World History Class 01

Brief Overview of Topics to be covered

Sources to refer
European Philosophers
  John Locke – Questioned Divine Right to Rule; Right to Life, Liberty and Property; Against Absolute rule of Monarchy
  Rousseau – Idea of Social Contract
  Voltaire – Separation of Church and State
  Montesquieu-Separation of Power
 
American Revolution
  Brief Background of America
  British policy in America (Benign Neglect) and India- comparison between the two
Causes of American Revolution
  Imperial Rivalry between French and British
         Seven Year War
  Imposition of taxes by British on Colonies(end of Benign Neglect Policy):
         Sugar Tax
         Stamp Tax
         Townshend Duties
         Tea Tax
         Navigation Act
  Conflict between British Mercantilist Policies and American Capitalism
  Boston Tea Party
  Role of Army
         Philadelphia Conference
         Armed conflict between British troops and American Revolutionaries
  Military and Financial support to Americans by French
Significance of American Revolution
  Establishment of Republican form of Government and overthrow of Monarchy
  Neglected the idea of Divine Rights to Rule
  Declaration of Independence adopted
  Inspired French Revolution and similar revolutions in different parts of world
Left Over topics of MIH
Social Reform Movements in 20th Century
  Justice Party- Oppossed Caste system in education and govt. jobs
  Role of Periyar- Self Respect Movement
  Role of Ambedkar- Mahad Water Tank Agitation; Books and Organization
 
TOPIC FOR NEXT CLASS: -American Civil War, Industrial Revolution

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1 )The political philosophers of Europe from 15th to 18th century had a profound impact upon Europe’s political architecture.

Discuss. (200 words | 10 marks each)

2) Write short notes on(150 words):

a) No Taxation without Representation b) Mercantilism c) Boston Tea Party

3) Both Ambedkar and Periyar saw the emancipation of the socially oppressed in abolishing the Hindu religion itself.

Examine the contribution of these two figures in the struggle against the caste system. (200 words) 

ASSIGNMENT CODE - 7986

Max Marks - 10

Q1. To what extent the Anglo-French rivalry contribute to the American Revolution. (250 words
 World History Class 02

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR(1861-1865)

  Causes
         Differences between Northern and Southern States over future of slavery
o    North supported abolition
o    South against abolition
         Owning Slaves was seen as prestige, idea of abolition seen as attack on status
         Industrial Revolution in Northern states
         Role of Abraham Lincoln in abolition of Slavery
         Armed Conflict
  Impact
         13th Amendment instituted to abolish slavery and address social inequality
         Constitution’s 13th amendment explicitly denied the States the Right to secede
         Special economic modernisation package for southern states to decrease dependence on Slave labour
         Army expenditure increased significantly
Nature of American Revolution, an evaluation
  Violent Uprising
  Objectives visible in Declaration of Independence- Right to Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness, Religious Freedom
o    Enforcing quality seen as state’s responsibility
  However, Declaration of Independence fell short of:
o    Slavery continued as a practice
o    Women and Blacks were not granted voting rights
o    Right to property instituted without radical land reforms
  Not effective in instituting economic or social equality
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
  Causes of Industrial Revolution
         Invention of Steam Engine
         Advancement in Textile sector- Spinning Jenny and Power Loom
  Factors which led to Industrial Revolution in Britain
         High cost of labour in Britain – need for labour saving mechanisms
         Abundant availability of good quality coal
         Technological advancements
         New Property Rights System
         Colonial Expansion provided market base
  Impact of Industrial Revolution
         Urbanisation – unplanned
o    Consequences- Pollution, Smog, Plague and Cholera
         Increase in size of Working Class triggered:
o    Militant Trade Unionism
o    Unregulated work hours
o    Poor wages
         Growth of Chartist Movement- demand for greater Political Rights
         Growth of Railways
         Further Momentum to colonization –search for mass markets
Brief discussion on Affordable Housing
 
TOPIC FOR NEXT CLASS: -French Revolution

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Critically analyse the strengths and shortcomings of the American Revolution. (200 words )

2) Can it be said that the American Civil War was a continuation of the American Revolution?  Discuss. (150 words

3) Difference in attitude towards slavery can be seen as root cause of American civil war which has also led to repercussion

in economics and political sphere too.” In the context of this statement explain the factors which led to outbreak of American

civil war. (200 words)

4) Industrial revolution was more evolutionary in nature. Comment

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 7987 Max Marks - 10

Q1. Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? Discuss the quality of life of the people there during the

industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at present times? (250 words|
 World History Class 03

