoospores, aplanospores,
hypnospores and palmella
stage.
Zoospores are formed under favourable conditions during night. The parent cell loses its flagella, becomes
rounded and comes to rest. Its protoplasm contracts and divides longitudinally by mitotic divisions to form
2–16 daughter protoplasts. Each of them secretes its own cell wall, develop two flagella, eye spot, contractile
vacuole etc. and is transformed into zoospore.
Aplanospores are thin walled & nonmotile spores. Hypnospores are thick walled nonmotile spores containing
reddish pigment haematochrome. Red snow caused by C. nivalis is due to red coloured hypnospores.
Palmella stage : It develops in response to toxic chemicals and unfavourable water conditions. In this
stage, a large number of naked cells devoid of flagella lie inside a mass of mucilage. When favourable
conditions occur, the mucilage mass dissolves and the released cells beome transformed into flagellate
individuals.
Sexual reproduction takes place at the end of growing season by following types.
(i) Isogamy : Fusion of similar gametes (which are similar in size structure and physiology)
Ex: C. debaryanm.
(ii) Hologamy : Fusion of two young individuals directly Ex:- C. snowiae.
(iii) Anisogamy : Fusing gametes are dissimilar in size and behaviour but are motile Ex:- C. braunii.
(iv) Oogamy : Male gamete is smaller, motile whereas female gametes is larger, nonmotile, food storing
and called eggl/ovum/oognium Ex:- C. coccifera. The compatible gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote
that secrtes a thick wall to form resting diploid spore called zygospore which undergoes meiosis to form
four haploid zoospores under favourable conditions.
Gametes are formed in more number (16–64) then zoospores (2–16).
The life cycle of chlamydomonas is haplontic.
Volvox : Commonly called Rolling ball alga

1. It is a colonial form consisting of 500–60000 Chlamydomonas like individuals (cells) joined by cytoplasmic
strands.
2. Its colony is a coenobium.
3. Asexual reproduction occur by Gonidia, which occur in the posteri or part. Gonidium undergoes divisions
first to form a plakea stage (plate like), Then inversion takes place, leads to formation of a pore called
phialopore, after inversion phialopore closes.
4. Sexual reporduction is oogamous type. Colonies may be monoecious or dioecious
5. Each zygote forms a single colony.
Bryophytes (Bryon = moss; phyton = Plant) :
Introduction :
These are first land inhabiting or terrestrial plants. Bryophytes are non vascular, autotrophic, seedless,
nonflowering plants. These are known as amphibians of plant kingdom.
The term Bryophytes coined by Robert Braun (1864). He included algae, fungi, lichen and moss in it.
On the basis of evolution, It is placed between thallophyta and pteridophyta.
Study of Bryophytes is called Bryology. Hedwing is known as Father of Bryology while S.R. kashyap
is known as the Father of Indian Bryology.
These are the most primitive plants of the kingdom embryophyta.
(i) These are found in moist, shady and cool places. They form green carpets or mats on damp soil, rocks,
walls tree trunks.
(ii) Some Bryophytes are aquatic like Riccia flutians, Riccia abuensis, Ricciocarpus natans, Riella,
some sp. of Sphagnum, Fontinalis etc. In india, they are abundantly found in Himalyan region. Hence
western himalaya is known as gold mine of bryophytes.
(iii) The main plant body is haploid independent thalloid or foliose gametophyte which does not
differentiate into true roots, stem & leaves but foliose plants bear root like nonvascular rhizoids, leaf like
phylloid and stem like cauloid Ex : Funaria, Sphagnum.
(iv) Thallus is multicellular, dichotomously branched, thick having unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
for fixation.
(v) Cell wall in liverworts is composed of cellulose and pectose whereas in mosses it is of hemicellulose
and pentosan. Reserve food is starch.
(vi) Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) are absent in both gametophytic and sporophytic phases.
The conduction takes place through specialized parenchyma.
(vii) Vegetative reproduction takes place through fragmentation, buds, gemmae, tubers, protonema,
adventitious branches etc.
(viii) Asexual reproduction absent.
(ix) Sexual reproduction is oogamous type. Sex organs are multicellular and surrounded by single
layered sterile jacket.
(x) Male sex organ is called antheridium which is globular and forms biflagellated antherozoids or
sperms (motile male gamete). Flask shaped female sex organ is called archegonium that
consists of a swollen venter and a tubular neck. The latter is composed of 6 vertical rows of cells
and encloses 4–10 neck canal cells while venter has venter canal cell and an egg cell or oosphere
(nonmotile female gamete).
(xi) Water is essential for fertilization. Archegonia secretes mucilage rich in potassium salts /
proteins / sucrose for attracting antherozoids in water.
(xii) Fertilization is internal and takes place by zoodiogamy. Diploid zygote forms in the venter by the
fusion of one antherozoid with egg cell.
(xiii) After fertilization zygote immediately divides and form multicellular embryo. The Development of embryo
is exoscopic (The apex of embryo develops from outer cell).
(xiv) Embryo gives rise to multicellular sporogonium or sporophyte. The latter differentiates into
either capsule only or foot, seta and capsule. Sporophyte is completely (Ex: Riccia) or partially
(Ex: Funaria) parasite on gametophyte.
(xv) Spore mother cells or sporocytes of capsule of sporophyte undergo sporic meiosis and form haploid
meiospores which are alike or homosporous.
(xvi) On germination, spore forms new gametophytic plant either directly (Ex: liverworts and hornworts)
or by juvenile filamentous protonema stage (Ex: moss).
(xvii) Life cycle is diplohaplontic and alternation of generation is heteromorphic.
Classification of Bryophyta :
Bryophytes are Classified into three classes.
(i) Hepaticopsida – (Ex: Liverworts)
(ii) Anthocerotopsida – (Ex: Hornworts)
(ii) Bryopsida – (Ex: Mosses)
Com pa rsion of Hepaticopsida , Anthoce ra topsida a nd Bryopsida .

S.
He paticopsida Anthocera topsida Bryopsida
No.
1 Pla nt body is Tha lloid/ Pla nt body is Tha lloid. Pla nt body is le a fy, e re ct.
Foliose .
2 Rhizoids a re Unice llula r Rhizoids a re Unice llula r Rhizoids a re m ultice llular
and le
3 Sca unbra
s prenche
se nt.d. and unbra
Scale nche
s abse nt. d. a nd les
Sca braanched.
bse nt.
4 Colum ella Absent in Colum ella pre se nt in Colum e lla pre se nt in ca psule .
ca psule. ca psule.
5 Ela te rs pre se nt, the y Pse udoe la tors pre se nt, Ela te rs abse nt but pe ristom e
he lp in dispe rsa l of function of form e r is te e th a re pre se nt tha t he lp
spore s as w e ll a s sim ila r a s e la te rs. in dispe rsal of spores.
de hiscence of capsule .
6 Sporogonium is com ple te ly Sporogonium is pa rtia lly Sporogonium is pa rtia lly
pa ra site on ga m e tophyte pa rasite on ga m e tophyte. pa rasite on ga m e tophyte .
7 Ex :- Riccia, Ma rcha ntia Ex :- Anthoce ros, Nototha llus. Ex:- Funa ria , Spha gnum ,
Pe llia , Pore lla . Polytrichum .
Marchantia :
1. It is a thalloid liverwort, grow prostrately on the surface and show dichotomous branching.
2. The thallus have dorsal groove on the upper surface and rhizoids and scales on lower (ventral) surface.
3. Rhizoids are unicellular, arising from the middle raised portion and are of two types namely smooth walled
and tuberculate. Tuberculate rhizoids have peg like ingrowths from the inner wall.
4. On both sides of rhizoids there are scales or amphigastria, It helps in conserving the moisture.
5. Anatomically the thallus consists of upper photosynthetic or assimilatory zone and lower storage zone.
Photosynthetic zone have many air chambers which contains photosynthetic or assimilatory filaments and
open outside by pores, surrounded by 4-8 superimposed ringed tiers of cells.
6. Vegetative reproduction occur by progressive death, regeneration, adventitious, branches and gemmae.
7. Gemmae are formed inside small gemma cups developing middorsally on vegetative thalli. gemma cups
have eight shaped (8) gemmae and mucilagenous hairs.
8. Each gemma is an elliptical and biconvex structure, having unicellular stalk and two lateral notches. On
germination one daughter thallus is produced from each notch. Thus each gemma produce two daugther
thalli.
Sexual reproduction :
9. Marchantia is dioecious. Sex organs are borne on disc-shaped receptacles borne at the tips of vertical
gametophores. Male receptacle on antheridiophore and femate receptacle on archegoniophore.
10. Male receptacle is 8 lobed and slightly concave on upper side. Dorsally each lobe bears alternate air chambers
and antheridial chambers with single antheridia in acropetal succession.
11. Antheridia have mass of androcytes, which produce slightly rod-shaped, biflagellate, spermatozoids,
singly.
12. Female receptacle is 9 lobed each lobe called ray. The lower surface have hanging archegonia with younger
towards stalk and older towards periphery.
13. Archegonia are shortly stalked, having 6 vertical rows of neck cells, enclosing 4-6 neck canal cells.
Venter has only one venter canal cell and egg cell or oosphere. At maturity the neck canal cell and venter
canal cell dissolved and a mucilage oozes out from the archegonial mouth, which is rich in sucrose, proteins
and K+ salts, these chemicals attract spermatozoids (chemotactic movement) towards archegonia.
14. After fertilization oospore form sporophyte which can be differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. Capsule
having single layered jacket enclosing spore mother cells and elater mother cells.
15. Sporophyte is parasitic on gametophyte
16. Spore mother cell divide by meiosis, producing haploid spores while elater mother cells simply elongates
and form diploid elaters. The elaters have sipral thickening bands with the help of which it show xerochasy
and help in breaking capsule wall and ultimately release of spores.
17. The spores dispersed by air and develop into daughter gametophyte.
Notes:
1. In Riccia foot & seta are absent only capsule is present. In this plant elaters are also absent and they are
replaced by nurse cells which are nutritive in function. Spore dispersal occur by decay of capsule wall.
2. Some of the leafy liverworts like Frullania have a row of ventral leaves called amphigastra. Their main
functions is retention of moisture.
3. In Pellia a tuft of elaters is found at the base of capsule called Elaterophores.
Anthoceros:
1. The habit is dorsiventrally flattended thallus which devoid of any midrib. Thallus do not show any distinction
between photosynthetic and storage zone.
2. On the ventral surface their are only smooth walled unicellular rhizoids and mucilage cavities, which
contain Nostoc colonies.
3. Each cell of thallus usually have one chloroplast with a single pyrinoid.
4. Sexual reproduction is similar to other liverworts.
5. Sporophyte is divided into foot and capsule, seta is absent. But the latter is replaced by a meristematic
zone, by virtue of which sporogonium grow for indefinite period.
6. The capsule has central sterile columella, which is conducting and supporting in function.
7. Capsule wall is photosynthetic and have stomata. Thus sporophyte is partially dependent on
gametophyte.
8. In this plants spore mother cell divide by meiosis to form haploid spores but elater mother cells divide by
mitosis so multicellular elaters are formed, these elaters also lack spiral thickening and thus termed
as pseudoelaters.
(i) Mosses grow in tufts over the soil surface and bind soil particles thus they prevent soil erosion.
(ii) Both mosses and lichens produce soil cover over the barren rocks during succession.
(iii) Sphagnum grows in acidic bogs where it helps in formation of peat hence called peat moss.
(iv) Peat is used as fuel as well in making alcohol, ammonium sulphate, tar, tanning material and paraffin
and dye.
(v) Sphagnum has good water holding capacity therefore it is widely used for packing of young seedlings,
flowers, vegetables, fruits, corrosive materials, glasses etc during transportation.
(vi) Dry clean, disinfected sphagnum is used as a replacement of absorptive cotton for wound dressing.
(vii) Sphagnol, an antibiotic that is derived from distillation of peat tar which is effective against skin
diseases.
(viii) Polytrichum has ability to dissolve stones in kidney and gall bladder.
Point of Remember
1. Largest bryophyte is Dawsonia (moss - 70 cm) and smallest bryophyte is zoopsis argentea
(liver wort)
2. Terrestrial Amphibians : Bryophytes are considered as terrestrial Ampibians because they require
external water on the soil surface for following reasons.
(i) Dehisence of archegonia and antheridia.
(ii) Swimming of male gametes to archegonia.
(iii) Supply of water to all parts by capillarity in the absence of vascular tissues.
(iv) Protection from transpiration.
3. True Mosses :
S.No. Common name Botanica l na me

1 Pe a t / Bog / Turf Moss Sphagnum
2 Cord Moss / Gree n moss Funaria
3 Ha ir Cap Moss Polytrichum
4 Brook Moss Fontinalis
5 Granite moss Andrae a
6 Maide n ha ir Moss Pogona tum
7 Twisted Moss Tortula
8 Bla ck Moss Grimmia
4. False Mosses :
S.No. Comm on na m e Bota nica l na m e

1 Re inde e r m oss Cla donia ra ngife rina (Liche n)
2 Ice la nd m oss Ce tra ria ice la ndica (Liche n)
3 W olf m oss Le tha ria (Liche n)
4 Irish m oss Chondrus crispus (Re d a lga e )
5 Ce ylon m oss Gracila ria (Re d a lga e )
6 Spa nish florida m oss Tilla ndsia (a ngiospe rm)
7 Bird's ne st m oss Se la gine lla rupe stris (Pte ridophyte )
8 Club m oss Lycopodium (Pte ridophyte)
5. Some Bryophytes are saprophytes Ex: Cryptothallus mirabilis, Buxbaumia aphylla.
Pteridophytes (Pteris = feather, phyton = plant) :

These are most primitive, seedless, spore producing land plants which are popularly knownas botanical
snakes (because, reptiles are first land animals) or vascular cryptogams (vascular tissues xylem
and phloem present).
The term pteridophyta coined by Haeckel (1866). The study of pteridophytes is called pteridology. F.O.
Bowers is called ‘Father of pteridology’ while S.S. Bir is known as ‘Father of Indian Pteridology’.
(i) Most of the plants are terrestrial and grow well in damp and shady places. Some pteridophytes are
found in xerophytic conditions Ex: Selaginella lepidophylla, S. rupestis, Equisetum arvense.
Some are epiphytic Ex: Lycopodium phlegmaria, Pleopeltis, Ophioglossum. Some are aquatic
Ex: Marsilea, Azolla, Salvinia, Isoetes.
(ii) Most of the pteridophytes are herbaceous except tree ferns like Cyathaea, Alsophila.
(iii) The main plant body is sporophyte that is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
(iv) Primary root is short lived. Later on the former is replaced by adventitious roots developed by stem.
(v) Stems may be underground or aerial. The branching of stem may be dichotomous Ex: Marsilea,
Lygodium or monopodial Ex: Lycopodium, Selaginella.
(vi) All the vegetative parts bear vascular tissues that form different types of steles. Vessels are usually
absent in xylem similarly companion cells, sieve tubes and fibres are absent in Phloem but sieve
cells are present. Secondary growth is absent except in Isoetes.
(vii) Leaves are of two types microphyllous and megaphyllous. In microphyllous types, Leaves are
small and unveined while stem is comparatively longer and leaf traces do not leave leaf gaps in the
stele Ex: Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum while in megaphyllous types stems are short
and leaves are large (called frond) with branched venation. Leaf gaps are found in stele Ex: ferns
(Pteridium, Dryopteris, Pteris).
(viii) Meiospores are formed by sporic meiosis in sporangia during asexual reproduction. The former
are either same type (homosporous Ex: ferns like pteridium, Adiantum, Pteris) or different
types (heterosporous Ex: Selaginella, Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla).
(ix) Sporangia are borne on abaxial side of fertile leaves. Sporangia bearing leaves are called sporophylls
Ex: Ferns, in other pteridophytes sporangia are developed in the axil of leaves on stem
Ex: Selaginella, or on sporangiophores Ex: Equisetum or in sporocarp Ex: Marsilea.
(x) Sporangia are developed singly or in groups. The latter is called sori which is protected by true or
false indusium or both. True inducium arise from placenta e.g. Dryopteris and false inducium formed
by curling of leaf margin e.g. Pteris and Adiantum. In Pteridium both true and false inducium are
found.
(xi) In heterosporous pteridophyta, sporangia are of two types-microsporangia and megasporangia
that form microspores and megaspores respectively by sporic meiosis.
(xii) Gametophyte is small/reduced, independent, nonvascular.
(xiii) Sex organs are multicellular, jacketed and developed on gametophyte. Male sex organs are Antheridia
that are reduced and sessile. Antheridium forms motile sperms (usually multiflagellated but
biflagellated in Selaginella). Female sex organs are archegonia embedded in gametophyte.
Archegonium consists of neck and swollen venter. Neck is composed of four vertical rows of cells
and it has 1–4 Neck canal cells while venter is non motile having a venter canal cell and an egg cell
or oosphere.
(xiv) Sexual reproduction is oogamous type. Water is required for movement of sperms from antheridia
to archegonia (chemotactic movement due to malic acid rich mucilage secreted by archegonia)
during fertilization.
(xv) After fertilization, deploid zygote is formed that is first cell of sporophytic generation.
(xvi) The development of embryo is holoblastic or meroblastic, exoscopic/endoscopic/lateral. Life
cycle is diplohaplontic and distinct heteromorphic alternation of generations occurs.
Equisetum (Horse tail) :

1. It is the only living member of its group sphenopsida.
2. Plant body is divided into root, stem and leaves.
3. Stem has two parts - branched, underground rhizome which is nonphotosynthetic and less branched upright,
aerial branches which are photosynthetic.
4. Stem have nodes and internodes and ridges and furrows. Leaves are very small and present at nodal region,
they mainly functions as a protective sheath.
5. Stomata are present only in furrows of aerial stem and they always remain open.
6. The epidermis is impregnated with silica on the outer side which makes the outer surface rough.
7. Plant is homosporous and spores have elaters. The elaters in this case are haploid because they are
formed by outer spore wall.
Point of Remember
1. Sori : Sporangia are borne in groups called sori that are of three types.
(i) Simple sorus : In this type, all the sori mature at the same time.
(ii) Gradate sorus : Oldest sporangium lies in the centre and the sporangia on either side show
successsively younger stages.
(iii) Mixed sorus : Immature and mature sporangia are irregularly distributed in a sorus.
2. Development of sporangia is of two types.
(i) Eusporangiate type : Sporangium is developed by a group of sporangial initials Ex: Lycopodium,
Selaginella, Equisetum.
(ii) Leptosporangiate type : Sporangium is developed by single initial cell. Ex: ferns.
3. Lycopodium : A homosprous pteridophyte commonly called club moss or cereeping pine.
4. Adiantium caudatum (walking fern) : It forms adventitious buds at the tip of leaves. When leaf
tips come in contact with soil they form new plants.
5. Azolla : It is smallest pteridophyta. It is aquatic fern that is used as biofertilizer due to presence
of ntirogen fixing cyanobacteria- Anabaena in its leaves.
6. Rhynia and cooksonia of psilophytales are oldest known fossilized vascular pteridophytes on
land.
7. Isoetes (Quilwort) : Secondary growth is found in it.
8. Synangium : A compound fruiting body formed by the lateral fusion of individual sporangia
Ex: Psilotum.
9. Equisetum spores bear elators on the surface of spores.
10. Circinate coiling : The leaves of ferns show it in young stage.
11. Scouring rushes : Stem of horsetails like Equisetum is tough and rigid due to silica deposits in the
cell wall. They are used as scrub for scouring the pots and as ingredients in some abrasive powders.
A few species of Equisetum contain gold.
12. Aquatic ferns–Ex: Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla.
13. Ophioglossium has maximum number of chromosomes in plant kingdom (2n = 1262).
(14) Seed habit in pteridophytes :
Seed habit is seen is some pteridophytes like Selaginella. The important requirements of the seed habit
are
(a) Development of heterospory
(b) Functioning of only one megaspore mother cell.
(c) Degeneration of three megaspores and formation of female gametophyte inside the megasporangium.
(d) Embryo develop for some time inside the megasporangium.
(i) Food : Sporocarps of marsilea (a water fern) contains starch and are used as food article by certain
tribes.
(ii) Medicines : An antihelminthic drug is obtained from rhizomes of Dryopteris. Homeopathic medicine is
obtained from Lycopodium.
(iii) Selaginella is helpful in soil conservation.
(iv) Ornamentals : Ferns are grown as ornmental plants.
Classification of Pteridophytes :
Pteridophytes are classified in to 4 classes.
(i) Psilopsida (ii) Lycopsida (iii) Sphenopsida (iv) Pteropsida
Stelar system in pteridophytes :

Stele is fundamental unit of vascular system and composed of vascular tissues, pericycle. The concept of
stelar system was proposed by Van Tieghem and Douliot (1886).
Pteridophytes have following types of steles.
(1) Protostele :- It is simplest types of stele in which xylem lies in the centre and surrounded by phloem.
The term protostele coined by Jeffery (1903). It involves following types.
(i) Haplostele :- Central smooth core of xylem is surrounded by a unifrom layer of phloem Ex:- Selaginella
kraussiana, Lygodium.
(ii) Actinostele :- Xylem is stellate or star shaped in which phloem is present in the form of separate
patches alternating with projecting parts of xylem Ex:- Psilotum, Lycopodium serratum.
(iii) Plectostele :- Xylem is differentiated into many parallely placed plates or units that lie alternating with
phloem. Ex:- Lycopodium clavatum, L. volubile.
(iv) Mixed protostele with phloem :- Xylem groups are scattered in the ground tissue of phloem
Ex:- Lycopodium cernuam.
(v) Mixed protstele with parenchyma :- Xylem is scattered in the parenchyma Ex:- Hymenophyllum
demissum.
(2) Siphonostele :- It has a central parenchymatous pith surrounded by xylem.
Types of Siphonostele:-
On the basis of arrangement of xylem and phloem siphonostele are of following types.
(i) Ectophloic siphonostele :- Phloem occurs only outside the xylem that surrounds a pith Ex:- Schizaea,
Osmunda.
(ii) Amphiphloic Siphonostele :- Phloem lies on both sides of xylem Ex:- Marsilea, Adiantum.
Other modifications of siphonostele :
(i) Cladosiphonic siphonostele :- Leaf gap are absent in it Ex:- Selaginella, Lycopodium.
(ii) Phyllosiphonic siphonostele :- Leaf gaps are found Ex:- Ferns.
(iii) Solenosteles :- If siphonostele is perforated by scattered leaf gaps, it is called solenostele. The latter
may be ectophloic solenostele and Amphiphloic solenostele Ex:- Pteropsida.
(iv) Dictyostele :- If stele is broken into a number of fragments due to presence of more than one leaf trace
and leaf gap, each unit is surrounded by an endodermis that is called meristele Ex:- Ophioglossum,
Dryopteris .
(v) Polycyclic stele :- It contains more than one stele in concentric rings Ex:- Two rings in Pteridium
aquilinum, three rings in Matonia pectinata.
(vi) Polystele :- In this type, more than one steles are present Ex:- 16 steles in S. laevigata.
Salvinia
Common names : water fern, water spangles
Family : Salviniaceae
Native distribution : Tropical Asia and South America
Habit : Free-floating, often forming thick mats.
Species commonly cultivated :
1. Salvinia auriculata 2. S. cucullata 3. S. molesta
4. S. natans 5. S. oblongifolia 6. S. rotundifolia
Brief description :
1. Perennial water fern. Stem horizontal, floating, irregularly forked, lacking true roots.
2. Leaves in whorls of 3, appearing paired; leaves floating and photosynthetic, orbicular to oblong, covered
with complex, unwettable hairs (open or closed at tips) on adaxial surface, third leaf hanging down below
water surface, filamentous, resembling roots, not photosynthetic,
3. Sporocarps borne on modified segments of submerged leaves, as chains, hanging clusters or rows.
4. Prothalli develop inside floating spores. Dispersal commonly by stem fragments.
Weed status : Very serious environmental weeds. Salvinia molesta is considered one of the worlds most
troublesomes aquatic weeds. Members of the S. auriculata complex are aquatic weeds on the U.S. federal
noxious weed list.
S.No. Common name Botanical name

1 Walking fern, Maiden hair fern. Adiantum caudatum
2 Bracken fern or sun fern Pteridium

3 Adders tongue fern Ophioglossum
4 Male shield fern Dryopteris
5 Royal fern, flowering fern Osmunda regalis
6 Spike moss, little club moss Selaginella

7 Club moss, trailing evergreen Lycopodium
8 Horse tail, Scouring rushes Equisetum
9 Pepper wort Marsilea

10 Lofty tree fern Cyathia
Differences between Bryophytes and pteridophytes

S.
Bryophytes Pteridophytes
No.
1 Plant body is gametophyte. Plant body is sporophyte.
2 Plant body is thalloid that does Plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
not differentiate into roots, stem
and leaves.
3 Vascular tissue is absent. Vascular tissue is present.
4 Sporophyte is parasite over Total independent sporophyte.
gametophyte.
5 Antherozoids are biflagellate. Antherozoids are multiflagellate.
6 Gametophyte is well developed. Gametophyte is reduced, independent and short lived.
Gymnosperms (gymnos–naked, sperm–seed) :

These are perennial woody plants or ancient seed bearing phanerogamic sporophytic plants without
flowers, ovary and fruits. They are popularly called naked seeded vascular plants.
It is the smallest group of plant kingdom and involves only 70 living genera and 900 species. In india, its
16 genera and 54 species have been reported. These are found in cold temperate climates but cycads
occur in warmer areas.
The term Gymnosperm coined by Theophrastus (300 BC) in his book ‘Enquiry into plants’.
The study of Gymnosperm is called Gymnospermology.
(i) The main plant body is diploid sporophyte which is differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.
(ii) Root is tap root. In some members, roots are symbiotically associated with blue green algae
Ex: coralloid roots in Cycas or with fungus Ex: mycorrhizal roots of Pinus.
(iii) Stem bears eustelic condition. Vessels are absent in xylem of gymnosperms except gnetales
(Ex: Welwitschia, Ephedra, Gnetum). Sieve tubes and companion cells absent in phloem. But the
latter has sieve cells and albuminous cells. Secondary growth occurs in stem and root.
(iv) Wood of gymnosperms is homoxylous, noporous and soft. Wood is of two types.
(a) Manoxylic wood : Pith, medullary rays, cortex are well developed and parenchymatous. The wood is
not compact. Commercially, it is less important. Ex: Cycas.
(b) Pycnoxylic wood : Xylem is compactly arranged in this type of wood, Pith medullary rays and cortex
are reduced. Commercially, it is more important Ex: Pinus.
(v) Mostly unisexual monosporangiate cones are found instead of flowers. All gymnosperms are
heterosporous.
(vi) Two types of sporophylls are found–micropsorphylls and megasporophylls. Both types of sporophylls
form cones or strobili (the male cone and female cone). In case of Cycas megasporophylls do not form
cone.
(vii) Microsporophyll (stamen) has microsporangia or pollensacs (900–1000 microsporangia in sori of

Cycas and two microsporangia in Pinus sps.) while megasporophylls (carpel) has megasporangia
or ovules.
(viii) The distinction into anther and filament is absent in Microsporophyll. Similarly Megasporophylls are
not organised and rolled into carpels. Stigma and ovary are absent.
(ix) Ovules lie exposed on megasporophyll. Ovule is orthotropous, sessile, unitegtmic. Single
integument is usually divisible into 3 layers.
(x) Megaspores are formed by sporic meiosis in ovule. The former forms haploid female gametophyte
(called endosperm) before fertilization.
(xi) In microsporangia, microspores (pollen grains or androspore) are formed by sporic meiosis. On
germination, microspore forms male gametophyte.
(xii) Pollination is anemophilous (Wind pollination) and direct (Pollen grains reach directly into
ovule). Pollen grain is released in 3 celled stage in Cycas and 4 celled in Pinus
(xiii) Male gametophyte has two male gametes. Female gametophyte contains archegonia (archegonia
are absent in Gnetum and Welwitschia of gnetales). Neck canal cells are absent in archegonia.
(xiv) Water is not required for transport of male gametes. Actually malegametes are carried by pollen
tube (that is called siphonogamy). One male gamete fuses with egg cell to form zygote.
(xv) Developement of embryo is meroblastic. After fertilization, ovule is converted into seed.
(xvi) Seeds are naked (they do not enclose in ovary), endospermic and having three generations.
Polyembryony is common in gymnosperms.
Economic Importance :
(1) The wood of conifers like Pinus roxburghii (chir pine), P.excelsa (Kail or Blue Pine), Cedrus
deodara (deodar, strongest of all soft wood), Pseudosuga (Douglos fir), Taxodium, Taxus
(Yew), Sequoia (red wood tree) is used in making light furniture, plywood, packing cases,
railway sleepers, drawing board, pencils,match boxes and sticks.
(2) Paper is composed of wood of Pinus, Picea (spruce), Gnetum, Larix (Larck), Abies (fir).
(3) Sago a kind of starch is obtained from cortex and pith of stem and seeds of Cycas. The Roasted
seeds of Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza) are used as dry fruit. Seeds of Ginkgo biloba are eaten in
china and japan.
(4) Cedar wood oil is obtained from stem of Juniperus virginiana (Red cedar) and used as immersion
oil in oil immersion lens. Its wood is used to make pencils, holders and cigar boxes. The wood
of taxus is used for making bows of archery.
(5) Ephedrine is obtained from stem branches of Ephedra and used to cure cough, cold, bronchitis,
asthma and fever. Taxol is extracted from Taxus baccata (yew) and used in the treatment of
cancer.
(6) Canada balsam is a turpentine extracted from Abies balsamea used in mounting of permanent
slides.
(7) Many Gymnosperms are grown in the gardens as ornamental plants Ex: Cycas, Taxus, Thuja,
(Morpankh), Araucaria excelsa (x-mas /christmas tree), Ephedra, Cupressus, Ginkgo (Pagoda
tree / Maiden hair tree), Araucaria imbricata (Monkey’s puzzle).
(8) Fine saw dust of timber industry is used in linoleum and plastics. The former obtains from pine wood.
(9) Cedrus wood is fragrant, insect repellent, rot resistant, oily, extremely stable and durable. It has been
in use for electric pole, railway sleepers, beans, packingcases, coffins framework, wagons, bridge
construstion etc. It is usefull medically for cursing skin disease.
Differences between Pteridophytes and Gymnosperm

S.No. Pteridopohytes Gymnosperms
1 These are found in moist and shady places. They are xerophytic.
Secondary growth is quite

2 Secondary growth is absent.
common.
3 Ovules absent. Ovules present.

4 Pollen tube is not formed. Pollen tube is formed.
5 Neck canal cell is found in the archegonium. It is absent in archegonium.
6 Seed formation does not take place. Seed formation takes place.
Point of Remember
1. Ephedra foliata is naturally occurring gymnosperm in Rajasthan.
2. Sequoia sempervirens (red dogulos fir / red wood tree / californian fir) is tallest Gymno
sperm (Its length is about 111.6mt or 366 feet) while Zamia pygmia is smallest gymnosperm
(height is 25 cm).
3. Double Fertilization is usually absent in Gymnosperms but found in Ephedra.
4. Ephedra has largest pollen chamber & longest neck of archegonium (32 celled in 8 tiers).
5. Ginkgo bears root nodules formed by a Nitrogen fixing nonleguminous actinomycete bacte
ria-Frankia.
6. Cycas, Ginkgo and Sequoia are considered as ‘living fossils’. Ginkgo in extinct in wild.
7. Triassic and jurassic period of mesozoic era was age of Gymnosperms. They cover 1/3rd part
of the world’s forests.
8. Fossil plants studied under the branch of biology called paleobotany. Birbal Sahni Institute of
paleobotany is situated in Lucknow.
9. Gnetum : Gnetum show many similarities with angiosperms like reticulate veinnation in their
leaves, presence of vessels in xylem absence of archegonia and presence of two cotyledons.
But stile it is gymonosperm because ovules are naked.
Angiosperms (angeion = vessel, sperma = Seed) :
Angiosperms are most advanced plants, that have flowers, covered ovules, seeds. It involves 12500 genera
and 2.70 lakh species (2.20 lac are dicots and 50000 are monocots).
They are most dominant and highest evolved plants on this earth. Tertiary period of coenozoic era is
called Age of angiosperms.
Angiosperms have been reported in every habitat. All types of catagories of plants involve in angiosperms–
annuals/biennials/perennials; autotrophs/Parasites/epiphytes/insectivorous/Saprophytes.
(i) The main plant body is sporophyte that is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
(ii) The characteristic features is presence of vessels in xylem and presence of companion cells in
phloem.
(iii) Wood is hard, porous, monoxylic. Secondary growth is found in dicots.

(iv) Antheridia and archegonia are absent. Presence of flowers is most important feature. Sex
organs enclosed in the flower.
(v) Flower consists of 4 whorls – Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium. Androecium (stamen)
is microsporophyll and Gynoaecium (carpel) is megasporophyll.
(vi) Megasporophyll or carpel contains ovary, style and stigma.
(vii) Ovules are enclosed within ovary. Pollen grains are shed at 2-3 celled stage and fall on stigma.
(viii) Double fertilization (syngamy and triple fusion) is characteristic feature that is found in
angiosperms only.
(ix) Endosperm is triploid (3n) and formed after double fertilization.
(x) Ovules & ovary are converted into seeds and fruits respectively after fertilization.
(xi) Seed has two generations–a parent sporophyte and future sporophyte but gametophytic generation
is absent in seeds.
(xii) Seed bears 1–2 cotyledons.
Differences Between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
S.No. Gymnosperms Angiosperms
1 Flowers and fruits are absent. Flowers and fruits are found.
Seeds are naked & exposed
2 directly on the surface of Seeds lie inside ovary/fruit.
megasporophylls.
Seed is borne on a stalk (funiculus) & uni /
3 Seeds are sessile & unitegmic.
bitegmic.
4 Archegonia present. Archegonia absent.
5 Double fertilization is absent. Double fertilization is present.
Endosperm is haploid (n) and formed Endosperm is triploid (3n) and formed after
6
before fertilization. double fertilization.
Seed bears three generations (parent-
Seed bears two generations (parent-
7 sporophyte, gametophyte and future
sporophyte and future sporophyte).
sporophyte).
8 Pollination is direct and by wind only. Pollination is indirect and by many agencies.
Vessels in xylem, sieve tubes and
Vessels in xylem, sieve tubes and companion
9 companion cells in phloem are
cells in phloem are present.
absent.
Point of Remember
1. Smallest angiospermic plant is Wolffia microscopica (1 mm) while largest angiospermic

plant is Eucalyptus regnans (114 mt or 375 feet– tallest angiospermic tree).
2. Zostera arina : Thalassia are marine angiosperms.
3. Rootless Angiosperms : Utricularia, Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum.
4. Four types of Parasitic Angiosperms are found in nature.
(i) Total root parasite : Ex: Orobanche on roots of crucifers, Rafflesia arnoldi (largest flower,
Queen of Parsites) and Balanophora on roots of forest trees, Striga (witch weed) on sugarcane
and sorghum.
(ii) Total stem parasite – Ex: Cuscuta reflexa (dodder, Amarbel), Arceuthobium (smallest parasite)
(iii) Partial root parasite – Ex: Santalum album (Sandal wood tree).
(iv) Partial stem parasite – Ex: Viscum (Mistletoe), Loranthus.
5. Monocarpic and polycarpic plants :
Monocarpic plants are annual/perennial and they form fruits and seeds only once in their life time
Ex: Bamboo, Wheat, Rice, Banana, Agave.
Polycarpic plants form flowers and fruits every year after maturity Ex: mango, Eucalyptus, Apple.
6. Insectivorous plants :
They grow in nitrogen deficient soil/water. They are considered as primary producers and
secondary consumers. They as take nitrogenous compounds by capturing & digesting of insects
(thus they are heterotrophic). and they make their own food (autotrophic) Ex: Nepenthes (Pitcher
plant), Utricularia (bladderwort), Drosera (sun dew), Dionaea (venus fly trap), Aldrovanda
(water flea trap).
Differences between Dicots and Monocots

S.
Dicots Monocots
No.
1 Number of Cotyledons is 2 in the Number of Cotyledons is 1 in the embryo
embryo of seed. of seed.
2 Flower is mostly pentamerous Flower is mostly trimerous.
3 Tap root system is present. Adventitious root system is common.
4 Leaves are dorsiventral , bifacial & bear Leaves are isobilateral, unifacial
reticulate venation. and have parallel venation.
5 Vascular bundles of stem are arranged Vascular bundles of stem are scattered in
in a the ground tissue & they are conjoint,
ring & they are conjoint, collateral, open collateral, closed (cambium absent).
(cambium present).
6 Secondary growth is common in stem Secondary growth is usually absent.

and roots.
Viruses
Virus means poisonous fluid / venom. It is noncellular, ultramicroscopic, obligate parasite that is devoid
of metabolic machinery and has only one type of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA.
It was discovered by Dimitry Ivanowski (1892) in Tobacco (Tobacco mosaic disease).
M.W. Beijerinck (1896) used the term ‘contagium vivium fluidum’ (infectious living fluid). The term
virus coined by Louis Pasteur. Loeffer and Frosch (1898) reported foot and mouth disease of cattles.
Stanley (1935) prepared crystals of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).
Walter Reed (1900) reported yellow fever of men that was first animal viral disease reported with its
causal agent.
Bawden and Pirie (1936) discovered nucleoprotein/chemical nature of virus and found that virus is
composed of a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Delbruck and Luria reported reproduction in viruses.
Polio virus was first virus to be cultured in vitro in human cell by John Enders (1949). Sabin and
Salk made polio vaccines separately.
Bacteriophages (virus infecting bacteria) were discovered by Twort (1915) and d’Herelle (1917).
Features of Viruses :
(i) These are ultramicroscopic infectious particles, composed of nucleoproteins.