Discussion on questions that can be asked in exam

FRENCH REVOLUTION
  Brief Introduction and Background
         Ruled by bourbon dynasty
         Three estates of the society- Clergy, nobility, third estate ( peasants, working class and others)
  CAUSES:
         Political:
  Huge expenditure on wars- the rulers felt the need to increase taxation
  Reluctance of nobility and clergy to be taxed
  The two demands expressed by third estate- double the representation of third estate, to convene a
joint session of all three estates
         Economic:
  Low Agricultural productivity: High prices, food shortage
  High burden of taxes
  Mismanagement of finances-due to  Anglo- French wars, American revolution
  High unemployment- as industrial revolution had not taken place
         Social:
  Feudal structure of France- lack of freedom of occupation
  Disparities towards third estate- taxes only on them, no higher military or administrative positions
for them
  System of guilds- nepotism and corruption
         Army:
  Soldiers who fought American revolutions-inspired by those ideas- defected to the side of the
revolutionaries
  Events during 1789 -1795
         On non-fulfilment of demands- Third estate assembled in tennis court
         June 20, 1789- Third estate took oath to become the National Assembly; rejected the king’s divine right
to Rule; Challenged the Monarchy power
         July 17, 1789- Storming of the Bastille prison- Challenged the King’s right to rule
         August 4 to 14th 1789- Dissolution of Ancient Regime
  Demands- Abolish feudalism, guild system, hereditary privileges, Limit powers of Church
         August 26, 1789- Declaration of rights of Man and Citizen
  Aims- Liberty, equality and fraternity
         August 27, 1791- Declaration of Pillnitz by Austria and Prussia- to restore Bourbon Dynasty in France
         Role of Napoleon in the war
         Conflict between National Assembly and Jacobians (Ultra Left)
  Jacobians supported Republican form of government
Brief discussion on Surveillance of State in people’s privacy
TOPIC FOR NEXT CLASS: - French Revolution to Continue

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1)Write Short note on the following – a) Oath of Tennis Court b) Declaration of Pillnitz

2) French Revolution was necessitated by the deep inequalities in France. Discuss (150 words)

3) To what extent the French revolution was an outcome of Anglo-French rivalry. (150 words)

4) The fall of Bastille was a symbolic victory in the French revolution. Substantiate.  (150 words)

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8083 Max Marks - 10

Q1. The French Revolution was meant to uphold a number of ideas which brought equality in the political, social and

economic spheres. To what extent the French Revolution managed to protect and implement the ideas of French

Revolution? (200 words|10 marks)

 World History Class 04
Brief overview of previous class
French Revolution continued
Period from 1795-1815
  Reign of terror- Executed people critical of the revolution
  Failure of National Assembly in addressing agricultural crisis
  Rule of Directory
  1798-Napoleon return from Egypt; Directory abolished
  Napoleon- First Counsel of France
  Napoleonic War 1799 – 1802; Treaty of Amiens
  1802- Napoleon conducted elections; Napoleon declared himself First Counsel of France for life
  1804- Napoleon cronated himself as Emperor of France
  Napoleon wanted to defeat Britain
  1805- Battle of Trafalgar
  1806- Defeated Prussia and Austria
  1807- Continental system imposed by Napoleon
         To hurt British economy and military capabilities
         For impetus to French Industrial Revolution
  1812- Attack on Russia by Napoleon
         Gross miscalculation on Napoleon’s part
         Napoleon’s Army couldn’t bear the Russian Winter
         Over 80% Army perished, Napoleon defeated
         Continental system collapsed
  1813- Battle of Leipzig
         Bourbon Dynasty reinstated
  1815- Battle of Waterloo
         Defeat of Napoleon
Policies of Napoleon
   Political Policies
         Supported Nationalist sentiments across Europe
         Emphasised on political stability
         Prohibited the gathering of a group in public places
         Upheld the idea of Equality before Law
         Introduced Modern Judicial system and Code Napoleon
         Though upheld ideas of Equality but failed to provide voting rights to women and reinstated
slavery
 
TOPIC FOR NEXT CLASS: - French Revolution to continue

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Napoleon’s failure was triggered by his own political and economic policies. Discuss

2) Discuss the factors that led to the rise of Napoleon and the role played by Napoleon during the 1790 to 1815
period.

3) To what extent did Napoleon upheld the ideas of French Revolution?

4) To what extent did Napoleon’s economic war with England become his undoing

5) What was the continental policy of Napoleon? Discuss the successes and failures of the policy?

ASSIGNMENT CODE - 8159

Max Marks - 10
Q1.
Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, but in many ways he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from
which he sprang.” Comment. (200 words|
(10 marks)
 World History Class 05