(ii) They are obligate intracellular parasites they depend upon specific hosts for their reproduction and
development.
(iii) They are devoid of protoplasm and cellular machinery.
(iv) They bear either DNA or RNA that is surrounded by protein coat.
(v) They can be crystallized outside the living system.
(vi) They are easily transmitted from one host to another by means of a vector.
(vii) They have no ability for autonomous growth outside the living cell.
(viii) They are not affected by antibiotics.
(ix) They can pass through bacterial proof chamberland filters hence called filterable agents but are
retained on molecular filters.
Virus is considered as connecting link between living & Non living beings.
(i) Characters of non-Livings
1. Protoplasm absent.
2. Enzyme system absent.
3. They do not respire.
4. They can be crystallized.
5. Culture of viruses in different types of culture media (outside the cells) have failed.
(ii) Characters of Living Beings
1. They replicate inside the living cells.
2. Nucleic acids present in their body, are capable of synthesizing protein for their coat, although they use
ribosomes of the host for this purpose.
3. Nucleic acids show similar gene mutations as chromosomes of the living organism.
4. They cause disease, like bacteria and fungi.
Classification of virus :
On the basis of host, Holmes (1948) classified viruses into following
(i) Zoophagineae (Animals viruses) : They infect animals/human beings. The have usually DNA or may
also have RNA.
(ii) Phytophagineae (Plant viruses) : They cause diseases in plants. Mostly RNA is genetic material .
some have DNA.
(iii) Phagineae (bacterial viruses) : They infect microbes like bacteria. They bear DNA as genetic material.
Structure of Viruses :
A complete virus particle that is capable of infecting the host lying outside the host cell in cell free envrirnment
is called virion.
Virus is composed of following components.
(i) Capsid : A protein coat, that lies out side the nucleoid and its subunits are called capsomeres.
It contains antigenic properties. It forms about 95% part of virion.
(ii) Nucleoid : A virus bears either DNA or RNA as genetic material that is found in the central core called
nucleoid. It forms about 5% part of virion.
Type of nucle ic a cid a nd numbe r of stra nds in viruse s

DNA
S.No. RNA Viruse s Stra nds S.No. Stra nds
Viruse s
1 TMV RNA (1) 1 Pox virus DNA (2)
2 Ra bie s RNA (1) 2 He rpe s viruse s DNA (2)
3 Poliom ye litis virus RNA (1) 3 Ade novirus DNA (2)
4 HIV RNA (1) 4 Chicke n pox DNA (2)
5 Ba cte riophage MS-2 RNA (1) 5 He pa titis B DNA (2)
6 Influe nza virus RNA (1) 6 Cya nopha ge s DNA (2)
7 Mum ps RNA (1) 7 Colipha ges T 1 T 3 , T 5 ,T 7 DNA (2)
8 W ound tum our virus RNA (2) 8 psi ×174 DNA (1)
9 Re ovirus RNA (2) 9 Colipha ges M 13 DNA (1)
10 Mycopha ge s RNA (2) 10 Coliphages fd DNA (1)
(iii) Envelope or Mantle : In some viruses, a thin covering is found outside the capsid. This covering is
called envelope. The structural units of Lipoproteinaceus envelope are called peplomeres. Ex: HIV, influenza
virus, SARS virus, Herpes virus.
Structure of some viruses :

(a) Tobacco Mosaic Viruses (TMV) :
It is rod shaped virus. Its length is 300 nm and diameter is 17.5 nm. The mol.wt of TMV is 39.40 million
dalton.
The genetic material of TMV is single stranded, linear RNA. Its length is 5m along with 6500
nucleotides.
Its capsid has 2130 helically arranged capsomeres. Each caposmere has a single polypeptide containing
158 amino acids. 49 capsomeres are found on every 3 complete turns of the helix thus there are total 130
turns. The ratio of nucleotide : capsomeres is 3:1.
(b) Bacteriophages : It infect and kill bacteria hence called bacteriophage
T2 is most common Bacteriophage. It is
naked tadpole like in structure and
composed of head and tail. Both are
connected by small neck and a circular
plate (collar).
Head is hexagonal or polyhedral. The
caps id of head contains 2000
capsomeres. the size of head is 950 Å
× 650 Å. The tail is composed of 144
capsomeres and its size is 1150 ×1750
Å.
DNA is double stranded, linear and has
hydroxymethyl cytosine (HMC) instead
of cytosine.
Tail bears a core tube enclosed by
contractile tail sheath of protein.
At the base of tail, A hexagonal base
plate is present that has 6 tail fibres.
The size of each tail fibre is 130–150 nm
length and 2nm diameter. They help in
attachment of bacteriophage on the
surface of host cell.
Reproduction in virus : It is of two types

(i) Phagic Reproduction (ii) Pinocytic reproduction
(i) Phagic Reproduction : It is also two types
(a) Lytic Cycle : It takes place in virulent phages Ex: T2 / T4 bacteriophages.
(b) Lysogenic Cycle : It occurs in temperate, nonvirulent phage Ex: phage.
(ii) Pinocytic reproduction : In this type, entire virus particle enters in the host cell except the envelope,
if present. Ex: TMV, HIV.
Some Common Viral Diseases of Man
S.No. Name of Disease Virus

1 Small pox Variola virus
2 Influenza Myxovirus
3 Mumps Paramyxovirus
4 Measles Paramyxovirus
5 Poliomyelitis Poliovirus
6 German measles Rubella Virus

7 Yellow fever Arbovirus
8 Common cold Rhinovirus

9 Chicken Pox Varicella zoster virus
10 Bird flu Avian influenza virus
11 Swine flu H1N1 virus
Some Common Viral Diseases of Plants
S.No. Name of Disease Host plant
1 Tobacco mosaic Tobacco

2 Bunchy top Banana
3 Potato leaf roll Potato
4 Yellow vein mosaic Lady's finger

5 Grassy shoot Sugarcane
6 Leaf curl of Papaya Papaya
Size of viruses : The range of size in virus is about 10–300 nm. The volume of smallest viruses is
7 ×10–7 mm3.
Table
Size Animal virus Plant virus
Largest Pox (vaccinia variola) virus 230 × 300 nm, Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV) 300 × 17.5 nm,
virus Myxo virus 800 × 10nm Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) 2000 ×12 nm
Cattle's foot and mouth disease (FMDV)

Smallest STNV (satellite tobacco necrosis virus)
virus (10nm), Rhino virus (10nm), Polio
virus 17 nm, Alfalfa mosaic virus 17 nm
virus 22-30 nm
Shape of virus :
Table
S.No. Shape of virus Example
1 Rod shaped TMV
2 Spherical foot and mouth disease virus

3 Cubical brick shaped Pox virus
4 Polyhedral prism shaped Polio virus

5 Tadpole like T series of Bacteriophage
6 Bullet shaped Rabies rhabdo virus
Criptogram of Virus:
It is a symbolic representationof various traits of viruses.
Proposed by Gibbs.
A cryptogram has four pairs.
(i) Nucteic acid type DNA or RNA/ Number of strands
(ii) Molecular weight of nucleic acid in millions/percentage of nucleic acid in a virus particle
(iii) Shape of virus particle/shape of nucleocapsid.
(iv) host/vector
For Example: Cryptogram of TMV is:
R/1, 1/8, S/S, S/AF
It represent that
RNA genetic material 1 Million Spherical Seed plants
Single stranded , , ,
8% Spherical Aphids
Some other cryptograms:

(i) T4 Bacteriophage D/2, 130/40, X/X, B/O
(ii) Influenza virus R/1, 2-3/10, S/E, V/O
(iii) Polio Virus R/1, 2.5/30, S/S, V/O
Viroids :
Diener and Raymer discovered viroids.
They are naked ssRNA molecule (composed of 250–370 nucleotides) that donot bear capsid and
envelope.
They cause diseases only in cultivated higher plants Ex: Potato spindle tuber disease, citrus exocortis,
cucumber pale fruit, Bunchy top of tomato.
Viroid shows RNA RNA replication in the host cell using host machinery and RNA polymerase.
Inverted base sequences are found at the ends of RNA of viroid and thus show similiarity with retroviruses
and transposable elements.
Prions :
These are proteinaceous infectious particales discovered by Alper et al (1966).
Prusiner used the term prions for infectious proteinaceous entities of scrapie disease of sheep.
Prions are able to perform multiplication by changing normal proteins (PrPc) to infectious form (prion
protein PrPsc). Their accumulation causes neuronal degeneration.
They are rod like and their length is 100–200 nm and diameter is 10–20 nm.
Prions are responsible for some diseases.

(i) Mad Cow Disease (ii) Scrapie Disease of Sheep
(iii) Kuru Disease (iv) Creutzfeldt- Jacob Disease
Read & Digest
1. Virusoids : These are small circular RNAs, similar to viroids they have ss or ds DNA as well as
RNA. Helper virus is also required during infection for providing coat protein to encapsidate their
genome.
2. ssDNA discovered by Sinsheimer and Fiers in coliphage × 174.
3. Interferons are immunological antiviral, glycoproteins, formed in virus infected cells for defense.
They were discovered by Issaacs and Lindemann (1957).
4. Reo Viruses have ds RNA.
5. Cyanophage was discovered by Saffarman and Morris (1963). And LPP –1 was first cyanophage
infecting three blue green algae (Lyngbya, Plectonema and Phormedium).
6. Mycophages : They attack on fungi. They bear ds RNA.
7. Symmetry of viruses : The caposmeres in the capsid are arranged in a definite manner to provide a
definite shape to virus particle. Three types of symmetries are found in viruses.
(i) Helical : Cylindrical shaped virus in which capsomeres are arranged in spiral manner Ex: TMV,
influenza, Rabies virus.
(ii) Cubical : Spherical / poyhedral shaped virus in which caposomeres are arranged in poyhedral/
prismatic manner Ex: Herpes virus, HIV, Polio virus, Tobacco Necrosis virus (TNV).
(iii) Binal (Complex) : It is combination of both cubical and helical symmetry Ex: T 2 and T 4–
bacteriophage, Pox virus.

Chapter - Kingdom–Plantae
Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]
1. Write the example of colonial green algae?
2. Write the main criteria of classification of algae.
3. Who is known as ‘vascular cryptogams’?
4. Write the name of algae that is used in the commercial production of Agar-Agar.
5. Sago is obtained from.......................
Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]
6. What is sori?
7. Write in brief about seed habit?
8. Mention Economic Importance of Red Algea
9. Define
(i) Syngamy
(ii) Triple fusion
Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [03 Mark Each]
10. Differentiates Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
11. (i) Study the following table and write the correct options in place of A, B, C, and D
(ii) What is Gadukov phenomenon?
Class Common Name Major Pigments Stored food

A Green algae Chl a, Chl b D
Phaeophyceae B Chl, a, c fucoxanthin Mannitol, Laminarin
Rhodophyceae Red algae C Floridean Starch
12. Gametophores of Funaria are shown in the diagram, Lable 1 to 7
13. Write difference between pteridophytes & Gymnosperms?

Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [05 Mark Each]
14. Describe the main features of Gymnosperm.
15. Differentiates Green algae, Brown algae and Red algae.
16. Differentiates Haplontic, diplontic and Haplodiplontic life cycle pattern with suitable diagrams.
NEET_ KINGDOM–PLANTAE # 101

17. Write short notes on following.
(i) Difference between Bryophytes & Pteridophytes
(ii) General character of Pteridophytes
(iii) Marchantia
(iv) Equisetum (Horse tail)
(v) Difference between Dicot and monocot
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
KINGDOM PLANTAE – ALGAE
1. Life cycle in Chlamydomonas / Spirogyra / Ulothrix is
(1) Haplontic (2) Haplobiontic (3) Diplontic (4) Diplobiontic
2. Chlamydomonas shows
(1) Isogamy (2) Anisogamy (3) Oogamy (4) All of the above
3. If Chlamydomonas is left exposed to mud, what would be its means of survival
(1) Palmella stage (2) Aplanospore formation
(3) Hypnospore formation (4) All of the above
4. Sexual reproduction where a smaller and motile male gamete fuses with larger and motile female gamete
known as
(1) Isogamy (2) Anisogamy (3) Oogamy (4) Heterogamy
5. The alga which has calcium deposition and is toxic to larvae of mosquito is
(1) Spirogyra (2) Chara (3) Chlamydomonas (4) Spirulina
6. Algae differ from bryophytes in having
(1) Chl (a) and (b) (2) Naked sex organs (3) Jacketed sex organs (4) Aerobic respiration
7. A group of plants in which every cell of multicellular gametangium forms gamete
(1) Thallophyta (2) Bryophyta (3) Pteridophyta (4) Phycophyta
8. Most of the green algae are
(1) Aquatic / fresh water (2) Marine (3) Terrestrial (4) Epiphytic / Epizoic
9. What is common in Thallophytes, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
(1) Dependence on water (2) Presence of conductive system
(3) Presence of cones (4) absence of vascular tissue
10. Father of Indian Phycology is
(1) M.O.P lyenger (2) R.N. Singh (3) D.C Pandeya (4) Desikacharya
11. Kombu is the common name of an edible brown alga which is
(1) Ulva (2) Porphyra (3) Laminaria (4) Macrocystis
12. Botrycoccus braunii is a good source of hydrocarbon, Petroleum. It is a
(1) Fungus (2) Green alga (3) Bacteria (4) Red alga
13. ‘Red rust disease of Tea’ and coffee leaves is caused by parasitic green alga and not by a fungus. This alga is.
(1) Cephaleuros virescence (2) Puccinia graminis
(3) Harveyella (4) Chlamydomonas
14. Source of Iodine is
(1) Fucus and Laminaria (Kelps) (2) Sargassum
(3) Ectocarpus (4) Rhodomela and Polysiphonia
15. Carrageenin is a gel like phycocolloid used in bakery, jams, jellies, soups and clarification of beer and
obtained from a red alga which is
(1) Chondrus (2) Porphyra (3) Gracilaria (4) Ulva

16. A parasitic colourless red alga living on other red algae is
(1) Harveyella (2) Batrachospermum (3) Porphyra (4) Cephaleuros
17. Chlorellin is obtained from chlorella. It is
(1) Protein (2) Antibiotic (3) Fat rich compound (4) Anti cancer
18. Sargasso sea in North Atlantic ocean is rich in
(1) Sargassum (2) Kelps (3) Fucus (4) Laminaria
19. Irish moss is
(1) Chondrus (a red alga) (2) Ulva (green alga)
(3) Porphyra (red alga) (4) Gelidium (red alga)
20. Largest alga is a brown alga of 60mt. length. It is
(1) Macrocystis (2) Nereocystis (3) Laminaria (4) Kelp
21. Two heterokont unequal flagella are attached laterally in
(1) Green algae (2) Red algae (3) Brown algae (4) Diatoms
22. Flagella are totally absent in
(1) Kelps (2) Sea weeds
(3) Red algae and blue green algae (4) Green algae and brown algae
23. Trumpet hyphae having sieved septa like sieve tubes of phloem are found in
(1) Kelps (2) All brown algae (3) All red algae (4) Marine algae
24. Alga that shows isomorphic type of alternation of generation is
(1) Ectocarpus (2) Volvox (3) Chlamydomonas (4) All of these
25. Phycocolloids are mucopolysaccharides in cell wall of sea weeds. A phycocolloid, used in food, textile,
icecreams, medicines, surgical threads obtained from kelps is.
(1) Alginic acid (2) Funori (3) Agar (4) Carrageenin
26. Food reserve in Rhodophyta (red algae) is
(1) Floridean starch (2) Laminarian starch (3) Animal starch (4) Cyanophycean starch
27. In red algae, sex organs are
(1) Spermatangium as male and carpogonium with trichogyne as female organ
(2) Antheridium as male and carpogonium as female organ
(3) Archegonium as female and spermatogonium as male organ
(4) Oogonium as female and sporogonium as male organ
28. Main pigment in phaeophyceae (Brown algae) is
(1) Phycocyanin (2) Phycoerythrin (3) Fucoxanthin (4) Chlorophyll b
29. Sea lettuce is
(1) Ulva (2) Laminaria (3) Sargassum (4) Dictyota
30. Frog spawn alga is
(1) Batrachospermum (2) Sargassum (3) Polysiphonia (4) Kelps
31. A red algae that is neither red in colour nor marine is
(1) Polysiphonia (2) Gracilaria (3) Batrachospermum (4) Gelidium
32. Agarophytes are agar yielding red algae. This agar is used in medicines, icecreams but chiefly in culture
medium to make them semisolid, is obtained from cell wall (middle lamella) of red algae like
(1) Gelidum and Pterocladia (2) Gracilaria and Chondrus
(3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Both wrong
33. From one zygospore of spirogyra, how many new plants arise
(1) 1 (2) 4 (3) 16-32 (4) 16-64
34. Meiosis in Spirogyra, Ulothrix, chlamydomonas and most of algae/thallophytes is
(1) Sporic (2) gametic (3) Zygotic (4) unequal
35. Red snow formed by Chlamydomonas nivalis is due to haematochrome carotenoid pigment present in.
(1) Stigma (2) Chloroplast (3) Hypnospore (4) Aplanospore
36. Stomata are absent in
(1) Algae (2) Liver worts (3) Mosses (4) Ferns
37. Red eye spot (stigma) is meant for
(1) Movement (2) Vision (3) Photoreception (4) Photosynthesis
38. Cell wall of Chlamydomonas is
(1) Cellulosic (2) Fungus cellulosic (3) Noncellulosic (4) Murein
39. Chlamydomonas is animal like simplest and smallest alga. It is plant because
(1) It has cell wall (2) Starch as reserve food
(3) Produces zoospores (4) All of the above
40. Neuromotor apparatus to control movement is found in
(1) Chlamydomonas / flagellated algae (2) Ulothrix in nonflagellated form
(3) Selaginella (4) kelps
41. Kelps are
(1) Fresh water algae (2) Sea weeds
(3) large marine parenchymatous brown algae (4) large marine parenchymatous red algae
42. Pyrenoids are found in algae in
(1) Cytoplasm (2) Chloroplast (3) Nucleus (4) primordial utricle
43. Isogamy involves
(1) Fusion of two morphologically similar gametes
(2) Fusion of two morphologically similar but physiologically different gametes
(3) Fusion of two gametes produced by same gametangium
(4) Fusion of two dissimilar motile gametes.
44. Largest acellular, green, marine alga, popularily called umbrella plant is
(1) Ulva (2) Acetabularia (3) Spirogyra (4) Volvox
45. Algae float in water during light and sink at night because
(1) They require light in day for photosynthesis
(2) They accumulate food in night & get heavy
(3) Become buoyant in light due to attachment of oxygen bubbles
(4) Become light due to consumption of Food.
46. Maximum photosynthesis is carried out by
(1) Sea algae (2) Fresh water algae (3) Terrestrial algae (4) Land plants
47. Space algae rich in protein (50%) vitamin A,E. C, which can be possibly used in space flights is
(1) Chlorella (2) Scenedesmus (3) Chlamydomonas (4) Spirulina
48. All algae possess
(1) Chl a and b (2) Chl a, carotenes and phycobilins
(3) Chl b and carotenes (4) Chl a and carotenoids
49. An oogonium is female gametangium of thallophytes. It differs from archegonium in
(1) being smaller in size (2) lacking neck
(3) lacking sterile jacket (4) Producing one or more egg
50. A number of algae have a capacity to change their colour in relation to the wavelength of the incident light.
This change is described as
(1) Gaidukov phenomenon (2) Fluorescence
(3) Phosphorescence (4) Bioluminescence
51. The land plants are thought to have been evolved from green algae through
(1) Volvicine line (2) Coccoid line (3) Tetrasporine line (4) None of these
52. The flagella in green algae are mostly apical in position and
(1) Isokont (2) Heterokont (3) Tinsel type (4) Whiplash and tinsel both type