World History Class 05

Brief overview of previous class

Napoleon Policies continued
Educational Policies
  Universalization of primary education in France
  Military styled schools
  Took a series of steps aimed at establishing an educational system that produced skilled and disciplined workforce
  Women education did not receive any attention
Religious Policies
  1802 - Signed the concordat with Church
  Paid priestly classes though state revenue
  Reintroduced church in political affairs of France
Economic Policies
  Establish a new Central Bank in France
  Aimed to give a push to initiate Industrial revolution in France
  Continental System
Positive and Negative aspects of Napoleon Policies
Congress of Vienna
  Participating nations
  Objectives-
         To restore monarchy and balance of power (pre 1789 position) i.e. Undo French Revolution
         To check rise of Nationalism
         Redistribution of Territories
         To re-establish stability within as well as between states
  To achieve objectives-
         Principle of Legitimacy
         Principle of Rewarding Victorious powers
         Principle of balance of power
         Principle of Surrounding France with Strong powers
  Outcome of the Congress of Vienna
  Formation of Germanic Confederation
  Assessment of Congress of Vienna
         Failed to prevent spread of Nationalist ideas – German, Italian Unification
         Unsuccessful in reinstating monarchies for long – 1848 revolution in Austria
         Successful in establishing relative stability across Europe for 99 years
German Unification
Stages of German unification
  1st Stage(1805-06)
         Napoleon supporting the cause of German Nationalism
         Established Rhine Confederation in 1806 by merging 300 small and bigger German speaking states
         Congress of Vienna 1815
         1815-1834- Conflict between Austria and Prussia
  2nd Stage(1834)
         Economic unification with establishment of Zollverein- A Customs Union
  Interlinked economies of smaller German states with Persia
  Led to economic benefits to Prussian industries in form of bigger markets
  Strong Capitalist class emerged which supported German Unification
  Austria’s influence in smaller German speaking areas declined
  Policy of coal and iron
  3rd Stage – Revolution of 1848
         Metternich Rule in Austria came to end and Frankfurt Parliament aimed at establishing Unified Germany
         Proposal for Constitutional Monarchy
         Pig’s Crown- Violated the idea of divine Right to Rule
         Liberal methods adopted by Frankfurt Parliament failed to bring about Unification
         1858 – Death of Fredrick William IV
         1860 – Kaiser William I on throne and aimed to achieve German unification under Prussia with Austria out
of this arrangement
         Bismarck was appointed Prime minister ( Chancellor )
  Supported militaristic approach
  Convinced about failure of liberal methods
  Policy of blood and iron
  Rapid increase in Prussia’s military expenditure
 
TOPIC FOR NEXT CLASS: - German unification to continue, Italy Unification
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Discuss the reasons for the defeat of Napoleon.

2) What was the role of Bismarck’s policies in German Unification.

3) Write a short note on role of Zollverein in German unification.

 4) To what extent the growth of German Unification received support of the Capitalist Class. Discuss.

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8162 Max Marks - 10

Q1. Congress of Vienna was the first collective security organization formed during the 19th century. Discuss the main
objectives of Congress of Vienna and to what extent it succeeded in achieving them? (250 words)

World History Class 06

Discussion on questions from IR, MIH and World History in Mains Exam of 2018, Brief overview of previous class
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY continued
1863:
 Bismarck wanted to take Holstein and Schelswig from Denmark
 Both these territories were divided between Prussia and Austria
1866- Austrio-Prussian war
 Aim- to capture Northern Germanic states
 Austria defeated in Seven week war
 Bismarck was successful in getting neutrality of Russia and France
Franco-Prussian War, 1871
 It resulted into defeat of France
 Southern Germanic states voluntarily joining Prussia- Unified Germany
 Important facts about the war:
 Prisoners of war including French King Napoleon III
 Treaty of Paris, 1871 in palace of Versailles
 Alsace-Lorraine region to Germany
 Major humiliation on France
Significance
 France determined to undo this humiliation
 Led to rivalry between Germany and France
 Key reason for outbreak of World War I
 France extracted revenge in Treaty of Versailles, 1919:
 Alsace-Lorraine region back to France
 Vastly limited German military strength
 Took over Rhineland region
Bismarck’s Foreign Policy
Objectives:
 Ensure German domination over Europe
 Diplomatically isolate France- as it is a potential threat
 Peace in Europe to promote trade
Steps taken:
 Secret treaty with Austria (Dual Alliance), Italy (Triple alliance) and with Russia (Reinsurance Treaty)
 Non-Aggression pact with Russia
 High military expenditure of Germany- increasing naval capabilities
Assessment of Bismarck's Foreign Policy:
 Counterproductive for Germany and Europe
 Increased German Military expenditures triggering arm's race and militarization of Europe
 Bismarck's some of the secret alliance system collapse
 1894 – Franco-Russian Alliance
 1904- Triple entente - Britain, France and Russia
 1907- The Entente Cordiale- France and Britain
 
UNIFICATION OF ITALY-Stages of Italian Unification
 Napoleon supported  the emergence of Italian nationalism
 Italy speaking area under different countries:
 Austria-Lombardy,Venetian
 Sardinia,Piedmont
 French: Rome(Naples, Sicily)
 1800-1830:Carbonari Movement
 Northern Italian states- nationalist secretive societies – Carbonari movement
 Popular in Lombardy, Piedmont and Sardinia
 Failed to initiate political unification due to Austrian heavy handedness.
 1830s: Young Italy movement by Mazzini:
 Centred in northern Italian states of Lombardy and Venetian
 It aimed to attract youth to spread the ideas of Italian Nationalism
 Movement crushed by Austrian Army and forced Mazzini into exile
 
Topic for next class: Italy unification to continue, WWI
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Write Short notes on:(150 words) 1. Triple Alliance and Triple Entente 2. Carbonari movement

2) The policy of coal and iron laid foundations for policy of blood and iron. Explain the statement in the context of
economic unification of Germany. (200 words)

3) Explain how Franco-Prussian War of 1871 ultimately led to the First World War.(150 words)