53. Most of filamentous green algae survive in unfavourable condition by
(1) Zoospore (2) Zygospore (3) Zygote (4) Hypnospore
54. Age of Algae / The period of algae in Geological time scale is
(1) Ordovician (2) Silurian (3) Precambrian (4) Jurassic
55. Who was the first scientist to delimit algae as Known to us at present
(1) De jussieu (2) Linnaeus (3) Theophrastus (4) M.O.P. Liyenger
56. Non-flowering plants are
(1) dicots (2) Monocots (3) Phanerogams (4) Cryptogams
57. Choose the correct statement.
(1) Algae occupy 3/4 of the surface of earth. (2) Algae carries out of 90% of total photosynthesis
(3) Algae are plants as they possess cell (4) All of the above.
58. Heterotrichous habit essential for origin of Land plants refers to presence of
(1) Two types of sexes (2) Two types of flagella (3) Trichomes (4)Erect and prostrate branches
59. The ancestor of angiosperms is supposed to be
(1) Chara (2) Vaucheria (3) Volvox (4) Chlorella
60. Which green algae shows heterotrichous habit and may have given rise to terrestrial (land) habit
(1) Chlamydomonas (2) Vaucheria (3) Fritschiella (4) Ulothrix
61. Classification of Algae into 11 classes was made by Fritsch on the basis of flagellation, pigmentation and
type of reserve food. Out of this, the main criteria used in algal classification / grouping of algae is
(1) Chemical composition of cell wall (2) Type of pigmentation
(3) Nature of food storage (4) Shape and colony formation
62. Green algae are ancestors of angiosperms/land plants because
(1) Both have celullose in cell wall (2) Both have starch as reserve food
(3) Both have chlorophyll a and b (4) All of the above
63. In whittaker classification, algae are included in how many kingdoms
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) All the five kingdom
64. Algae are plants because
(1) Chlorophyll is present (2) They have vegetative propagation
(3) Cell wall present (4) They are autotrophs
KINGDOM PLANTAE – BRYOPHYTES

65. Among bryophytes, which plant contains simplest and most primitive sporogonium
(1) Riccia (2) Marchantia (3) Pellia (4) Funaria
66. Mucilage canals of which bryophyte contain blue green algae
(1) Riccia (2) Anthoceros (3) Plagiochasma (4) Porella
67. What is the common name of Sphagnum
(1) Peat moss (2) Trough moss (3) Bog moss (4) All the above
68. Which of these characters show land features of bryophytes
(1) Presence of rhizoids for absorption (2) Persistance of oospore in archegonium
(3) Abundant spore formation (4) All the above
69. Pseudoelators are found in
(1) Riccia (2) Anthoceros (3) Moss (4) All the above
70. Which of these structures is diploid
(1) Elators (2) Spore (3) Protonema (4) None of these
71. Calyptra is formed from
(1) Spore (2) Oospore (3) Venter (4) Archegonium

72. Which statement about bryophytes is not correct
(1) Absence of vascular tissue (2) Heterospory
(3) Pigments similar to green algae (4) Body gametophytic
73. Which characters of bryophytes are similar to pteridophytes
(1) Sterile jacket around reproductive organs (2) Archegonium like a flask
(3) Antherozoid flagellate (4) All the above
74. Which of the following part is fruiting

(1) Foot (2) Seta (3) Capsule (4) All the above
75. Sporophytic structure in bryophytes is found to be
(1) Totally dependent on gametophyte (2) Partially dependent on gametophyte
(3) Any of above (4) Independent from gametophyte
76. What is meant by apospory
(1) Formation of thallus without spore formation
(2) Formation of thallus without gamete formation
(3) Formation of gametophyte by any cell of the sporophyte without undergoing meiosis
(4) Formation of thallus without gametic fertilisation
77. The filamentous structure formed by the germination of spore from which a typical gametophyte develops is
called
(1) Apospory (2) Sporophyte (3)Protonema (4) Prothallus
78. What is gemma
(1) A bryophyte (2) Asexual reproductive structure
(3) Vegetative reproductive structure (4) Sexual reproductive structure
79. Which region is called Gold mines of bryophytes
(1) Eastern Himalayas (2) Western Himalayas (3) Northern Himalayas (4) Southern Himalayas
80. What is the nature of Buxbaumia aphylla
(1) Autotrophic (2) Saprophytic (3) Parasitic (4) None of these
81. These are not found in vascular tissues of bryophytes
(1) Companion cells (2) Vessels (3) Tracheids (4) Vascular tissue
82. What are the absorptive organs of bryophytes
(1) Root (2) Haustoria (3) Rhizoid (4) All the above
83. What is not found in foliose bryophytes
(1) Stem (2) Leaves (3) Roots (4) All the above
84. Which moss is used for making seed beds, for grafting and packaging etc
(1) Andraea (2) Funaria (3) Sphagnum (4) Polytrichum
85. In which environment Sphagnum grows
(1) Neutral water (2) Acidic water (3) Alkaline water (4) All the ahove
86. Which of these is not a moss
(1) Peat moss (2) Green moss (3) Brook moss (4) Club moss
87. Which character is not of musci
(1) Body foliose, erect (2) Rhizoid branched, multicellular
(3) Elators present (4) Formation of protonema
88. Most Bryophytes originated from
(1) Algae (2) Fungi (3) Pteridophytes (4) Independently
89. On which structure buds are formed in protonema of moss ?
(1)On chloronemal filament (2) On caulonemal filament
(3) On both (4) None of the above
90. Spore germination in moss is
(1) Direct (2) Indirect (3) Both (4) None of these

91. Which is formed after germination of spore in bryophytes
(1) Gametophyte (2) Protonema (3) Both of the above (4) None of these
92. Which of these is hygroscopic
(1) Elators (2) Peristomial teeth (3) Both of above (4) Spore
93. It is found in bryophytes
(1) Homospory (2) Heterospory (3) Both of above (4) None of these
94. Meiosis in bryophytes occurs
(1) At the time of gamete formation (2) At the time of spore formation
(3) At both above times (4) At the time of oospore division
95. The entry of antherozoids into archegonium is an example of
(1) Chemotropic movement (2) Chemotactic movement
(3) Chemonastic movement (4) All the above
96. This is necessary for fertilisation in bryophytes
(1) Air (2) Water (3) Temperature (4) Chemical
97. How many vertical rows of cells the archegonial neck is made of in bryophytes
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 4 (4) (1) or (2)
98. The archegonium looks like
(1) Spherical (2) Oval (3) Flask shaped (4) All the above
99. The reproductive organs in bryophyta are
(1) Unicellular without sterile jacket (2)Multicellular with sterile jacket
(3) Unicellular with sterile jacket (4) Multicellular without sterile jacket
100. The thalli of bryophytes are generally
(1) Unbranched (2) Branched
(3) Dichotomously branched (4) Polybranched
101. Which types of rhizoids are found in mosses
(1) Unicellular, smooth walled, unbranched
(2) Unicellular, tuberculated, unbranched
(3) Multicellular with oblique septa, smooth walled, branched
(4) None of the above
102. Unicellular unbranched rhizoids are found in
(1) Liverwort (2) Moss (3) Both of above (4) Foliose liverwort
103. Rhizoids are
(1) Structures homologous to roots (2) Structures analogous to roots
(3) Root but unbranched (4) None of the above
104. Which of these bryophytes is aquatic
(1) Riccia fluitans (2) Riella (3) Ricciocarpus natans (4) All the above
105. Which are the most primitive plants of embryophyta
(1) Bryophytes (2) Pteridophytes (3) Thallophytes (4) None of these
106. Which plants are called the amphibians of plant kingdom
(1) Bryophytes (2) Pteridophytes (3) Both of above (4) Algae
107. Who coined the word Bryophyta
(1) Cavers (2) Mehra (3) Braun (4) Bryon
KINGDOM PLANTAE – PTERIDOPHYTES

108. Which is the first cell of gametophyte
(1) Gamete (2) Spore (3) Zygospore (4) Oospore

109. Meiosis occurs in pteridophytes
(1) During gamete formation (2) During spore formation
(3) During development of oospore (4) None of the above
110. Leptosporangiate type of developement occurs in
(1) Selaginella (2) Lycopodium (3) Equisetum (4) Ferns
111. In Selaginella, sporangial development initiates from many initial cells. It is called
(1) Leptosporangiate type of development (2) Eusporangiate type of developement
(3) Simple sporangial development (4) None of the above
112. Heterospory is found in
(1) Selaginella (2) Marsilea (3) Both of above (4) Lycopdium
113. In which homospory is found
(1) Selaginella (2) Equisetum (3) Marsilea (4) All the above
114. Sporocarp is found in
(1) Azolla (2) Salvinia (3) Marsilea (4) All the above
115. The type of stele in which the xylem is hollow or has pith is called
(1) Siphonostele (2) Solenostele (3) Eustele (4) Any of the above
116. Which is the simplest and most primitive stele
(1) Protostele (2) Siphonostele (3) Solenostele (4) Dictyostele
117. In which furcate venation is found
(1) Pteris (2) Pteridium (3) Dryopteris (4) All the above
118. Which of these is megaphillous plant
(1) Lycopodium (2) Selaginella (3) Equisetum (4) Ferns
119. During embryo formation, its first division is parallel to archegonial neck, the polarity is called
(1) vertical (2) Transverse (3) Lateral (4) Exoscopic
120. During embryo development, if the apical pole is towards the base of the venter, the polarity is
(1) Exoscopic (2) Endoscopic (3) Basal (4) Lateral
121. During embryo formation, if the apical pole is towards archegonial neck, the polarity is called
(1) Exoscopic (2) Endoscopic (3) Basal (4) Lateral
122. The movement of antherozoids of pteridophytes is
(1) Chemonasty (2) Chemotactic (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) None of the above
123. The mucilage present at the mouth of neck of archegonium in pteridopytes contain
(1) Malic acid (2) Fumaric acid (3) None of above (4) Both (1) or (2)
124. The mucilage present at the mouth of neck of archegonium in pteridophytes is formed from
(1) Disintegration of neck canal cells
(2) Disintegration of neck canal cells and venter canal cell
(3) Disintegration of cap cells present at top of neck
(4) All the above
125. How many flagella are found in antherozoid of pteridophytes
(1) Two (2) Many
(3) Two in some, many in others (4) Generally many
126. Which of these is a living fossil
(1) Rhynia (2) Horneophyton (3) Psilotum (4) None of these
127. Who discovered heterospory
(1) Williamson and Scott (2) Bower
(3) Geobel and Bower (4) Van Tieghan
128. Which is the tallest pteridophyte
(1) Cyathia (2) Alsophila (3) Pteridium (4) Equisetum

129. Who gave the name protostele
(1) Hanstein (2) Van Tiegham (3) Jeffery (4) None of the above
130. Which of these is known as aquatic weed
(1) Marsilea (2) Salvinia (3) Azolla (4) All the above
131. What name Geobel and Bower gave to rhizophore
(1) Special stem (2) Special organ (3) Organ sui generis (4) Organo genesis
132. Among pteridophytes, in which plant circinate coiling is found
(1) Fern (2) Cycas (3) Both of above (4) None of these
133. Which plant of pteridophytes has mycorrhiza
(1) Rhynia (2) Psilotum (3) Horneophyton (4) All the above
134. Megasporophyll of pteridophytes is equivalent to angiospermic
(1) Carpel (2) Ovule (3) Gynoecium (4) All the above
135. Individual sporangia fused laterally are called
(1) Sorus (2) Synsorus (3) Synangium (4) Psilotum
136. Which character of pteridopohytes is not similar to bryophytes
(1) Water requirement for fertilisation (2) Dependence of sporophyte on gametophyte
(3) Heterospory (4) None of above
137. According to Campbell, Pteridphytes evolved from
(1) Bryophytes (2) Algae (3) Gymnosperms (4) Independently
138. Which character of pteridophytes is not similar to Gymnosperms
(1) Sporophyte diffrentiated into roots, stem and leaves
(2) Heterosporous
(3) vascular system developed
139. The sporophylls in strobilus are
(1) Leaf like (2) Partially enlarged leaf
(3) Both (1)and (2) (4) Fully enlarged leaf
140. Which plant has sympodial branches
(1) Pteris (2) Pteridium (3) Equisetum (4) Marsilea
141. In ferns, sporangia form
(1) Sporocarp (2) Sorus (3) Synangium (4) Cone
142. The leaf bearing sporangia in pteridophytes is called
(1) Sporangiophore (2) Sporophyll (3) Fronds (4) from Bulbil
143. Reproduction in walking fern mainly occurs
(1) From tuber (2) From leaf tip (3) From spore (4) Bulbil
144. From where, the branches arise in stem among pteridopohytes
(1) From leaf axil (2) from Extra axillary (3) Both of above (4) None of these
145. Which part in pteridophytes is called a conservation organ
(1) Root (2) Stem (3) Sporangium (4) Embryo
146. Which type of branching is found in pteridophytes
(1) Monopodial (2) Dichotomous branching
(3) Sometimes sympodial (4) All the above
147. Among pteridophytes, in which plants vessels are present
(1) Selaginella rupestris (2) Pteridium equilinum (3) Both of above (4) Isoetes
148. Stele having many small meristeles is called
(1) Polystele (2) Polycyclic stele (3) Dictyostele (4) Eustele

149. Who used the term Pteridophyta for the first time
(1) Haeckel (2) Bowers (3) Bir (4) Smith
150. Which are the first successful land plants
(1) Bryophytes (2) Pteridophytes (3) Gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms
151. Which are vascular cryptogams
(1) Thallophytes (2) Algae (3) Bryophytes (4) Pteridophytes
152. In which period, pteridophyte were dominant plants
(1) Paleozoic (2) Devonian (3) Both of above (4) Coenozoic
153. Rhynia is a
(1) Fossil pteridophyte (2) Living fossil pteridophyte
(3) Common pteridophyte (4) Fern
154. Who is known as the Father of pteridology
(1) Bowers (2) Bir (3) Cavers (4) Kashyap
155. Which is the smallest pteridophytes
(1) Salvinia (2) Azolla (3) Marsilea (4) Selaginella
156. Which statement is not true about heterospory
(1) Differentiation of male and female possible at sporophytic level
(2) Development of dioecious gametophytes
(3) Gametophyte development is endosporic
157. Seed habit was initiated in
(1) Algae (2) Bryophytes (3) Pteridophytes (4) Gymnosperms
158. What is necessary for seed formation
(1) Heterospory (2) Growth of the megaspore within sporangium
(3) Both of above (4) Growth of microspore within the sporangium
159. In Pteridophytes, embryo is surrounded by
(1) Calyptra (2) Operculum (3) Ring (4) Venter
160. Which of the following statement is false about pteridophytes
(1) Gametophytes are always indepndent (2) Sporophytes are always totally independent
(3) Gametophytes are always monoecious (4) All the above
161. In pteridophytes, alternation of generation is
(1) Isomorphic, haplodiplobiontic (2) Heteromorphic haplodiplobiontic
(3) Both of above (4) None of the above
162. Which group of Pteridophyta, does not have true roots
(1) Psilophyta (2) Lycophyta (3) Arthrophyta (4) Filicophyta
163. Stem of which of these shows roughness due to silica on it
(1) Selaginella (2) Lycopodium (3) Equisetum (4) Pteridium
164. Which of the following found sporophyll
(1) Selaginella (2) Lycopodium (3) Equisetum (4) Pteridium
165. Megaphyllous leaves found in
(1) Filicophyta (2) Arthrophyta (3) Lycopsida (4) Psilophyta
166. Which is called ressurection plant
(1) Selaginella lepidophylla (2) Osmunda
(3) Equisetum arbense (4) All the above
167. Selaginella is called as
(1) Little club moss (2) Spike moss (3) Both of above (4) Isoetes
168. Which one is called as horse tail
(1) Equisetum (2) Pteridium (3) Selaginella (4) Isoetes
169. Bracken fern and sun fern are alternative names for
(1) Pteris (2) Pteridium (3) Dryopteris (4) None of these
170. Which one is called as walking fern
(1) Adiantum (2) Pteris (3) Dryopteris (4) None of these
171. Whose name is quill wort
(1) Anthoceros (2) Pteris (3) Isoetes (4) Utricularia
172. Which is called as “flowering fern”
(1) Osmunda regalis (2) Isoetes (3) Marsilea (4) Equisetum
173. Which of these is tree fern
(1) Cyathia (2) Alsophila (3) Both of above (4) Ophioglossum
174. Which dominant trees of past are todays coal
(1) Bryophytes (2) Pteridophytes (3) Gymnosperms (4) All the above
175. In which plant, chloroplasts with pyrenoid are found
(1) Lycopodium (2) Selaginella (3) Fern (4) All the above
176. Which vascular cryptogam yields latex
(1) Lycopodium (2) Alsophila (3) Regnelidium (4) Osmunda
177. Whose spores group are called yellow cloud
(1) Rhynia (2) Lycopodium (3) Equisteum (4) Selaginella
178. In which pteridophyte the elators are found
(1) Selaginella (2) Equisetum (3) Dryopteris (4) Lycopodium
KINGDOM PLANTAE – GYMNOSPERMS

179. Which is the conecting link between angiosperm and gymnosperm
(1) Cycadopsida (2) Gnetopsida (3) Pentoxylales (4) Coniferopsida
180. Which is the naturally occuring gymnosperm in Rajasthan
(1) Cycas (2) Cupressus (3) Ephedra (4) Pinus
181. The reason of irregular surface of coralloid roots in Cycas is
(1) Residual marks of lateral roots (2) Residual marks of root hairs
(3) Growth of algae (4) Lenticels
182. In which gymnosperm, archegonia are absent
(1) Gnetum (2) Welwischia (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) None of the above
183. What is the speciality of Cycas
(1) Largest ovule of the plant kingdom (2) Largest egg of the plant kingdom
(3) Largest antherozoid of plant kingdom (4) All the above
184. The longest archegoinal neck in gymnosperms is found in
(1) Cycas (2) Pinus (3) Ephedra (4) Equal in all the above
185. Which is called as the Christmas tree
(1) Thuja (2) Araucaria excelsa (3) Juniperus (4) Pinus roxburghii
186. Which plant is called maiden hair tree
(1) Adiantum (2) Pteris (3) Ginkgo biloba (4) All the aobve
187. From which gymnosperm sago is prepared
(1) Cycas (2) Pinus (3) Metroxylon (4) All the above
188. Canada balsam is obtained from
(1) Abies (2) Cedrus (3) Pinus (4) All the above
189. It is found in gymnosperm
(1) Homospory (2) Heterospory (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Apospory