4) Discuss to what extent Bismarck"s policies were responsible for outbreak of world war I. (200 words)
 ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8327 Max Marks - 10
Q1. Discuss the impact of Bismarck’s foreign policy on the fate of Europe. (200 Words)
World History Class 07
Brief overview of previous class
UNIFICATION OF ITALY continued
1848-Victor Emanuell II:
 Rose as king of Piedmont and Sardinia
 Appointed Cavour as Prime Minister to lead process of Unification under Piedmont
1853-1855: Sardinia extended support to British and French over the Eastern Question against Russia
1858: Austria attacked Sardinia but was defeated by Cavour with French assistance
 Cavour took control of Lombardy
 Supported by smaller territory(Tuscany and Modena)
1861: Garibaldi's Red Shirts(Armed revolt)
 Aimed to establish a Republican government
 Cavour offered secret assistance and troops support to Garibaldi
 Merged Naples and Sicily with Piedmont and Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II to establish unified Italy
 Italy unification completed in 1861(except Rome and venetian)
1866: Bismarck defeated Austria and extended support for Italian Unification
1869: Austria forced to handover Venetia to Italy
1871: France defeat in Franco-Prussian war; forced to withdraw its troops and Rome handed over to Italy
Similarity between Cavour and Bismarck
 Diplomatic skills
 Military approch
 Strong monarchy and little faith in Parliamentary politics 
 
WORLD WAR I
Events prior to WWI
 1904: Entente cordiale was established between France and Britain
 1904: Russia Japan War, Japan winning mineral rich Manchuria region(Manchurian crises)
 1904: protest against Czarist regime, establishment of Russian Duma
 1905: First Moroccan crisis,as France looked to extend military control over Morocco
 German support to Morocco, Britain extended support to French
 Germany had to backdown and hence proved to be a humiliation for Germany
 France got police power and Germany was given trading rights
 1907: Triple Entente: Britain, France and Russia came together to check Germany’s rise
 1908: First Bosnian Crisis: Austria annexed Bosnia in 1908 and this crushed the hopes of Serbia of uniting with
Bosnia
 1912: Second Moroccan crisis
 Germany had to backdown again
 Germany - given colony in Congo
 Agadir Crisis
Few topics from MIH:
 Moplah Rebellion
 Bardoli Satyagraha
 Tebhaga movement
 Telangana movement
 Topic for next class: WWI to continue, Russian Revolution

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Carbonari and young Italy movement spread Italian consciousness but failed. Comment. (200 words)

2) Discuss the role of count of Cavour policies in unification of Italy? (200 words)

3) To what extent imperial rivalries in 20th century Europe were responsible for outbreak of WWI. Discuss.
(200 words)

4) Aggressive nationalism in the beginning of 20th century is responsible for the outbreak of World War I.
Discuss. (200 words)

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8328 Max Marks - 10

Q1. Discuss the process of Unification of Italy. What was the role of Garibaldi in the process of Italy’s Unification?(200
words)
 World History Class 08
WORLD WAR 1
Second Bosnian Crisis
 On June 28,1914 a group of Serbian Militant assassinated Austrian Crown Prince in Bosnia
 Austria blamed Serbia for this and threatened it for War unless it accepted full responsibility for the actions
 Serbia though declared that it is willing to cooperate, it would not accept any responsibility for these acts.
 This resulted in Austria declaring an attack on Serbia on July 28,1914 leading to outbreak of World War 1
Total War- World War 1 and World War 2
 Extent of Destruction
 Introduction of new Technologies
 No major difference between Civilians and Non-Civilians
 Total capture and destruction of Opposition Territories
 Impact was beyond Europe
Impact of World War 1
 Era of monarchy coming towards end in Europe
 Emergence of new Counries in eastern Europe
 Emergence of USA as Super Power
 Social Impact-Suffergette Movement (equal political rights)
Treaty of Versailles
 Paris Peace Conference
 Objectives of Victorious Powers
 Provisions of Treaty of Versailles
 Significance of Treaty of Versailles
Topic for the next class:- Russian Revolution

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Discuss the economic, political and social impact of World War I.(200 words)

2) The Treaty of Versailles failed to establish peace in Europe rather it led to the foundation of World War
II.Discuss.(200 words)

3) The Treaty of Versailles represented the revengeful attitude of the victorious powers. Discuss.(200 words)

4) Write a short note on Bosnian Crisis. (150 words)

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8439 Max Marks - 10

Q1. Discuss the nature of World War 1. To what extent did it shape the political and social order in Europe during the 20th
century?(200 words)
 World History Class 09
Russian revolution
Causes- 1917
 Slow agricultural growth rates- famines and food insecurity
 Industrial revolution did not take place in Russia
 Tsarist monarchy unresponsive to the demand of workers
 Russia suffered territorial losses in WW1- lack of public support
 Rapid rise of Rasputin- symbolised corruption within Russian monarchy
Bolsheviks – single-party communist rule is needed
Mensheviks –multiparty democratic system is needed
Insights into the doctrine of Marx
Events
February revolution
 Provisional government under Mensheviks
 End of monarchical rule
July day’s protest
 government failed to withdraw Russia from the war
 Led by Bolsheviks
October revolution- power captured by Lenin
Basic concepts of socialism and communism
Policies of Lenin
 Withdraw from World War I
 Militarily subdue white shirts
 War communism- Kronstadt mutiny
New economic policy
 Peasantry could sell surplus produce in market
 limited private ownership of enterprises
 State led economic planning
 
Topic for the next class: continued with Russian revolution

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Russia"s position in the World war I led to a revolt in it"s home front. Substantiate ( 150 words)

2) Discus the corelation between Lenin"s new economic policy and the economic planning in independent
India. (200 words )

3) Lenin was a socialist but not a Marxist. Comment. ( 150 words )

4) How did Lenin"s policies consolidate the russian revolution against the external and domestic challenges
facing Russia ? ( 200 words)

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8441 Max Marks - 10

Q1. The Russian revolution brought an end to the monarchial rule and established a new system of administration. Discuss
the causes which led to the Russian revolution. (200 words)
 World History Class 10
Brief overview of last class
New Economic Policy and corelation with Indian economic planning 
STALIN's RULE (1928-1953)
Foreign Policies(to be discussed later with WW2)
Economic Policies:
 Industry-
 5 year plan-Gosplan
 Heavy industry will be owned with states
 State led model of economic planning
 Agriculture-
 Collectivization of agriculture
 No increase in productivity
 Peasant don’t own land-government will own the land and give wages to worker
Political Policies:
 Freedom of speech and press was curbed
 Eliminated critics by resorting to Great Purges(1934 onwards)
 All key officer in army naval were replaced
 No political dissent was tolerated
Social Impact:
 Rapid industrial growth triggered huge demand wage labour
 Highest participation of women in labour force at the time (40%)
 Maternity benefits; creches etc
 Labour reforms introduced
 No religion; Church declared illegal
Nazism and Fascism
Similarities Between Nazism and Fascism
 Both considered State is supreme
 Aimed at increasing power of the State
 Both aimed to pursue territorial expansion
 Both were anti-communist
NAZISM IN GERMANY
 Inefficient and indecisiveness of Weimar Republic
 Treaty of Versailles proved humiliation for Germany
 Stab in the Back Theory
 1919- Hitler joined the Germans Workers Party(DAP) and demanded restoration of German glory
 1921- Hitler became President of DAP and later renamed it as NSDAP
 1922- Hitler inspired by Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922
 1923- Beer Hall Putsch (Armed coup) by Hitler and Nazi Party. – FAILED ATTEMPT
 1925- Hitler wrote Mein Kampf
 1925-29 – Hitler's popularity rose sharply
 Propgated Anti-Communist Ideas
 Topic for next class: Fascism to be continued

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Write short notes on the following (150 words)

a) War Communism
b) New Economic Policy

2) Discuss the significance of Russian Revolution in present context. (200 words)

3) What do you mean by the term “Stalinism”? To what extent did it help in promoting socialism in USSR?
(200 words)

4) Discuss the characteristics of Nazism and how far it is similar or different with fascism. (150 words)

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8545 Max Marks - 10

Q1. What were the challenges faced by Stalin on the eve of his rise to power? Discuss the measures taken by him to
overcome these challenges. (200 words)
 World History Class 11
Brief overview of last class -Nazisim Continued, Events from 1929-1939
 1930: Parliamentary Elections; Nazi party got 18% share of votes
 1932: Hitler contested against Von Hindenburg in Presidential elections which he lost
 1933 – Capitalist class convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor
 Reichstag Fire: Conspiracy by Communists
 1933-34- Civil Liberties were curtailed
 1934: Hitler authorized Political Crackdown against critics by assassinating key political Communist leaders which was considered
as “ Knight of Long Knives”
 All parties except Nazi party was declared illegal
Series of Events between 1934-1939
 In 1931- Japan captured Manchuria; League of Nations took no action against Japan
 1937- Japan invaded the Nanjing region of China
 1935- Italy attacked Ethiopia/Abyssinia. Hitler supported Mussolini
 Britain and France imposed economic sanctions on Italy; Italy withdrew from League of Nations
 Hitler started strengthening German Military and remilitarized Rhineland –Violation of Treaty of Versailles.
 1935-Germany introduced military conscription
 1938- Hitler took following steps for creating Greater Germany:
 1938- Germany annexed Austria
 Hitler takes control of Sudetenland (German speaking region)
 1939-Annexation of Czechoslovakia
 Czechoslovakia approach League of Nations but it did nothing to check Germany
 Munich Peace conference with Britain and France to halt Germany’s expansionist campaign
 Hitler captures entire Czechoslovakia
 Hitler attacks Poland
 1939 – Hitler signs non-aggression treaty with Russia (Stalin)
 Britain and France finally declare war against Germany
 Outbreak of World War II
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
 Origin and Objectives 
 Disarmament Commission
 PCIJ- The permanent court for arbitration and international justice
 ILO- International Labor Org.
 Mandate Commission
 Refugee Commission
Assessment of League of Nations –
 Failed in upholding its core objective
 ILO played a valuable role in strengthening worker rights in European countries
 Refugee Commission was succesful in rehabilitaion of refugees
 Disarmament commission failed in making any concrete moves towards disarmament
 PCIJ did succeed to establish rule of international law and settled minor disputes: No role in settling major disputes
Causes for failure of League of Nations –
 World’s major powers did not join
 US never joined, Soviet Union allowed to join only in 1934
 Germany, Italy, Japan resigned
 Merely an Anglo French affair
 Consensus decision making was lacking
 No standing army of its own
 Policy of appeasement towards key aggressors
Reasons for adopting Policy of Appeasement
 Britain and France weekend by WWI wanted to avoid any military conflict
 Great Depression
 Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany as a bulwark against the spread of communism
 World War II(main events)
 WW1 an WW2- Total Wars
 Britain and France declared war on Germany (1939)
 Germany adopted the Policy of Blitzkrieg
 Germany starts bombing Britain in 1940
 Germany took control of Belgium, France
 Battle of Barbossa
 Opening up of Western and Eastern front
 Role of Japan:Expansion in Asia Pacific region,Pearl Harbor atatck
 Role of Italy: Interest in North Africa
 Mussolini captured and hanged in 1943. Italy out of war.
 Hitler commits suicide in the face of defeat.
 Japan surrenders after Hiroshima incident.
 WWII comes to an END
TOPIC FOR NEXT CLASS:  -  Cold War