190. Gymnosperms are generally
(1) Dioecious (2) Monoecious (3) Gametophytes (4) Homothallic
191. The wood with dense xylem and reduced parenchyma in xylem is called
(1) Pycnoxylic (2) Monoxylic (3) Diarch (4) Monarch
192. When parenchyma is abundant in wood it is called
(1) Pycnoxylic (2) Manoxylic (3) Less xylic (4) Mesarch
193. What is found in most gymnospermous leaves or leaftlets for lateral transport
(1) Mid rib (2) Lateral rib (3) Transfusion tissue (4) Vascular tissue
194. Which is totally absent in gymnosperms
(1) Vessels (2) Tracheids (3) Sieve tubes (4) Companion cells
195. Of which era, gymnosperms were the main vegetation
(1) Palaeozoic (2) Mesozoic (3) Coenozoic (4) Jurassic & Cretaceous
196. Which is called as living fossil
(1) Ginkgo (2) Cycas (3) Metasequoia (4) All the above
197. Gymnosperms are
(1) Mesophytes (2) Hydrophytes (3) Xerophytes (4) Halophytes
198. Which is the smallest gymnosperm
(1) Cycas (2) Ephedra (3) Zamia pigmaea (4) Thuja
199. Which type of algae is found in coralloid roots
(1) Green algae (2) Blue-green algae (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) None of the above
200. The leaves of gymnosperms are generally arranged
(1) Alternate (2) Opposite (3) Spiral (4) Whorled
201. What is not true about gymnosperms
(1) Stem generally woody with leaf scar (2) Leaves generally dimorphic
(3) Vessels and companion cells present (4) Always with xerophytic adaptation
202. The stele in stem of gymnosperms is
(1) Protostele (2) Siphonostele (3) Solenostele (4) Eustele
203. Whose xylem has vessels
(1) Gnetum (2) Ephedra (3) Welwitschia (4) All the above
204. Which is not true about anatomy of gymospermous stem
(1) Vascular bundle conjoint, collateral, open (2) Xylem endarch
(3) Vascular bundles arranged in whorl (4) Secondary growth absent
205. Diploxylic xylem is speciality of
(1) Cycas (2) Pinus (3) Ephedra (4) All the above
206. The two types of xylems in diploxylic xylem are
(1) Protoxylem and metaxylem (2) Centrifugal and centripetal
(3) Manoxylic and pycnoxylic (4) None of the above
207. Where the microsporangia are located in gymnosperms
(1) At the apex of microsporophyll (2) On the adaxial surface of microsporophyll
(3) On the abaxial surface of microsporophyll (4) At the margin of microsporophyll
208. What is the minimum number of sporangia found on microsporophyll in gymnosperms
(1) One (2) Two (3) Three (4) Four
209. Ovule in gymnosperms are
(1) Generally orthotropous (2) Generally anatropous
(3) Generally transverse (4) Generally coiled
210. Microspores in gymnosperms are called
(1) Pollen grain (2) Sorus (3) Embryo sac (4) Pollen chamber

211. Microspores in gymnosperms germinate
(1) Precocious (2) After their release
(3) In pollen chamber of ovule (4) On micropyle
212. At the time of pollen liberation,what is the stage of pollen grains in Gymnosperms
(1) 3-celled (2) 4-celled (3) 5-celled (4) Any of the above
213. What is meant by precoious development of pollen grains
(1) Development of pollen grain starts before transfer to ovule
(2) Development of pollen grain starts in the sporangium
(3) Development of pollen grain starts in pollen chamber
214. The pollen grain at the time of release is actually
(1) Male gametophyte (2) Partially developed male gametophyte
(3) Microspore (4) Male sporophyte
215. Which type of megaspore tetrad is found in gymnosperms
(1) Linear (2) Tetrahedral (3) Isobilateral (4) All the above
216. Which spore of the megaspore tetrad forms the female gametophyte
(1) One towards the micropylar end (2) One opposite to the micropylar end
(3) One in the middle of the two ends (4) Any of the above
217. What is the speciality of gymnosperm seed
(1) Dormancy (2) Presence of endosperm
(3) Presence of three generations in seed (4) Presence of single seed coat on seed
218. It is found in Pinus
(1) True polyembryony (2) Cleveage polyembryony
(3) both (1) & (2) (4) None of the above
219. True polyembryony is found in
(1) Cycas (2) Pinus (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Any of the above
220. How many cotyledons are found in gymnospermous embryo
(1) Two (2) Many (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) One
221. How many neck canal cells are there in the neck of archegonia in gymnosperms
(1) Two (2) One, binucleate (3) One to five (4) Neck canal cells absent
222. It is lacking in gymnosperms
(1) Archegonium (2) Antheridium (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) None of the above
223. The pollen grain of gymnosperms germinate and forms
(1) Male plant (2) Pollen tube (3) Antheridium (4) Antherozoid
224. In which zoodiogamy is found
(1) Cycas (2) Pinus (3) Ephedra (4) All the above
225. Which is the most degenerated structure in gymnosperms
(1) Male gametophyte (2) Female gametophyte (3) Embryo (4) Sporophyte
226. Embryo development in gynosperms is
(1) Holoblastic (2) Meroblastic (3) Any of the above (4) One of the above
KINGDOM PLANTAE ANGIOSPERMS

227. First known flowering plants appeared in
(1) Jurassic period (2) Silurian
(3) Cretaceous (4) Carboniferous
228. Origin of angiosperms took place during
(1) Mesozoic era (2) Coenozoic era
(3) Archaeozoic era (4) Palaeozoic era

229. Characteristic of Angiosperms which distinguish them from gymnosperms
(1) Presence of fruits and flowers
(2) Double fertilization and triploid endosperm formed after double fertilization
(3) Companion cells in phloem and vessels in xylem
(4) All of the above
230. Endosperm of anigosperm is a ........ structure
(1) Haploid (2) Diploid (3) Tetraploid (4) Triploid
231. Angiosperm that spreads over largest area is
(1) Ficus bengalensis (2) Ficus religiosa (3) Ficus elastica (4) Sequoia gigantea
232. A saprophytic angiosperm that absorbs humus through fungi (mycotrophic humus plant)
(1) Neottia (2) Monotropa (3) Corallorhiza (4) All of these
233. Man made angiosperm is
(1) Barley (2) Maize (corn) (3) Triticale (4) Potato
234. Smallest angiosperm with smallest flower is
(1) Wolffia is smallest angiosperm and lemna has smallest flower
(2) Lemna is smallest angisoperm but Wolffia has smallest flowers
(3) Lemna is smallest angisoperm and Zostera has smallest flower
(4) None of the above statements is correct.
235. Which of the following is classified on the basis of number of cotyledons
(1) Gymnosperms (2) Embryophytes (3) Angiosperms (4) Tracheophytes
236. The stamen in angiosperms is homologous to which part in gymnosperm and pteridophytes
(1) Microsporangium (2) MIcrosporophyll (3) Megasporophyll (4) Male gametophyte
237. The megasporophyll of vascular plants is analogous to which structure in angiosperms
(1) Stamen (2) Ovule (3) Carpel/ovary (4) Leaf
238. A structure absent in Angiosperms is
(1) Archegonium (2) Pistil (3) Microgametophyte (4) Megagametophyte
239. A rootless aquatic insectivorous plant that traps water insects by its leaf bladders
(1) Drosera (2) Utricularia (3) Nepenthes (4) Dionaea
240. Monocots are characterised by
(1) Fibrous root system, parallel venation, trimerous flower, two lateral cotyledons and eustele (parallel
vascular bundles)
(2) Fibrous root system, parallel venation, trimerous flower, one cotyledon and atactostele (scattered vascu-
lar bundles)
(3) Fibrous root system, parallel venation, pentamerous flower one cotyledon in embryo and atactostele(4)
Taproot system, parallel venation, trimerous flowers, one cotyledon and eustele.
241. Biggest flower belongs to a Angiospermic plant which is
(1) Partial stem parasite (2) Partial root parasite (3) Total stem parasite (4) Total root parasite
242. Insectivorous plants are adapted to
(1) Soil deficient in sugars (2) Soil deficient in nitrogen compounds
(3) Soil deficient in trace elements (4) Soil is marshy
243. Smallest angiospermic dicot parasite is
(1) Arceuthobium (2) Wolffia (3) Cassytha (4) Rafflesia
244. Sago of commerce is obtained from
(1) Calamus ritung (2) Metroxylon rumphii (3) Areca catechu (4) Phoenix dactylifera
245. Santalum album (sandal wood tree) is
(1) Partial stem parasite (2) Partial root parasite (3) Total stem parasite (4) Total root parasite
246. Bird of paradise of South Africa is plant pollinated by sun birds. This plant is
(1) Strelitzia (2) Ravenala (3) Tillandsia (4) Anthocephalus

247. Choose the correct match for Bladderwort, Sundew, Venus flytrap.
(1) Nepenthes, Dionaea, Drosera
(2) Nepenthes, Utricularia, Vanda
(3) Utricularia, Drosera, Dionaea
(4) Dionaea, Trapa, Vanda
248. Choose the correct pair.
(1) Cuscuta – Parasite (2) Dischidia – insectivorous
(3) Opuntia – Predator (4) Capsella – hydrophyte
249. An important criteria for modern day classification is
(1) Morphological resemblances
(2) Breeding traits
(3) Anatomical and physiological traits
(4) Presence or absence of blood chemicals
250. Division of dicots into groups & groups into series in Bentham and Hookers System is based on
(1) Petals and carpels (2) Flower and sepals
(3) Sepals and petals (4) Petals and stamens
251. Queen of parasites is
(1) Santalum (2) Cuscuta (3) Rafflesia (4) Loranthus
252. Which is/are wrong–
(A) Phylogentic classification system : based on evolutionary relationship between the various or
ganism
(B) Numerical Taxonomy : Use of computers
(C) Cytotaxonomy : Based on cytological information like chromosome num
ber, structure.
(D) Chemotaxonomy : Based on study of experimental determination of the
genetic interrelationship.
(1) only A, (2) only B (3) only C (4) only D
253. Ulothrix, spirogyra, volvox, chlamydomonas in above examples of Algae how many are filamentous.
(1) one (2) two (3) three (4) four
254. Match column I with column II
Column I Column II
(A) Unicellular algae (i) Hydrodictyon or waternet
(B) Motile colony (ii) Volvox
(C) Nonmotile colony (iii) Ulothrix, spirogyra
(D) Filamentous (iv) Chlamydomonas
(E) Massive plant body (v) Kelps
(1) A (iv), B (ii), C (i), D (iii), E(v)

(2) A (iv), B (iii), C (ii), D (i), E(v)
(3) A (iii), B (ii), C (iv), D (i), E(v)
(4) A (v), B (iv), C (iii), D (ii), E(i)
255. Certain marine brown and red algae produce larage amount of hydrocolloids (water holding substances) eg.
Algin produced by_________(i)________algae and carrageen produced by ________(ii)________algae (i) &
(ii) are respectively
(1) Red Alage, Brown Algae (2) Brown Alage, Green Algae
(3) Brwon Algae, Red Algae (4) Green Algae, Red Algae

256.
Class Major pigments Stared food Cell wall Flagellar No.

Chlorophyceae Chlorophyll a, b (i) Cellulose 2-8 equal, apical
Phaeophyccea Chllorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin (ii) Cellulose & align (iv)
Rhodophycae (iii) Floridean Cellulose (v)
(i), (ii), (iii), (iv) & (v) are.

(1) (i) Manitol & (ii) cellulose (iii) Chl a, d (iv) 2 unequal & lateral, (v) absent
laminarian, & algin, & phycoerythrine,
(2) (i) Cellulose, (ii) Manitol (iii) Chl a, d (iv) 2 unequal lateral (v) absent
laminarian phycoerythrin
(3) (i) Cellulose, (ii) Manitol (iii) chl a,c, (iv) 2-8 equal apical (v) 2 - 6
fucoxanthine
(4) (i) Cellulose (ii) starch (iii) chl a, b (iv) absent (v) 2-6
257. Read statement (A-D) & find which is/are wrong statement
(A) Asexual reproduction in liver worts take place by fragementation of thalli by the formation of specialised
structure called gemmae
(B) Bryophytes are knwon as a amphibians of plant kingdom
(C) Funaria, polytrichum & sphagnum are classifed under mosses.
(D) Vascular tissues (xylem & phloem) are present in Bryophytes.
(1) only A, (2) A & D (3) only C (4) only D
258. Which statement is/are correct
(A) In Riccia Rhizoids are unicellular
(B) In Anthoceros Rhizoids are unifcellular
(C) In mosses Rhizoids are multicellular
(1) only A, (2) only A & B (3) A, B & C (4) only A & C
259. Which is/are wrong with respect to Anthocerus.
(A) Each cell of thallus usually have one chloroplast with a single pyrenoid
(B) The capsule has central sterile columela
(C) Sporophyte divided into foot & capsule.
(1) only A (2) only B (3) only B & C (4) none
260. Read statement A to E regarding pteridophytes & find out how many is/are correct statement
(A) Pteridophytes are popularly knwon as botanical snakes
(B) Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams
(C) some pteridophytes are found in xerophytic condtion ex. Selaginella lepidophylla
(D) vessels are usually present in xylem.
(E) companion cells and sieve tubes are absent in phloem
(1) two (2) three (3) four (4) all are correct
261. Read statement A to D & select wrong statement
(A) The pteridophytes include horse tails & fern
(B) Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues xylem & phloem.
(C) In Bryophytes the dominant phase in the life cycle is the sporophytic plant body.
(D) In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a gometophyte
(1) only B (2) ony A & C (3) only C & D (4) only B & D
262. The leaves in pteridophytes are small (microphylls) as in ________(i)___________ & large (macrophylls) as
in _____(ii)____________ i & ii are respectively.
(1) (i) Fern, (ii) selaginella
(2) (i) Selaginella (ii) fern
(3) (i) Pteridium (ii) Equisetum
(4) (i) Lycopodium (ii) Equisetum
263. Read statement A to D & find out how many is/are incorrect statement
(A) In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar kinds.
(B) Genera like selaginella & salvina produce two kind of spore.
(C) The development of the zygote in to young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This
event is a precursor to the seed habit.
(D) Azolla is an aquatic fern that is used as biofertilizer due to presence of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Anabaena in its leaves
(1) zero (2) one (3) two (3) three
264. Roots in some genera of gymnosperm have fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza ____(i)_____ wihle
in some others ___(ii)____ samll specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with N2 fixing
cyanobacteria. The stem are unbranched ___(iii)____ or branched ___(iv)____in this question (i), (ii), (iii) &
(iv) are respectively.
(1) (i) pinus, (ii) cycas, (iii) cycas (iv) pinus
(2) (i) cycas (ii) pinus (iii) pinus (iv) cycas
(3) (i) pinus (ii) cycas (iii) pinus (iv) cycas
(4) (i) cycas (ii) pinus (iii) cycas (iv) pinus
265. Which is/are wrong regarding gymnosperms
(A) Heterosporous
(B) Produce haploid microspore & megaspore
(C) Two kind of spore are produced within sporangia that are borne on sporophyll
(D) The microspores develop into a male gametophytic generation, which is highly reduced.
(1) only A & D (2) only B & D (3) only B & C (4) none
266. In gymbosperm the male or female cones or strobili may be borne on the same tree ____(i)____ or on
different tree ____(ii)_____. in this question.
(i) & (ii) are.
(1) (i) Pinus ; (ii) cycas
(2) (i) cycas ; (ii) pinus
(3) (i) pinus ; (ii) pinus
(4) (i) cycas ; (ii) cycas.
267. Which statement is/are correct with respect to Angiosperm.
(A) The seeds are enclosed by fruits.
(B) The angiosperms are an exceptionally large group of plants. occuring in wide range of habitats.
(C) They range in size from tiny, almost microscopic to tall trees of eucalyptus (over 100 meters).
(D) They provide us food, fodder, fuel medicine etc.
(1) only A & C (2) only A, D (3) only A, C & D (4) A, B, C & D all
268. In angiosperms correct statement is/ar e :
(A) Within ovule highly reduced female gametophytes is present termed as embryosac.
(B) The embryo sac formation is preceded by meiosis.
(C) Each cells of the an embryosac is haploid.
(1) only A (2) only B, (3) A, B & C (4) none
269. In angiosperm the pollen tubes enter the embryosac where two male gamete are discharged. one of the male
gamete fuses with the _____(i)_______to form a zygote known as ____(ii)______. The other male gamete
fuses with the diploid secondary. nucleus to produce the ________(iii)_______in this question (i), (ii) & (iii)
are respectively.
(1) (i) Syngergid, (ii) Syngamy, (iii) Triploid PEN
(2) (ii) Eggcell, (ii) Syngamy, (iii) Diploid PEN
(3) (i) Egg cell, (ii) Syngamy, (iii) Triploid PEN
(4) (i) Antipodal cells, (ii) Double fertilization (iii) Triploid PEN

270. The double fertilisation is an event unique to angiosperms. The zygote develops into an _____(i)______ & the
PEN develops into ____(ii)_______which provide nourishment to the developing embryo. During these events
the ovule develop into _____(iii)______ & the ovaries into ____(iv)______in this question (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv) are
respectively.
(1) (i) Embryo (ii) Endosperm, (iii) Fruits (iv) Seed
(2) (i) Endosperm (ii) Embryo (iii) Seed (iv) Fruit
(3) (i) Embryo (ii) Endosperm (iii) Seed (iv) Fruit
(4) (i) Embryo (ii) Seed (iii) Fruit (iv) Endosperm
Virus
271. Virus is defined as
(1) Virion (2) Prion (2) Viroid (4) Any of these.
272. The volume of a smallest virus particle is .
(1) 7 × 10–7 m 3 (2) 17 × 10–10 m3 (3) 77 x 10–7 m3 (4) 7× 10 m3
273. Smallest virus is
(1) Foot and mouth disease virus (2) Polio virus
(3) Tobacco mosaic virus (4) Pox virus
274. Which of the following is acellular organism without cell organisation
(1) Porifers (2) Bacteria (3) Viruses (4) Rickettsia
275. Structurally a complete mature virus particle outside the host is called
(1) Vira (2) Virus (3) Virion (4) Nome of the above
276. TMV has
(1) dsDNA + Protein (2) ssRNA + Protein (3) ssDNA + Protein (4) dsRNA + Protein
277. Which among the following is largest virus
(1) Pox virus (2) Citrus tristeza virus (3) T1 Phage (4) TMV
278. Chemically viruses are
(1) carbohydrates (2) glycoproteins (3) lipopolysaccharides (4) nucleoproteins
279. All viruses are entirely
(1) Obligate parasites (2) Obligate saprophyte
(3) Facultative parasites (4) Non livings
280. Pick up the correct statement about viruses.
(1) They are neither living nor non living and transitional/midway between non livings and livings.
(2) They resemble the living organisms in the intracellular state and non living chemicals in the extracellular
state.
(3) They are obligate intracellular parasites at genetic level, have either DNA or RNA and reproduce inside the
host only.
(4) all are correct.
281. Mycoplasma differs from viruses in
(1) lacking cell wall
(2) occurring in nature
(3) filterable through Chamberland's bacteria proof filters
(4) having both DNA and RNA
282. Virus was first discovered by a Russian botanist in 1892. He was
(1) Dmitrii Ivanowski (2) M.w. Beijerinck (3) Charles Ecluse (4) Adolf Mayer
283. The term virus was given by
(1) Pasteur (2) Bejerinck (3) Ecluse (4) Mayer
284. Who is considered to be the father of virology?
(1) Ivanowski (2) Stanley (3) Beijerinck (4) Pasteur

285. What is absent in viruses ?
(1) DNA (2) RNA
(3) Proteins and enzymes (4) Cytoplasm & membranes
286. Viruses usually infect all parts of plants except
(1) shoot appendages (2) root apex (3) shoot apex (4) phloem
287. Viruses were first seen under light microscope by
(1) Ivanowski (2) Takahashi and Rawlins
(3) Stanley (4) Fraenkel Conrat
288. HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) causing AIDS contains a protein coat and genetic material in the form
of two molecules of
(1) dsDNA (2) ssRNA (3) ssDNA (4) dsRNA
289. TMV has a size of
(1) 50 x 10 nm (2) 100 x 20 nm (3) 300 x 18 nm (4) 300 x 10 nm
290. Viruses cannot multiply of their own or be grown in vitro on artificial medium because they
(1) are dead
(2) donot have sex organs and gametes
(3) lack genetic material
(4) lack cellular machinery to use their own genetic material
291. The phage × 174 has minimum number of capsomeres (caps) in its capsid. This number is.
(1) 12 (2) 2130 (3)4 (4) 2
292. TMV is a rod like largest plant ribovirus. The number of capsomeres in its capsid is
(1)12 (2 ) 2130 (3) 6500 (4) 16
293. The number of amino acids in one capsomere of TMV is
(1) 185 (2) 158 (3) 518 (4) 2130
294. Name the lytic enzyme present in the capsid part of influenza virus.
(1) Proteinase (2) Replicase (3) Neuraminidase (4) Lysosome
295. An enzyme found at the tip of tail of bacteriophages is
( 1) protease (2) lysozyme (3) replicase (4) reverse transcriptase
296. Symmetry of viruses is determined by
(1) capsomeres of capsid (2) core of nucleic acid
(3) both capsid and nucleic acid (4) proteins of the host cell
297. Most of bacteriophages are tadpole (lollipop) like. They show
(1) cuboidal symmetry (2) binal symmetry (3) filamentous (4) helical symmetry
298. A virus cubic in shape is
(1) coliphage ×174 (2) TMV (3) bacteriophage T2 (4) reovirus
299. Bacteriophage release lysozyme during
(1) Penetration phase (2) Eclipse phase
(3) Absorption phase (4) Maturation phase
300. Term bacteriophage was coined by
(1) De Herelle (2) Twort (3) Stanley (4) Ivanowski
301. DNA in bacteriophages is double stranded (ds) and linear and lies in
(1) head (2) tail (3) head and tail both (4) tail tube
302. In phage culture
(1) whole virion enters in the bacterial cell
(2) only DNA of the phage virus enters in bacterial cell
(3) only protein part of phage virus enters in host cell
(4) only tail part enters in the host cell.

303. On the basis of host attacked, types of viruses are
(1) two (2) three (3) four (4) five
304. The bacteriophages are alike (similar) to fungi in that
(1) both have DNA as genetic material
(2) both have RNA as genetic material
(3) both show same type of reproduction
(4) cell wall composition in both is same.
305. Mycophages are
(1) viruses of myxo bacteria (2) viruses attacking mycoplasma
(3) viruses attacking algae (4) viruses killing fungi.
306. What is true for cyanophages attacking green algae
(1) They have ds DNA as genetic material
(2) They kill blue green algae
(3) Safferman and Morris discovered LPP-1 as the first cyanophage
(4) all of the above
307. Viruses are haploid having only one genome. Which group of viruses is diploid and have two genomes
(1) retroviruses (2) reoviruses (3) riboviruses (4) zoophages.
308. The reproduction and mutations in viruses were first reported by
(1) Delbruck, Hershey and Luria (2) Hershey and Chase
(3) Twort and Herelle (4) Pirie and Bawden
309. Hershey and Chase used which virus to prove that DNA is genetic material and infective part of virus
(1) T2 phage (2) E. coli (3) TMV (4) T4 phage.
310. A retrovirus on injecting its RNA into host cell starts synthesing a single (–)ve strand of DNA which is called
(1) cDNA(copy DNA) (2) sDNA (synthetic DNA)
(3) r-DNA (reverse DNA) (4) reverse RNA
311. The reoviruses have double stranded RNA. The best example of these reoviruses is
(1) wound tumour plant virus (2) Rice dwarf virus
(3) Rota and orbiviruses (4) all of the above.
312. Addition of phage DNA into host DNA and after that viral DNA becomes part of host DNA in
(1) lysogeny (2) lytic cycle (3) prophage (4) provirus
313. Double stranded DNA as genetic material is found in some plant viruses like
(1) TMV (2) Potato virus X and Y
(3) Banana bunchy top virus (4) Cauliflower and Dahlia mosaic virus
314. ss (single stranded) DNA was first reported by Fiers and Sinsheimer in
(1) coliphage x 174 (2) Phage +
(3) coliphage fd (4) Rous Sarcoma virus

315. A viral DNA can be made radioactive
(1) by culturing the virus on a medium containing p32
(2) by culturing a virus on medium containing potato, dextrose and p32
(3) by providing the p32 to bacterium which is to be infected by a virus
(4) by providing p32 to virus when it is about to attack the bacteria.
316. Animal virus mostly contains
(1) RNA (2) DNA (3) RNA or DNA (4) both RNA and DNA
317. Genetic material in some animal viruses like influenza virus, polio virus, measles virus and HIV is
(1) ssRNA (2) ssDNA (3) dsDNA (4) dsRNA

318. Which of the following is a genetic vector
(1) plasmid (2) phage (3) cosmid (4) all of these
319. Rous Sarcoma virus, the first oncogenic virus discovered by Peyton Rous, contains
(1) DNA (1) (2) DNA (2) (3)RNA (1) (4) RNA (2)
320. Plant viruses mostly have
(1) DNA (2) RNA (3) DNA or RNA (4) coiled DNA
321. Bacteriophage T2 contains
(1) ds DNA (2) ss DNA (3) ss RNA (4) ds RNA
322. Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through a bacteriophage virus is called/phage is
essential in bacteria for
(1) transformation (2) transduction (3) sexduction (4) conjugation
323. The enzyme needed for the production of cDNA from RNA is
(1) RNA polymerase (2) RNA helica
(3) Reverse transcriptase (4) DNA polymerase
324. Reverse transcriptase and reverse transcription was first reported in RSV (Rous Sar coma virus) by
(1) Temin and Baltimore (2) Hershey and Chase
(3) Delbruck and Luria (4) Jacob and Monod
325. A prophage is formed in
(1) lytic cycle (2) lysogenic cycle (3) both (1) and (2) (4) neither (1) nor (2)
326. If a bacteriophage. in its lytic cycle, carries a bit of bacterial chromosome with it into another host cell, the
process is called
(1) transformation (2) generalised transduction
(3) conjugation (4) specialised transduction
327. The period during which a virus multiplies to an infective concentration within their vectors is called
(1) latent period (2) incubation period (3) lysis (4) all of these.
328. The subviral agents are those viruses which lack one of the essential components. These are
(1) viroids (2) prions (3) virusoids (4) all of these.
329. Prions are viruses that have only
(1) protein coat and no nucleic acid (2) core of nucleic acid
(3) lipoprotein coat (4) few genes
330. The disease associated with prions
(1) kuru (laughing death)
(2) mad cow disease and scrapie of goat and sheep
(3) Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD) of man
(4) all of the above.
331. Prions are composed largely of
(1) ssRNA (2) Prp-protein (3) ssDNA (4) Prp-lipoprotein
332. Viroids discovered by Diener (1971) are infectious agents and cause diseases in plants only. They differ from
viruses in being
(1) naked ssDNA molecules without protein coat
(2) naked ssRNA molecule of 250-400 nucleotides without protein coat
(3) naked DNA packaged with viral genome
(4) satellite DNA packaged with viral genome
333. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) disease is related to which human disease
(1) Kala azar (2) Parkinson's disease
(3) Cruetzfeldt-Jacob disease (4) None of the above.
334. Which of the following is plant viral disease
(1) Tristeza (root rot) of Citrus (2) Banana bunchy top
(3) Yellow vein mosaic of Bhindi (4) All of the above.

335. All are neurotropic (involving central nervous system) viral diseases except
(1) Rabies (2) poliomyelitis (3) Encephalitis (4) Herpes simplex.
336. Common cold, the most contagious disease is due to
(1) Rhino and adeno viruses (2) Rubella virus
(3) Varicella virus (4) SV 40 virus
337. Viruses are not affected by antibiotics because
(1) They have no metabolism of their own (2) They have no cytoplasm and genetic material
(3) They are nonliving entities (4) They are obligate superparasites.
338. Conversion of floral parts into vegetative leaves due to viral infection is called
(1) Infection (2) Infestation (3) Phylloidy (4) Transfusion
339. Which of the following are the most common vector of viral diseases
(1) Cockroaches (2) Houseflies (3) Aphids (4) Leaf hoppers.
340. The name of chemical used in cancer treatment (anticancer protein) produced by biotechnology is
(1) HGH (2) Humilin (3) Interferon (4) Protein
341. Interferon is
(1) Antiviral glycoprotein (2) Antibacterial glycoprotein
(3) Antiviral lipoprotein (4) Antiviral lipopolysaccharide.
342. AIDS is characterised by
(1) Reduction in number of killer ‘T’ cells
(2) Failure of immune system
(3) Reduction in number of helper ‘T’ Iymphocytes to less than 200/ml blood
(4) Interferon fails to be formed.
343. Pulse polio programme is being carried out with the aim to
(1) Contain polio (2) Treat polio
(3) To treat deformities due to polio (4) Eradicate polio
344. Which pair of the disease is viral
(1) Polio and measles (2) Rabies and mumps (3) AIDS and influenza (4) All of the above.
345. Vaccination against a viral disease (small pox) was first developed by
(1) Edward Jenner (2) Louis Pasteur (3) Alexander Flemming (4) Robert Koch
346. Full form of AIDS is
(1) Anti immune Deficiency Syndrome (2) AutoImmune Deficiency Syndrome
(3) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (4) Acquired Immune Disease Symptoms
347. What is the time between infection in host and assembly of new phages called?
(1) Eclipse period (2) Prepotent period (3) Burst size (4) Incubation period
348. The enzymes involved in viral replication are synthesized
(1) On the viral ribosomes (2) On interior surface of the viral membrane
(3) On the interior surface of the viral coat (4) By the host cell.
349. Which of the following viral disease widely spread in China in 2003
(1) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (2) Severe combined immuno deficiency.
(3) Anthrax (4) Hepatitis
350. SARS virus is
(1) Ribovirus (2) Human corona virus (3) Enveloped virus (4) All of these
351. Bird flu (Fowl Plague or Avian Influenza) is a contagious disease in humans and poultry. It is caused by a
mutant H5N1 of influenza virus. This virus is
(1) Ribovirus
(2) Arthromyxovirus
(3) Spreads by feathers and faeces of in fected migratory birds

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Life cycle of Ulothrix is shown in the diagram. The correct ploidy levels at the four stages A, B, C and D are
(4th NSEB)
(1) A : n B : n C : 2n D : n (2) A : n B : n C : 2n D : 2n
(3) A : 2n B : n C : 2n D : n (4) A : n B : n C : n D : n
2. The numbered items corresponding with those marked with letter are (3rd NSEB)
(A) Green algae (i) Floridean starch
(B) Brown algae (ii) Frustules
(C) Red algae (iii) Prokaryotic
(D) Gloden brown or green algae (iv) Mannitol
(v) Gemma
(vi) Starch
(1) vi, iv, ii, v (2) vi, iii, ii, iv (3) v, iv, i, ii (4) vi, iv, i, ii
3. Following are some structures found in common bread mould (Zyogmycota) (2nd NSEB)
(i) Hyphae (ii) rhizoid (iii) zygospore (iv) spore
Structure/s which show/s haploid number of chromosomes is/ are
(1) (iv) (2) (i), (iv) (3) (ii), (iii) (4) (i), (ii), (iv)
4. Endospores are considered equivalent to seeds because (5th NSO II L)
(1) Like seeds, endospores don't have chlorophyll
(2) like seeds, endospores don't show matabolic activity
(3) Like seeds they are resistant
5. Match the following and mark the correct answer from the codes given below .Divisions of algae reserve food
materials (4th NSO II L)
(A) Cyanophyta (1) Chrysolaminarin
(B) Chlorophyta (2) Amylopectin
(C) Phaeophyta (3) Floridean starch
(D) Rhodophyta (4) Starch
(5) Laminarin
Codes :A B C D
(1) 2 4 5 3
(2) 2 5 1 3
(3) 2 3 5 1
(4) 1 4 3 5
6. An archegonium of Riccia has (7th NOS II L)
(1) 4 neck canal cells, 1 venter canal cell and one oosphere
(2) 4 neck canal cells, 2 venter canal cells and one oosphere
(3) 4 neck canal cells, one venter canal cell and two oospheres
(4) 6 neck canal cells, 2 venter canal cells and one oospheres

7. What group (s) of organisms are characterised by the structures shown in the diagram ? (5th NOS II L)
(1) Rhodophyta (2) Chlorophyta (3) Heterokonts (4) All of these

8. Given is a picture of bryophyte. The correct ploidy levels of the indicated structures are (2th INBO)
(1) (A) : 2n (B) : n (C) : n (2) (A) : n (B) : n (C) : n

(3) (A) : n (B) : 2n (C) : 2n (4) (A) : 2n (B) : n (C) : 2n

AIIMS CORNER
1. Primitive type of stomata occur in Moss over (AIIMS - 1998)
(a) Apophysis (b) Leaves (c) Axis (d) All the above.
2. Algae are useful as they (AIIMS-2002)
(a) Are used in study of photosynthesis (b) Purify air
(c) Cause alcoholic fermentation (d) Occur in larger number.
3. Plant body of Funaria is (AIIMS-2002)
(a) Completely sporophyte (b) Completely gametophyte
(c) Predominantly sporophyte with gametophyte (d) Predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte
4. In Ulothrix, meiosis occurs in (AIIMS- 2004)
(a) Holdfast (b) Zygote (c) Zoospores (d) Cells of filament.
5. "Ordines Anomali" of Bentham and Hooker includes (AIIMS - 2006)
(a) Seed plants showing abnormal forms of growth and development
(b) Plants represented only in fossil state
(c) Plants described in the literature but which Bentham and Hooker did not see ( in original
(d) Few orders which could not be placed satisfactorily in classification.
6. Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogam (AIIMS - 2009)
(a) Cedrus (b) Equisetum (c) Ginkgo (d) Marchantia
ASSERTION / REASONING
In each of the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by a correspond-
ing statement of Reason (R) just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(a) If both assertion and resaon are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
7. Assertion : To give scientific name to plant, there is ICBN.
Reason : It use articles, photographs and recommendations to name a plant.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8. Assertion : Bacteria do not always move with the help of flagella.
Reason : Flagellated bacteria employs rotary motion of flagellum when it moves.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9. Assertion : Root nodules in leguminous plants are inhabited by Anabaena.
Reason : Leguminous plants are an example of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10. Assertion : Euglena is studied as an animal as well as a plant.
Reason : Euglena is more an animal that a plant.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11. Assertion : Deuteromycetes lack sexual reproduction.
Reason : Fungi show three type of reproduction asexual, sexual and vegetative.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12. Assertion : Mushrooms are called fairy rings.
Reason : Mushroom consists of two parts - stipe and pileus.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13. Assertion : Only red algae are able to flourish at the great depth of sea.
Reason : Red algae has the pigments r-phycoerythrin and r-phycocyanin.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

14. Assertion : Red algea contribute in producing coral reef.
Reason : Some red algae secrete and deposit calcium carbonate on their walls.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15. Assertion : The bryophytes exist in two phases gametophyte and sporophyte.
Reason : The sporophyte is nutritionally independent.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16. Assertion : Liverworts fail to spread to a new locality through fragmentation.
Reason : Gemmae are helpful in propagating liverworts in different locality.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17. Assertion : Pinus embryo has two cotyledons.
Reason : Pinus shows polyembryony.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18. Assertion : The female cones are same in number as male cones.
Reason : Male and female cones appears alternately on the same branch of the Pinus.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
19. Assertion : The sporogonium of Riccia is the simplest among the liverworts.
Reason : Sporophyte consists of capsule only.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
20. Assertion : Mosses are evolved from algae.
Reason : Protonema of masses is similar to some green algae.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21. Assertion : The sorus of pteridium is of coenosorus type.
Reason : Pteridium lacks sori.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
22. Assertion : Water is not required for fertilization process in ferns.
Reason : Malic acid of archegonial neck attracts antherozoids.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23. Assertion : Red algae contribute in producing coral reefs.
Reasons : Some red algae secrete and deposit calcium carbonate over their walls (AIIMS- 2004)
(a) (b) (c) (d)

PART- 1
QUESTIONS OF PREVIOUS YEAR OF AIPMT/NEET
1. Bryophytes have (AIPMT - 1999)
(1) Archegonia
(2) Dominant gametophytic and parasitic sporophytic phases
(3) Thalloid plant body
(4) All the above.
2. Chl a,Chl d and phycoerythrian occur in (AIPMT - 2000)
(1) Chlorophyceae (2) Bacillariophyceae (3) Cyanophyceae (4) Rhodophyceae
3. Wood of Pinus is (AIPMT - 2000)
(1) Manoxylic and homoxylous (2) Manoxylic and heteroxylous
(3) Pycnoxylic and homoxylous (4) Pycnoxylic and heteroxylous.
4. Moss sporophyte does not possess
(1) Elaters (2) Seta (3) Foot (4) Columella.
5. Largest ovules, and gametes are found in (AIPMT - 2000, Wardha - 2001)
(1) Monocots (2) Dicots (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) Gymonosperms.
6. Cycas has two cotyledons but is not included under angiosperms because it has (AIPMT - 2001)
(1) Circinate ptyxis (2) Compound leaves (3) Monocot like stem (4) Naked seeds.
7. What is exclusive for angiosperms (AIPMT - 2002)
(1) Vessels (2) Secondary growth (3) Double fertilisation (4) Autotrophic nature.
8. Chlorenchyma is known to develop in (AIPMT - 2003)
(1) Cytoplasm of Chlorella
(2) Mycelium of a green mould like Aspergillus
(3) Spore capsule of a moss
(4) Pollen tube of Pinus.
9. Sexual reproduction of Spirogyra is an advanced feature as it shows (AIPMT - 2003)
(1) Different sizes of motile sex organs (2) Same size of motile sex organs
(3) Morphologically different sex organs (4) Physiologically different sex organs.
10. Which amongst the following are not seed producers (AIPMT - 2003)
(1) Fern and Funaria (2) Funaria and Ficus
(3) Ficus and Chlamydomonas (4) Punica and Pinus.
11. Which one propagates through leaf tip (AIPMT - 2003)
(1) Marchantia (2) Moss (3) Walking Fern (4) Pinus.
12. Which one is living fossil (AIPMT - 2003, 2004)
(1) Pinus (2) Cycas (3) Selaginella (4) None of these
13. Angiosperms have dominated the land primarily by their (AIPMT - 2004)
(1) Power of adaptability to diverse habitat (2) Nature of pollination
(3) Domestication by humans (4) Large number of seeds.
14. Top-shaped multiciliate male gamete and seeds with two cotyldons occur in (AIPMT - 2005)
(1) Cycads (2) Conifers
(3) Poypetalous angiosperms (4) Gamopetalous angiosperms.
15. Ectophloic siphonostele occurs in (AIPMT - 2005)
(1) Marsilea and Botrychium (2) Dicksonia and Maiden Hair Fern
(3) Osmunda and Equisetum (4) Adiantum and Cucurbitaceae.