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

 1) Write short notes on the following:(50 words each)
a) Permanent Court of Justice b) Mandate Commission

2) Outbreak of WWII can be blamed on failure of League of Nations. Examine.(150 words)

3) To what extent axis powers were responsible for the outbreak of world war II? (200 words)

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8729 Max Marks - 10

Q1. What are the factors that led to the World War II? How far was the policy of appeasement responsible for the outbreak
of the war? (250 words)

World History Class 12

 Brief overview of last class
Japan's involvemnt in WWII
 Japan captures part of Manchuria and French colonies in Indo China region
 USA stops essential supplies to Japan – Japan sees it as an act of aggression.
 USA adopted island hopping strategy
 1944 – Japan reached Indian Kohima
 apan defeated in Battle of Kohima in 1944
 Japan surrenders after Hiroshima incident
 WWII comes to an END
Consequences of WWII
 Tremendous amount of destruction
 Emergence of bipolar world
 Hold on colonies decreased
 US pushed Britain and France to follow Atlantic Charter
 LoN replaced by UN
 Nuclear Arms race
 Decolonisation in Asia and Africa
Great Depression
Causes of Great Depression
 Losses due to falling demand but increasing production
 Decline in demand in European Market
 Collapse of stock market
 Collapse of banking sector in USA
 High income inequality in US
Steps Taken
 Encourage private sector
 H. Hoover said revive demand by providing state sponsored infrastructure, boost employment
 New Deal- By F.D.Roosevelt
 Three Rs- Relief, Recovery and Reform
 Consolidation of Banking System
 FDIC Act to restore public confidence in the Banking system
Impact
 Rising unemployment, High prices
 Rise of Fascism in Germany and Itay
 Rise of Communist parties
COLD WAR(1945-1950)
Major Events during Cold War
 Yalta conference(1944)-
 Particiapationof Britain,France,USA
 To discuss the fate of defeated powers
 Postdam conference(1945)-
 Germany and Korea divided in two blocks
 Germany to be developed as capitalistic democratic state
 Soviet union's concern
Factors which led to Cold War
 Ideological and economic differences
 Great political rivalry
 Mutual distrust between western power and Soviet Union
 Truman's Doctrine- to contain communist expansion and protect democratic value and free market institutions in
Europe
 Stalin's support for the emergence of Communist International
 1947-48: Berlin blockade
 1961-Berlin wall erected
 1989- Fall of Berlin wall(Symbolic of collapse of Soviet Union)
 1948- Marshall Plan.Objective-To contain Communism and to ensure market for American goods
 Military intervention- NATO(1948) and Warsaw Pact(1955)
 In response- Soviet Union came up with Moltov Plan(1951)
Topic for the next class:Korean war,Vietnam War, Cuban Crisis

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Examine how Truman doctrine was a shift by USA’s in its foreign policy? (200 words)

2) Write short notes on(150 words each)

a)Yalta conference b)Potsdam conference c)Truman"s Doctrine d)Marshall Plan e)Moltov Plan

3) Briefly discuss the role and involvement of Japan in WWII. (150 words)
 ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8730 Max Marks - 10
Q1. Discuss the reasons and impacts of the Great depression and also examine the relationship between the Great
Depression and the World War II. (250 words)