16. In a moss, the sporophyte (AIPMT - 2006)
(1) Manufactures food for itself as well as for the gametophyte
(2) Arises from a spore produced from gametophyte
(3) Is partially parasite on the gametophyte
(4) Produces gametes that give rise to gametophyte.
17. Moss peat is used as a packing material for sending flowers and live plants to distant places because
(1) It serves as disinfectant (2) It is hygroscopic (AIPMT - 2006)
(3) It is easily available (4) It reduces transpiration.
18. Which set contains flagellated male gametes (AIPMT - 2007)
(1) Spirogyra, Anthoceros and Funaria (2) Zygnema, Saprolagnia and Hydrilla
(3) Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis (4) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas.
19. Pollen chamber present in gymnosperms represents (AIPMT - 2007)
(1) Microsporangium
(2) Pollen grain cell where sperms are formed
(3) Opening of megagametophyte for passage of pollen tube to egg
(4) Cavity in nucellus for resting pollen grains after pollination.
20. In which one of the following male and female gametophytes do not have free living independent existence
(1) Polytrichum (2) Cedrus (3) Pteris (4) Funaria. (AIPMT - 2008)
21. Which one of the following is heterosporous (AIPMT - 2008)
(1) Adiantum (2) Dryopteris (3) Salvinia (4) Equisetum.
22. The chief water conducting elements of xylem in gymnosperms are (AIPMT - 2010)
(1) Fibres (2) Transfusion tissue (3) Tracheids (4) Vessels
23. Male and female gametophytes are independent and free-living in (AIPMT - 2010)
(1) Castor (2) Pinus (3) sphagnum (4) Mustard
24. A prokaryotic autotrophic nitrogen fixing symbiont is found in : (AIPMT-Pre.-2011)
(1) Alnus (2) Cycas (3) Cicer (4) Pisum
25. Ethanol is commercially produced through a particular species of : (AIPMT Pre. - 2011)
(1) Saccharomyces (2) Clostridium (3) Trichoderma (4) Aspergillus
26. Nitrifying bacteria : (AIPMT Pre. - 2011)
(1) Oxidize ammonia to nitrates (2) Convert free nitrogen to nitrogen compounds
(3) Convert proteins into ammonia (4) reduce nitrates to free nitrogen
27. Archegoniophore is present in : (AIPMT Pre. - 2011)
(1) Marchantia (2) Chara (3) Adiantum (4) Funaria
28. Compared with the gametophytes of the bryophytes the qametophytes of vascular plant (AIPMT Pre. - 2011)
(1) smaller but to have larger sex organs
(2) arger but to have smaller sex organs
(3) arger and to have larger sex organs
(4) smaller and to have smaller sex organs
29. The gametophyte is not an independent, free living generation in : (AIPMT Pre. - 2011)
(1) Polytrichum (2) Adiantum (3) Marchantia . (4) Pinus
30. Consider the following four statements whether they are correct or wrong (AIPMT Mains 2011)
(A) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that in mosses
(B) Salvinia is heterosporous
(C) The life- cycle in all seed-bearing plants is diplontic
(D) In Pinus male and female cones are borne on different trees
The two wrong statements together are
(1) Statements (A) and (C) (2) Statements (A) and (D)
(3) Statements (B) and (C) (4) Statements (A) and (B)

31. Selaginella and Salvinia are considered to represent a significant step toward evolution of seed habit be-
cause: (Mains AIPMT - 2011)
(1) Female gametophyte is free and gets dispersed like seeds
(2) Female gametophyte lacks archegonia.
(3) Megaspores possess endosperm and embryo surrounded by seed coat.
(4) Embryo develops in female gametophyte which is retained on parent sporophyte.
32. Examine the figure given below and select the right option giving all the four parts (a, b, c and d) correctly
identified. (Mains AIPMT - 2011)
(a) (b) ( c) (d)
(1) Archegoniophore Female' thallus Gemmacup Rhizoids
(2) Archegoniophore Female' thallus Bud Foot
(3) Seta Sporophyte Protonema Rhizoids
(4) Antheridiophore Male thallus Globule Roots

33. Which one of the following is a wrong matching of a microbe and its industrial product, while the remaining
three are correct ? (AIPMT Mains - 2011)
(1) Yeast - statins (2) Acetobacter aceti - acetic
(3) Clostridium butylicum - lactic acid (4) Aspergillus niger - citric acid
LEVEL - 2
QUESTIONS OF PREVIOUS YEAR OF COMPETITVE EXAMS
KINGDOM PLANTAE
34. Vegetative reproduction in Cycas occurs by (R.P.M.T - 1998)
(1) Scale leaves (2) Sporophylls (3) Bulbils (4) Fragmentation.
35. Presence of basal rhizoidal cell in Ulothrix is an example of (R.P.M.T - 1998)
(1) Dead cell (2) Vestigial cell
(3) Accessory cell (4) Beginning of division of labour.
36. If three filaments are involved in lateral conjugation in Spirogyra, zygospores will be found in
(1) All the three filaments (2) Only the middle filament (RPMT-1998, JIPMER -1999)
(3) Lateral filaments (4) Either 2 or 3.
37. In moss, antheridia and archegonia occur at the tips of two different branches of the same plant. The condi-
tion is called (J.I.P.M.E.R. - 1999)
(1) Monoecious and autoecious (2) Monoecious and paroaicous
(3) Monoecious and synoicous (4) Dioecious.

38. Antherozoids of Marchantia are (A.F.M.C - 1999)
(1) Short, curved and biflagellate (2) Short, straight and multi flagellate
(3) Long, straight and biflagellate (4) Long, curved and biflagellate.
39. In Funaria, annulus separates (A.M.U. - 1999)
(1) Apophysis and theca (2) Theca and Operculum
(3) Columella and apophysis (4) Operculum and apophysis.
40. Chloroplasts are found in the spores of (BHU - 1999)
(1) Yeast (2) Funaria (3) Dryopteris (4) Rhizopus.
41. Sago comes from (APMEE - 1999)
(1) Calamus ritung (2) Metroxylon rumphii
(3) Areca catechu (4) Phoenix dactylifera.
42. Angiosperms show (Manipal - 1999)
(1) Monospory (2) Bispory (3)Trispory (4) Tetraspory.
43. The term prothallus is used for (BHU - 1999)
(1) Stage before thallus
(2) Plant body without differentiation of stem, leaves and roots
(3) Reduced gametophyte
(4) Reduced sporophyte
44. Multiciliated antherozoids occur in (CPMT - 1999, BV - 2006)
(1) Riccia and Funaria (2) Pteris and Cycas (3) Riccia and Pteris (4) Marchantia and Riccia
45. Grouping of algae is based on (ManipaI - 1999, AIPMT - 2007)
(1) Food reserve (2) Colony formation (3) Shape (4) Pigments.
46. A bryophyte importance is of considerable economic (BHU - 1999, Orissa - 2007)
(1) Marchantia (2) Riccia (3) Funaria (4) Sphagnum.
47. A conducting tissue in leaves of Pinus & Cycas for both water and food is
(CPMT- 1999, MH - 2002, A.F.M.C - 2002, JKCMEE - 2007)
(1) Xylem (2) Phloem (3) Conducting tissue (4) Transfusion tissue.
48 Vessels and companion cells occur in (BHU - 1999, Har. PMT - 2005, Manipur - 2006)
(1) Angiosperm (2) Gymnosperms (3) Pteridophytes (4) Viruses.
49. Which one the following has not changed for the last several thousand years (AFMC - 2000)
(1) Dryopteris (2) Gnetum (3) Ginkgo (4) Palms.
50. Iodine can be obtained from (AFMC - 2000)
(1) Laminaria (2) Porphyra (3) Chlorella (4) Polysiphonia
51. The term bryophyta was coined by (Pb. PMT- 2000)
(1) Iyengar (2) Linnaeus (3) Braun (4) Bentham
52. Pigment mainly responsible for photosynthesis in red algae is (JIPMER - 2000)
(1) Phycoerythrin (2) Chlorophyll a (3) Carotene (4) Xanthophyll.
53. Ancestors of land plants were (JIPMER - 2000)
(1) Red Algae (2) Brown Algae (3) Green Algae (4) Bryophytes.
54. Gymnosperms differ from pteridophytes (R.P.M.T. - 2000)
(1) Naked ovule (2) Circinate ptyxis (3) Leaf arrangement (4) Gametophyte.
55. Storage product of most algae is (J.I.P.M.E.R. - 2000, Bih. PMT - 2006)
(1) Fat (2) Starch (3) Glycogen (4) Cellulose.
56. Fungi resemble algae in presence of similar (ManipaI2001)
(1) Reproductive structures (2) Cell wall constituents
(3) Similar chlorophylls (4) Paramylon as reserve food.
57. Pinus possesses (ManipaI - 2001)
(1) Winged seeds (2) Winged pollen (3) Coralloid roots (4) Both A1and 2.

58. Funaria differs from Marchantia in having (D.P.M.T. - 2001)
(1) Foot (2) Calyptra (3) Ventral canal cell (4) Protonema.
59. A medicine for respiratory disorders is obtained from (D.P.M.T. - 2001)
(1) Cannabis (2) Eucalyptus (3) Ephedra (4) Saccharum.
60. In ferns, the term frond is used for (CPMT - 2001)
(1) Stem (2) Root (3) Leaf (4) Sex organ.
61. Which one is true moss (Bihar PMT - 2001)
(1) Bog Moss (2) Reindeer Moss (3) Club Moss (4) Irish Moss.
62. Stomata do not occur in (MPPMT - 2001)
(1) Algae (2) Liverworts (3) Mosses (4) Ferns.
63. Which one is found over fern leaves (UttaranchaI - 2001)
(1) Indusium (2) Spathe (3) Ramenta (4) Frond.
64. Which ones are false (T.N.P.C.E.E. - 2001)
(a) Series heteromerae has 6 orders and 14 families
(b) Natural system of classification does not attempt to bring out phylogenetic relationships
(c) Darwin published "Origin of species" in 1856
(d) Bicarpellatae has 4 orders and 24 families
(1) a and d (2) a, band c (3) a and c (4) band d.
65. Simplest most primitive stele is (CPMT - 2001, A.M.U.P.M.D.C - 2006)
(1) Atactostele (2) Protostele (3) Dictyostele (4) Stenostele.
66. Cleavage polyembryony occurs in (D.P.M.T. - 2001, A.M.U.P.M.D.C - 2006, BHU - 2006)
(1) Pinus (2) Cycas (3) Angiosperms (4) Pteridophytes.
67. Nonflowering plants are (BHU - 2001, AMU - 2005, Orissa - 2006)
(1) Dicots (2) Monocots (3) Phanerogams (4) Cryptogams.
68. Diploxylic condition occurs in Cycas is (A.P.M.E.E. - 2002)
(1) Root (2) Stem (3) Coralloid root (4) Leaflet.
69. Peat Moss is (Bihar, PMT - 2002)
(1) Club Moss (3) Irish Moss (2) Reindeer Moss (4) Bog Moss.
70. Cell wall of Chlamydomonas possesses (J.K.C.M.E.E. - 2002)
(1) Cellulose (2) Glycoproteins (3) Hemicellulose (4) Proteins only.
71. In Dryopteris (J.K.C.M.E.E. - 2002)
(1) Sporophyte is parasitic over gameto phyte (2) Sporophyte is independent
(3) Gametophyte is independent (4) Both 2 and 3.
72. Seed of Pinus contains (J.K.C.M.E.E. - 2002)
(1) Parent sporophyte in the form of perisperm (2) Endosperm as gametophyte
(3) Embryo as future sporophyte (4) All the above.
73. Rhizoids of Riccia are (R.P.M.T. - 2002)
(1) Unicellular smooth (2) Unicellular smooth and tuberculate
(3) Multicellular smooth and tuberculate (4) Multicellular tuberculate.
74. Pteridium possesses (R.P.M.T. - 2002)
(1) Polycyclic dictyostele (2) Actinostele
(3) Siphonostele (4) Amphiphloic siphonostele.
75. What is correct (Orissa - 2002)
(1) Protonema of moss and prothallus of Dryopteris are sporophytic
(2) Protonema of moss and prothallus of Dryopteris are gametophytic
(3) Moss protonema is sporophytic, Pteris prothallus is gametophytic but plant body of Pteris and Funaria
are gametophytic
(4) Plant body of moss is gametophytic while that of Dryopteris is both gametophytic and sporophytic.

76. Lower plants having green pigments similar to those of higher plants are (CPMT - 2002)
(1) Rhodophyceae (2) Chlorophyceae (3) Phaeophyceae (4) Schizomycetes
77. Life cycle is haplontic in (MPPM- 2002)
(1) Funaria (2) Ulothrix (3) Selaginella (4) Pinus.
78. Sporophyte of Funaria begins development inside (MPPMT- 2002)
(1) Archegonium (2) Antheridium (3) Protonema (4) Capsule.
79. Protostele occurs in (M.P.P.M.T. - 2002)
(1) Bryophytes (2) Pteridophytes (3) Gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms.
80. Which one does not occur in Selaginella (M.P.P.M.T. - 2002)
(1) Heterospory (2) Heterophylly (3) Homospory (4) Ligulate leaves.
81. Number of ovules present in megasporophyll of Cycas is (B.V. - 2002)
(1) 1-2 (2) 2-12 (3) 12-24 (4) 24-48
82. Red rust of tea is due to (Har. PMT - 2002, BV - 2006)
(1) Rhizopus (2) Puccinia (3) Cephaleuros (4) Phytophthora.
83. Gymnosperms are naked seeded plants because (Karnataka - 2003)
(1) There is no fruit (2) There is no ovule
(3) There is no fertilization (4) There is no ovary and fruit.
84. Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms having (CPMT - 2003)
(1) Covered seeds (2) Large leaves (3) Seeds (4) Tap roots.
85. Greatest extent of adaptation to various environments is found in (CMC - 2003)
(1) Gymnosperms (2) Bryophytes (3) Ferns (4) Angiosperms.
86. What is true of angiosperms (CMC - 2003)
(1) Seeds are naked (2) They have tracheids only
(3) They are not cryptogams (4) They lack companion cells.
87. Dominant phase in life cycle of most algae and fungi is (AMU - 2003)
(1) Haploid (2) Diploid (3) Triploid (4) Tetraploid.
88. Which one grows over molluscan shell (AMU - 2003)
(1) Ceracium (2) Spirogyra (3) Cladophora (4) Protoderma.
89. Golden Mine of Liverworts is (Kerala - 2003)
(1) Eastern Himalayas (2) Western Himalayas (3) Western Ghats (4) Eastern Ghats.
90. Sea Lettuce is (Har. PMT - 2003)
(1) Laminaria (2) Chlorella (3) Sargassum (4) Alva.
91. Both heterospory and circinate ptyxis occur in (ManipaI - 2003)
(1) Dryopteris (2) Pinus (3) Cycas (4) Funaria.
92. Algae attached to stones are called (Orissa - 2003)
(1) Epiploic (2) Coenolithic (3) Epilithic (4) None of the above
93. Meiosis occurs in pteridophytes during (AFMC - 2003)
(1) Gamete formation (2) Spore formation
(3) Postgamete formation (4) Postspore formation.
94. Sea Weeds are a source of (AFMC - 2003)
(1) Chlorine (2) Fluorine (3) Bromine (4) Iodine.
95. Largest unicellular organism is (Kerala - 2003)
(1) Yeast (2) Acetabularia (3) Planaria (4) Volvox.
96. Ferns are the first to appear after fire because of the survival of their (Kerala - 2004)
(1) Spores (2) Fronds (3) Rhizome (4) Both 2and 3.
97. A bryophyte which harbours nitrogen fixing blue green algae in its thallus is (CPMT - 2004)
(1) Riccia (2) Anthoceros (3) Marchantia (4) Pegonatum
98. First land inhabiting plant are (M.P.P.M.T. - 2004)
(1) Bryophytes (2) Angiosperms (3) Pteridophytes (4) Gymnosperms.
99. In mosses conducting tissue is (J.I.P.M.E.R. - 2004)
(1) Phloem (2) Parenchyma (3) Xylem (4) Coloured cells.
100. Secondary growth occurs in (MPPMT - 2004)
(1) Riccia (2) Funaria (3) Selaginella (4) None of the above.
101. Which is not a feature of gymnosperms (BHU - 2005)
(1) Parallel venation (B) Perennial nature (3) Dimorphic branches (4) Xylem with vessels.
102. Most primitive member in which roots are not present is (BHU - 2005)
(A) Psilotum (2) Rhynia (3) Lycopodium (4) Selaginella.
103. Which one has good capacity of absorbing water, used in place of cotton and as a fuel (BHU - 2005)
(1) Marchantia (2) Riccia (3) Sphagnum (4) Funaria.
104. Dispersal of spores of ferns takes place through (AFMC - 2005)
(1) Annulus (2) Stomium (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) Indusium.
105. Ephedra and Gnetum are exceptions to gymnosperms as they show (DPMT- 2005)
(1) Double fertilization (2) Siphonogamy
(3) Aggregation of sporophylls (4) Presence of ovules.
106. Phloem of angiosperms differs from that of other vascular plants.in presence of (Kerala - 2005)
(1) Vessels (2) Companion cells (3) Tylosoides (4) Albuminous cells
107. Mach the columns I and II
Colum n I Column II
(a ) Anthoce ros (i) Alga e
(b) Adia ntum (ii) Hornw ort
(c) Protha llus (iii) Ga m e tophyte
(d) Sa rga ssum (iv) Infe ra e
(e ) Aste rale s (v) W a lking fern
(1) (a) – (ii), (b) – (v), (c) – (iii), (d) – (i), (e) – (iv)
(2) (a) – (v), (b) –(iv), (c) – (iii), (d) – (ii), (e) – (i)
(3) (a) – (v), (b) – (i), (c) – (ii), (d) – (iv), (e) – (iii)
(4) (a) – (iii), (b) –(ii), (c) – (i), (d) – (v), (e) – (iv)
(5) (a) – (i), (b) – (iv), (c) – (iii), (d) – (v), (e) – (ii)
108. A pteridophyte called Horse-tail is
(1) Equisetum (2) Lycopodium (3) Marsilea (4) Selaginella.
109. Choose the correct statement
(1) Apophysis is the basal fertile part of capsule in Funaria
(2) Apophysis is the apical sterile part of microsporophyll in Cycas
(3) Apspory is the development of sporophyte from vegetative cells of gametophyte
(4) Apogamy is the development of gametophyte from vegetative cells of sporophyte.
110. Match the columns I and II

Colum n I Column II
(a ) Pte ris spe rm a tozoids (i) Zooidoga my
(b) Cyca s m a le ga me te s (ii) Ma lic a cid
(c) Funa ria a ntherozoids (iii) Ooga m y
(d) Spirogyra a pla noga me tes (iv) Sucrose
(v) Physiologica l a nisoga my
(1) (a) – (i), (b) – (v), (c) – (iv), (d) – (iii) (2) (a) – (iii), (b) – (ii), (c) – (iv), (d) – (v)
(3) (a) – (ii), (b) – (v), (c) – (iv), (d) – (i) (4) (a) – (ii), (b) – (i), (c) – (iv), (d) – (v)
111. Which of the following is resurrection plant
(1) Adiantum capllius-veneris (2) Dryopteris filix-mas
(3) Selaginella lepidophylla (4) Adiatum caudatum