World History Class 13

Brief overview of Last class, KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)
 Causes:
 Decolonisation as Japan withdrew
 Divide of Korea in 2 parts along 38th parallel
 Withdrawal of Japanese and Stationing of Soviet troops in N. Korea
 Communist govt. was established
 Western troops were stationed in S. Korea
 Anti-communist govt. was established
 Concept of unified Korea and attack on S. Korea by N.Korea
 US intervenes after intervention by UN
 Significance of the Korean war:
 US successfully conatained the spread of Communism
 Template for further intervention by US in cold war era
 Cuban Missile crisis
 Successful UN intervention
 India's role
Vietnam War
 Overview of Vietnam War:
 Before world war II a French colony
 During world war a Japanese colony
 After WW II French desire to reassert control as Japan withdrew post WW II
 Ho Chi Minh’s Vietnamese congress and French in direct conflict
 Guerrilla warfare method adopted by Vietnamese Congress under Ho Chi Minh
 With UN intervention France ultimately withdrew in 1954
 Conflict between North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh government with South Vietnam under French and USA
backed government of Ngo Diem
 Ho Chi Minh had closer relation with Soviet Union
 US troops started training South Vietnamese forces and indirect intervention
 Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964
 US attacks north Vietnamese forces
 Tet Offensive
 Nixon administration comes to power
 Vietnamisation of conflict
 Withdrawal of troops starts from 1970 up till 1973
 North Vietnamese troops defeat South Vietnamese troops
 Unified Vietnam formed
 Impact-
 Rise of strong anti-war sentiment in USA
 No further US troops involvement in a war during the cold war era
 Major failure of US foreign policy
European Union
 Factors which led to the formation of EU:
 Overcome hostilities b/w France and Germany
 Aid reconstruction process in Europe and for speedy economic recovery
 Prevent westward expansion of Communism in Europe
 Timeline:
 1944: Benelux Union, a type of custom union
 1948: Benelux union Supported by Britain and France 
 1951:France and Germany formed 6 member formed European Coal and Steel Company
 Initially Britain did not join this initiative
 1951-1957: ECSC soon became 3rd largest steel producer 
 1958: European Economic Community(EEC)
 Britain did not join EEC
 1961: EEC becomes 2nd largest producer of steel
 1962: Britain showed willingness to join but France declined the offer
 1973: Britain’s entry to EEC
 1990: Collapse of USSR
 1992: Maastrichst Treaty
 Common monetary policy
 Free movement of people: Schengen Agreement
 Adopting of Social Charter
 2002: European Union formed
 Britain rejected the proposal to join
 Noble peace prize to EU
Topic for the next class: China, Collapse of USSR, Decolonisation
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) Discuss the major causes and significance of the Korean wars. (150 words)

2) What led to the involvement of US in the Vietnam War? What were the consequences of this interference?
(200 words)

3) What were the aims and objectives of different parties involved in Korean War? Were these objectives
achieved? If yes, to what extent? (200 words)
 4) The Vietnam War extended over various US Presidencies and various polices were adopted over years.
Comment on theses policies adopted by various US Presidents along with consequences of these
policies? (200 words)

5) What are the problems associated with European Union? Mentioning the achievements of EU, discuss
how it has evolved as an example of regional integration.

6) Write short nores on :(100 words)

a) Benelux Union b) European Economic Community c) Maastricht Treaty d) Schengen Agreement

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8870 Max Marks - 10

Q1. The roots of the Cold War era can be traced to the differences between the European powers post-World War I and
events of World War II. Discuss.(250 words)

World History Class 14

Communism in China
Opium War (1839-1842) :
 Causes:
 British EIC desire to increase trading presence
 To correct the trading imbalance
 Increase access to Chineses market
 Consequences:
 One sided free trade
 Destruction of handloom sector
 BoT favoured towards Euopean Countries
Cutting of Chinese Melon (1860-1890):
 Causes:
 Germany followed Britain and France to increase presence in Chinese market
 Japan's attempt repelled by Russia
 Russia's influence increased in China(Railway construction; Rights to extract minerals)
 Increasing imperial presence of major European powers in China
Why China did not become a colony?
 Vast size of landmass
 Imperial rivalry between European powers could not be won by any one power
 USA offerred support to maintain China's independence
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)
 Causes:
 Anti-imperialist uprising
 Economic consequence of imperial presence
 Apparent threat to their religious freedom
JAPAN (In brief)
 Meiji Restoration
 Followed a policy of Isolation
 Mathew Perry was granted restricted trading rights
Chinese Revolution (1910-1911)
 Overthrow of Qing Dynasty
 Revolution led by Kuomintang Party and Chiang Kai Shek
 Chinese Nationalist Party led by Sun-Yat-Sen
 Role of Sun-Yat-Sen:
 Overthrow of monarchy in China
 Following principles of Nationalism, Democracy and Socialism
 1910-11: Yuan-Shikai became President after Military coup
 1915: Declared himself as king; 1916- he died.
1917-1927: Chinese Warlord Era
 Absence of strong central ruler
 Decentralization of Power
 Local-landed warlords asserted autonomy
 Civil war between KMT and Chinese Warlords
 1921: CCP extended support tpo Sun-Yat-Sen; 1924: Sun-Yat-Sen died
 1927: Warlords were subdued and KMT started claim to power in China
1927-1949
 CCP vs King conflict
 Civil war resumed between KMT and CCP. KMT was unable to defend against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria
in 1931
 1932-1935: Civil war resumed between KMT and CCP under Mao Zedong
 Chinese Long March
 1937-1948: King engaged in dispute with Japan and allowed CCP to revive itself under Mao
 1945-1949: With world war 2 coming to an end, Japanese forces withdrew from the region & the civil war between
CCP & KMT renewed
Policies of Mao Zedong
 Economic Policies:
 First Five-Year Plan (1953-1957):
 Focused on Industry and Agriculture
 Second Five-Year Plan (1958-1962):
 The Great Leap Forward
 It turned to be a Great Leap Backward
Cultural Revolution (1966-1969):
 Argued to overthrow four odds – old customs, old traditions ,old habits and old ideas
Foreign Policies/Communist China during Cold war era:
 Sino-Soviet Union split
TOPIC FOR NEXT CLASS: -Decolonization, Cuban missile crisis, Suez Canal, Collapse of USSR

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) What are factors responsible for rise of Communism in China? Also discuss role of Mao in consolidation of
communism in China. (200 words)

2) Write short notes on:(150 words)

a) Opium Wars b) Boxer Rebellion

 3) What do you understand by "Cutting of Chinese Melon"? Also discuss what were the reasons that China could not
become a colony for Europeans. (200 words)

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8920 Max Marks - 10

Q1. Discuss the steps taken by Mao Zedong to deal with the problems faced after the Chinese Communist Revolution of
1949. (200 words)

World History Class 15

ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT, Background
 Sykes Picot Agreement of 1916
 Defeat of Ottomon Empire in 1917
 Balfour Declaration of 1917
 1917-1927 saw slow migration of Jews in Palestine leading to religious conflicts
 Peel Commission appointed suggesting Two Nation formula
 Arab Palestinians reject Two Nation formula
 After 1939 rapid migration of Jews to Palestine start due to holocaust
 1947- UN also gave a Two Nation formula(UN Partition Plan)
 Arab Palestinians again rejected the Partition Plan
 1948- Britain withdrew from Palestine and Jews declare independence form Israel
 Israel resists the 1948 Israel-Arab war with help of Britain and US
 1956- Suez Canal crisis starts
 1967- Six Day War (Israel occupies Sinai Peninsula, West Bank and Golan Heights)
 Again UN proposes Two Nation Formula which is now rejected by Israel
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
Causes
 1954- General Batista was military dictator of Cuba
 US was biggest trading partner of Cuba
 1959- uprising by Fidel Castro and Che Guevera overthrowing Batista regime
 Deterioration of US-Cuba economic relationships
 Cuba nationalized US oil refineries and US bans import of Cuban sugar and tobacco
 1961- Failure of Bay of Pigs Invasion
 Presence of Jupiter ballistic missiles by US in Italy and Turkey against USSR
 1962- Soviet Union places nuclear missiles in Cuba to protect against future US attacks
 US imposes naval blockade on Cuba leading to 13 day US-USSR confrontation
 US-USSR negotiate to avoid war
Consequences
 Negotiate Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties
 Period of Detente
 Push towards nuclear disarmament
COLLAPSE OF U.S.S.R.
Factors
 Brehznev doctrine
 1956- USSR invaded Hungary
 1968- USSR invaded Czechoslovakia
 1979- USSR invaded Afghanistan
 USSR spent heavily on defence and military
 Undermining spending on coal, power plants, steel plants, agriculture etc
Gorbachev's Policies
 Political and economic restructuring(Perestroika) and openness (Glasnost)
 Regular elections at lower levels
 More autonomy to state enterprises
Impact of Gorbachev's Policies
 Problem of unemployment and low economic growth
 Discontent among masses; public demostrations and protests
 Ultimately Soviet Union collapsed
DECOLONIZATION
Factors
 Military weakness of Britain and France
 1941- Atlantic Charter (right to self-determination)
 Fear of communism
 Rise of nationalist movements in Asia and Africa
Decolonization in Africa and Asia
 West Africa- French colonies (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco) and British colonies (Ghana, Nigeria)
 East African- Kenya and Djibouti
 Asia- Malay Peninsula (British colony) and Indonesia (Dutch colony)
IRANIAN REVOLUTION 1979
 Mohammad Reza Shah Ruled Iran and had close relations with USA
 Many western oil companies were in Iran
 However, Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddegh nationalised Iranian Oil Industry
 Western led troops deposed Mosaddegh and reinstated Foreign oil firms
 Reza Shah lost support of the Shia clergy due to his pro- modernization attitude which led to the White Revolution
 Ayatollah led Shia cleric faction revolted against the Shah regime; Reza Shah exiled and stayed in USA
 Ayatollah led faction came to power
ALL SCHEDULED CLASSES OVER
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1) To what extent the actions of Britain can be blamed for Israel Palestine dispute? (150 words)

2) To what extent, Gorbachev"s policy can be held responsible for collapse of Soviet Union?(150 words)

3) What were the causes that favoured decolonization after World War 2? (100 words)

4) To what extent the Isreal-Palestine conflict is the consequence of World war I and II. (200 words)

5) Discuss the background and factors that led to the Iranian Revolution. (150 words)

ASSIGNMENT CODE – 8959 Max Marks - 10

Q1. What was the Cuban missile crisis? Analyse its impact in preventing an outbreak of full-fledged nuclear war.(200 words)