112. In gymnosperms how many male gametes are produced by each pollen grain
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1
113. Coenocytic condition is found in (HPPMT - 2005)
(1) Ulothrix (2) Chlamydomonas (3) Spirogyra (4) Vaucheria
114. Fern prothallus produces (RPMT - 2005)
(1) Spores (2) Gametes (3) Stolons (4) Both 1 and 2
115. Sporophyte of Riccia is (RPMT - 2005)
(1) Total parasite (2) Partial parasite (3) Saprophyte (4) Autotroph
116. Transfusion tissue can be traced in (ManipaI - 2005)
(1) Fern rhizome (2) Fern prothallus (3) Coralloid roots (4) Leaves of Cycas.
117. Cycas circinalis is a source of (CPMT - 2005)
(1) Timber (2) Resin (3) Sago (4) Essential oil.
118. Which of the following red algae are suitable for human consumption (Pb. PMT- 2005)
(1) Laminaria and Fucus (2) Gracilaria and Chondrus
(3) Porphyra and Spirogyra (4) Rhodymenia and Porphyra.
119. In Cycas, the vascular bundles are arranged in the shape of inverted omega in (AMU, PMDC - 2006)
(1) Leaf (2) Rachis (3) Leaflet (4) Stem.
120. Laminaria (Kelp) and Fucus (Rock Weed) are examples of (AMUPMDC - 2006)
(1) Green algae (2) Brown algae (3) Red algae (4) Golden brown algae
121. Funaria differs from Pteridum in absence of (RPMT - 2006)
(1) Root (2) Stem (3) Archegonia (4) Embryo
122. In Funaria, stomata occur over (BHU - 2006)
(1) Leaves (2) Stem (3) Apophysis (4) Capsule
123. An ovule of cycas has archegonia (CPMT - 2006)
(1) One (2) Two (3) Eight (4) 2–8
124. Cycas resembles angioperms in having (CPMT - 2007)
(1) Vessels (2) Ciphonogamy (3) Siphonogamy (4) Dichotomous branching.
125. Phylogenetic system of angioperm classification was given by (Orissa - 2007)
(1) Hallier (2) Hutchinson (3) Takhtajan (4) All the above
126. What is incorrect for brown algae (DPMT - 2007)
(1) Presence of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c (2) Occurrence of fucoxantin
(3) Presence of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (4) Attachment to substratum.
127. Halophytic green algae Dunaliella stores (DPMT - 2007)
(1) Glycerol (2) Sorbitol (3) Proline (4) None of the above.
128. Match the columns (Kerala-2007)
Column-I Column-II
a Cup shaped i Ulothrix
b Girdle shaped ii Oedogonium
c Stellate iii Chlamydmonas
d Reticulate iv Zygnema
(1) a – 2, b – 4, c – 3, d – 1 (2) a – 3, b – 1, c – 4, d – 2
(3) a – 3, b – 4, c – 2, d – 1 (4) a – 4, b – 3, c – 1, d – 2
129. Agar-agar is obtained from (CPMT-2008)
(1) Chlorella (2) Spirogyra (3) Ulothrix (4) Gelidium
130. Indusium is found in (CPMT-2008)
(1) Algae (2) Ferns (3) Moss (4) Cycas

131. Double fertilization occurs among (CPMT-2008)
(1) Algae (2) Bryophytes (3) Angiosperms (4) Gymnosperms
132. Replum is found in family (BHU-2008)
(1) Labiatae (2) Malvaceae (3) Compositae (4) Brassicaceae
133. Which has vascular tissue, produces spores but does not has seeds? (CPMT-2008)
(1) Bryophyta (2) Pteridophyta (3) Gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms
134. Which of the following is/are grouped under phanerogames? (CPMT-2008)
(1) Angiosperms (2) Gymnosperms (3) Pteridophytes (4) Both (1) and (2)
135. A gymnospermic leaf carries 16 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm iS
(1) 24 (2) 16 (3) 12 (4) 8 (CPMT-2008)
136. These are called amphibians of plant kingdom (BCECE-2009)
(1) Bryophytes (2) Brown algae (3) Green algae (4) Riccia
137. Pigment common to all algae is (2009 BCECE)

(1) Alginate (2) Carotenoids (3) Phycocyanin (4)chlorophyll
138. Alginic acid is found in the cell wall of (CPMT-2009)
(1) Gigartina (2) Laminaria (3) Gelidium (4) Scytonema
139. In gymnosperms, the ovule is naked because (BHU-2009)
(1) Ovary wall is absent (2) Integuments are absent
(3) Perianth is absent (4) Nucellus is absent
140. The smallest angiospermic flower is (CPMT-2009)
(1) Wolffia (2) Ranunculus (3) Rafflesia (4) Stellaria
141. Lady finger (bhindi) belongs to (CPMT-2009)
(1) Malvaceae (2) Cruciferae (3) Solanaceae (4) Liliaceae
142. The site of photosynthesis in blue-green algae is (BHU-2009)
(1) Chromatophores (2) Mitochondria (3) Chloroplast (4) Root hair
143. In Funaria, the stomata are found on (CPMT-2009)
(1) Foot (2) Seta (3) Capsule (4) All of these
144. In Funaria capsule, dispersal of spores takes place through (BHU-2009)
(1) Peristomial teeth (2) Annulus (3) Calyptra (4) Operculum
145. Protonema is the stage in the life cycle of (BHU-2009)
(1) Cycas (2) Funaria (3) Selaginella (4) Mucor
146. Fern spores are usually (BHU-2009)
(1) Haploid (2) Diploid (3) Triploid (4) Tetraploid
147. Prothallus of the fern produces (BHU-2009)
(1) Spores (2) Gametes (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Cones
148. In pinus, male cone bears a large number of (2010 BCECE)
(1) Ligules (2) anthers (3) microsporophylls (4) Megasporophylls
149. Cleavage polyembryony occurs in (2010 BCECE)
(1) Pinus (2) Mini cycas (3) Cycas (4) Ephedra
150. The parthenospores of Rhizopus are (2010 BCECE)
(1) Uninucleate (2) Binucleate (3) Trinucleate (4) Multinucleate
151. A common biocontrol agent for the control of plant diseases caused by fungi is (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Agrobacterium (2) Glomus (3) Trichoderma (4) Baculovirus
152. Powdery mildew of wheat is caused by a species of (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Puccinia (2) Erysiphe (3) Ustilago (4) Albugo

153. In paddy fields biological nitrogen fixation is chiefly brought by (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Cyanobacteria (2) Green algae (3) Mycorrhiza (4) Rhizobium
154. In five kingdom classification, Euglena is placed in (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Fungi (4) Animalia
155. Nucleic acid is absent in (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Virus (2) Viroid (3) Prion (4) Mycoplasma
156. In most fungi,cell wall is chiefly made of (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Cellulose (2) Chitin (3) Protein (4) Lipid
157. Sporophyte is not an independent generation in (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Bryophytes (2) Pteridopytes (3) Gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms
158. Both pteridophytes and gymnosperms have (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Seeds (2) Independent gametophytes
(3) Archegonia (4) Ovules
159. Heterocysts and present in (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Riccia (2) Ulothrix (3) Albugo (4) Nostoc
160. In Albugo, sexual reproduction results in the formation of (RPMT - 2011)
(1) Zygospore (2) Oospore (3) Basidiospore (4) Teliospore
161. Archegonia are not found in (BCECE-2011)
(1) Bryophytes (2) Pteriodophytes (3) gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms
162. Antherozoids of pteridophyta are (BCECE-2011)
(1) Much coiled and multiciliated (2) Pear - shaped and biflagellate
(3) Cork screw- shaped and multiflagellated (4) All of the above

BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE : HINT & SOLUTIONS
1. Colonial
(1) Motile colony Ex: Volvox
(2) Non-motile colony Ex: hydrodictyon or waternet
2. Pigments
3. Pteridophytes
4. Red Algae - Gelidium, Gracilaria etc.
5. Cortex, pith of stem and seeds of cycas.
6. Sori : Sporangia are borne in groups called sori that are of three types.
(i) Simple sorus : In this type, all the sori mature at the same time.
(ii) Gradate sorus : Oldest sporangium lies in the centre and the sporangia on either side show successsively
younger stages.
(iii) Mixed sorus : Immature and mature sporangia are irregularly distributed in a sorus.
7. Seed habit is seen is some pteridophytes like Selaginella. The important requirements of the seed habit are
(a) Development of heterospory
(b) Functioning of only one megaspore mother cell.
(c) Degeneration of three megaspores and formation of female gametophyte inside the megasporangium.
(d) Embryo develop for some time inside the megasporangium.
8. Refer Pg No. 42 (Economic Importance of Red Algea)
9. (i) Syngamy - Fusion of male gamete with female gamete (eggcell) known as syngamy.
(ii) Triple fusion - Fusion of male gamete with two polar nuclei known as triple fusion.
10. Refer Pg No. 62
11. (i) A = Chlorophyceae
B = Brown algae
C = Chl, a, Chl. d, Phycoerythrin
D = Starch
(ii) Algae have capacity to change their colour in relation to the different wavelength of light is called Gadukov
phenomenon.
12. Labels of parts 1 - 7
1. Rhizoids; 2. Axis 3. Leaves
4. Female branch 5. Male branch 6. Seta
7. Capsule
13. Refer Pg No. 60
14. Refer Pg No. 59
15. Refer Pg No. 46 (Comparision of characters of chlorophyceae, phaeophyceae & Rhodophyceae)
16. Refer Pg No. 45
17. (i) Difference between Bryophytes & Pteridophytes - Refer Pg No. 58
(ii) General character of Pteridophytes – Refer Pg No. 53
(iii) Marchantia _ Refer Pg No. 51
(iv) Equisetum (Horse tail) _ Refer Pg No. 55
(v) Difference between Dicot and monocot _ Refer Pg No. 63

EXERCISE - 1
1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (2) 6. (2) 7. (1)
8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (1)
15. (1) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (3)
22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (1) 26. (1) 27. (1) 28. (1)
29. (1) 30. (1) 31. (3) 32. (3) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (3)
36. (1) 37. (3) 38. (3) 39. (4) 40. (1) 41. (3) 42. (2)
43. (2) 44. (2) 45. (3) 46. (1) 47. (1) 48. (4) 49. (3)
50. (1) 51. (3) 52. (1) 53. (2) 54. (1) 55. (1) 56. (4)
57. (4) 58. (4) 59. (1) 60. (3) 61. (2) 62. (4) 63. (1)
64. (3) 65. (1) 66. (2) 67. (4) 68. (4) 69. (2) 70. (1)
71. (3) 72. (2) 73. (4) 74. (3) 75. (3) 76. (3) 77. (3)
78. (3) 79. (2) 80. (2) 81. (4) 82. (3) 83. (3) 84. (3)
85. (2) 86. (4) 87. (3) 88. (1) 89. (1) 90. (2) 91. (1)
92. (3) 93. (1) 94. (2) 95. (2) 96. (2) 97. (4) 98. (3)
99. (2) 100. (3) 101. (3) 102. (1) 103. (2) 104. (4) 105. (1)
106. (1) 107. (3) 108. (2) 109. (2) 110. (4) 111. (2) 112. (3)
113. (2) 114. (4) 115. (1) 116. (1) 117. (4) 118. (4) 119. (3)
120. (2) 121. (1) 122. (2) 123. (4) 124. (2) 125. (3) 126. (3)
127. (1) 128. (2) 129. (3) 130. (2) 131. (3) 132. (1) 133. (2)
134. (1) 135. (3) 136. (3) 137. (1) 138. (4) 139. (3) 140. (3)
141. (2) 142. (2) 143. (2) 144. (2) 145. (1) 146. (4) 147. (3)
148. (3) 149. (1) 150. (2) 151. (4) 152. (2) 153. (1) 154. (1)
155. (2) 156. (4) 157. (3) 158. (3) 159. (1) 160. (4) 161. (2)
162. (1) 163. (3) 164. (4) 165. (1) 166. (1) 167. (3) 168. (1)
169. (2) 170. (1) 171. (3) 172. (1) 173. (3) 174. (2) 175. (2)
176. (3) 177. (2) 178. (2) 179. (2) 180. (3) 181. (4) 182. (3)
183. (4) 184. (3) 185. (2) 186. (3) 187. (1) 188. (1) 189. (2)
190. (1) 191. (1) 192. (2) 193. (3) 194. (4) 195. (2) 196. (4)
197. (3) 198. (3) 199. (2) 200. (3) 201. (3) 202. (4) 203. (4)
204. (4) 205. (1) 206. (2) 207. (3) 208. (2) 209. (1) 210. (1)
211. (1) 212. (4) 213. (2) 214. (2) 215. (1) 216. (2) 217. (3)
218. (3) 219. (2) 220. (3) 221. (4) 222. (4) 223. (2) 224. (1)
225. (1) 226. (2) 227. (1) 228. (1) 229. (4) 230. (4) 231. (1)
232. (4) 233. (3) 234. (1) 235. (3) 236. (2) 237. (3) 238. (1)
239. (2) 240. (2) 241. (4) 242. (2) 243. 1) 244. (2) 245. (2)
246. (1) 247. (3) 248. (1) 249. (3) 250. (1) 251. (3) 252. (4)
253. (2) 254. (1) 255. (3) 256. (2) 257. (4) 258. (3) 259. (4)
260. (3) 261. (3) 262. (2) 263. (1) 264. (1) 265. (4) 266. (1)
267. (4) 268. (3) 269. (3) 270. (3) 271. (1) 272. (1) 273. (1)
274. (3) 275. (3) 276. (2) 277. (2) 278. (4) 279. (1) 280. (4)
281. (4) 282. (1) 283. (1) 284. (2) 285. (4) 286. (3) 287. (2)
288. (2) 289. (3) 290. (4) 291. (1) 292. (2) 293. (2) 294. (3)
295. (2) 296. (1) 297. (2) 298. (1) 299. (1) 300. (1) 301. (1)
302. (2) 303. (2) 304. (1) 305. (4) 306. (4) 307. (1) 308. (1)
309. (1) 310. (1) 311. (4) 312. (1) 313. (4) 314. (1) 315. (3)
316. (2) 317. (1) 318. (4) 319. (3) 320. (2) 321. (1) 322. (2)
323. (3) 324. (1) 325. (2) 326. (2) 327. (2) 328. (4) 329. (1)
330. (4) 331. (2) 332. (2) 333. (3) 334. (4) 335. (4) 336. (1)

337. (1) 338. (3) 339. (3) 340. (3) 341. (1) 342. (3) 343. (4)
344. (4) 345. (1) 346. (3) 347. (1) 348. (4) 349. (1) 350. (4)
351. (4)
EXERCISE - 2
1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (1) 7. (3)
8. (1)
EXERCISE - 3
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a)
8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a)
15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a) 22. (c)
23. (a)
EXERCISE - 4
1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (4) 7. (3)
8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (1)
15. (3) 16.. (3) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (4) 20. (2) 21. (3)
22. (3) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (1) 26. (1) 27. (1) 28. (1)
29. (4) 30. (2) 31. (4) 32. (1) 33. (3) 34. (3) 35. (4)
36. (4) 37. (1) 38. (1) 39. (2) 40. (2) 41. (2) 42. (4)
43. (3) 44. (2) 45. (4) 46. (4) 47. (4) 48 (1) 49. (3)
50. (1) 51. (3) 52. (2) 53. (3) 54. (1) 55. (2) 56. (1)
57. (4) 58. (4) 59. (3) 60. (3) 61. (1) 62. (1) 63. (3)
64. (3) 65. (2) 66. (2) 67. (4) 68. (4) 69. (4) 70. (2)
71. (4) 72. (4) 73. (2) 74. (1) 75. (2) 76. (2) 77. (2)
78. (1) 79. (2) 80. (3) 81. (2) 82. (3) 83. (4) 84. (1)
85. (4) 86. (3) 87. (1) 88. (3) 89. (2) 90. (4) 91. (3)
92. (3) 93. (2) 94. (4) 95. (2) 96. (3) 97. (2) 98. (1)
99. (2) 100. (4) 101. (B) 102. (2) 103. (3) 104. (3) 105. (1)
106. (2) 107. (1) 108. (1) 109. (2) 110. (4) 111. (3) 112. (3)
113. (4) 114. (2) 115. (1) 116. (4) 117. (3) 118. (4) 119. (2)
120. (2) 121. (1) 122. (3) 123. (4) 124. (3) 125. (4) 126. (3)
127. (1) 128. (2) 129. (4) 130. (2) 131. (3) 132. (4) 133. (2)
134. (4) 135. (4) 136. (1) 137. (4) 138. (2) 139. (1) 140. (1)
141. (1) 142. (1) 143. (3) 144. (1) 145. (2) 146. (1) 147. (2)
148. (3) 149. (1) 150. (4) 151. (4) 152. (2) 153. (1) 154. (2)
155. (3) 156. (2) 157. (1) 158. (3) 159. (4) 160. (2) 161. (4)
162. (4)

3.plant Kingdom Resonance

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KINGDOM - PLANTAE

It involves Eucaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic plants.

Algae (= sea weed) :

(v) Photosynthetic pigments involve chlorophyll a, – carotenes and phycobilins. Chlorophyll d

(a) Vegetative reproduction – By fragmentation and regeneration of hold fast.

(ix) Reserve food is laminarin, mannitol and oil.

(xii) Alternation of generation is isomorphic (Ex: Ectocarpus, Dictyota) or heteromorphic

(3) Iodine : It is extracted from Laminaria and Fucus.

(III) Class Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) :

(ii) Thallus may be in various forms

(a) Unicellular motile Ex: Chlamydomonas.

(viii) Asexual reproduction occurs by mitospores and meiospores.

Comparision of characters of chlorophyceae, phaeophyceae & Rhodophyceae

Phaeophyceae Brown Chl a,c, 2, unequal Mannitol Naked Iso-,aniso-

Branched mutilayered body Parenchymatous

(ii) Hologamy : Fusion of two young individuals directly Ex:- C. snowiae.

The life cycle of chlamydomonas is haplontic.

Volvox : Commonly called Rolling ball alga

On the basis of evolution, It is placed between thallophyta and pteridophyta.

(xvii) Life cycle is diplohaplontic and alternation of generation is heteromorphic.

Com pa rsion of Hepaticopsida , Anthoce ra topsida a nd Bryopsida .

S.No. Common name Botanica l na me

S.No. Comm on na m e Bota nica l na m e

5. Some Bryophytes are saprophytes Ex: Cryptothallus mirabilis, Buxbaumia aphylla.

Pteridophytes (Pteris = feather, phyton = plant) :

Equisetum (Horse tail) :

2. Development of sporangia is of two types.

3. Lycopodium : A homosprous pteridophyte commonly called club moss or cereeping pine.

Stelar system in pteridophytes :

(2) Siphonostele :- It has a central parenchymatous pith surrounded by xylem.

S.No. Common name Botanical name

2 Bracken fern or sun fern Pteridium

4 Male shield fern Dryopteris

5 Royal fern, flowering fern Osmunda regalis

6 Spike moss, little club moss Selaginella

8 Horse tail, Scouring rushes Equisetum

9 Pepper wort Marsilea

Differences between Bryophytes and pteridophytes

Gymnosperms (gymnos–naked, sperm–seed) :

The study of Gymnosperm is called Gymnospermology.

(vii) Microsporophyll (stamen) has microsporangia or pollensacs (900–1000 microsporangia in sori of

Differences between Pteridophytes and Gymnosperm

Secondary growth is quite

3 Ovules absent. Ovules present.

5 Neck canal cell is found in the archegonium. It is absent in archegonium.

1. Ephedra foliata is naturally occurring gymnosperm in Rajasthan.

3. Double Fertilization is usually absent in Gymnosperms but found in Ephedra.

Angiosperms (angeion = vessel, sperma = Seed) :

(iii) Wood is hard, porous, monoxylic. Secondary growth is found in dicots.

1. Smallest angiospermic plant is Wolffia microscopica (1 mm) while largest angiospermic

Differences between Dicots and Monocots

6 Secondary growth is common in stem Secondary growth is usually absent.

(i) These are ultramicroscopic infectious particles, composed of nucleoproteins.

Type of nucle ic a cid a nd numbe r of stra nds in viruse s

Structure of some viruses :

(b) Bacteriophages : It infect and kill bacteria hence called bacteriophage

Reproduction in virus : It is of two types

Some Common Viral Diseases of Man

S.No. Name of Disease Virus

6 German measles Rubella Virus

8 Common cold Rhinovirus

11 Swine flu H1N1 virus