EPlab

S.K.P Institute of Technology Doc No : 7.
1 / COE
Rev. No :
Tiruvannamalai – 606611. Date : 21-09-2010
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE
LAB MANUAL
1
Prepared By: Faculty Verified By: HOD Approved By: Principal
A.Sugunapriya B.Abirami
LECT/ECE
S.K.P Institute of Technology Doc No : 7.1 / COE
Rev. No :
GROUP B (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS)
IV.ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE 13 hours
1. Study of Electronic components and equipments-resistor, color coding, measurement

of AC signal parameter (peak-peak, rms, period, frequency) using CRO (cathode
ray oscilloscope).
2. Study of Logic Gates AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT
3. Generation of Clock signal.
4. Soldering practice- Components, Devices and Circuits using general purpose PCB.
5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.
2
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
1. STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

AIM:
To study about electronic components and equipments
• Study of resistor color coding.
• Study of the usage of CRO and Multimeter.
THEORY:
Resistance:
The Component used in the electrical circuit to oppose the flow of current is called Resistor and the
property is called Resistance.
Significance of color coding:
Color band -1
It can be seen close to the edge of a resistor. It gives the first significant digit on the numerical value of
resistors. No resistor can have black as first color band.
Color band -2
It gives the second significant digit in numerical value of resistors.
Color band -3
It serves as a decimal multiplier. It gives the number of zeroes after the second significant digit.
Color band-4
A much wider separation can be seen between the 3rd band and 4th band .This band indicates the tolerance
of the given resistor. Tolerance tells how far the actual value of resistance deviates from the specified or the
expected value. For e.g. a 100 ohm resistor with 5% tolerance can show its resistance from 95 ohm to 105
ohm when measured using a multimeter.
3
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
Resistor colour coding:
Color band A -Brown

Color band B -Red
Color band C-Brown
(Multiplier)
Color band D-Gold (Tolerance)
The above resistor has a value of 12x10=120 Ohms with 5% tolerance. When measured using a multimeter,
it can show a value from 114 Ohms to 126 Ohms.
4
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
MULTIMETER
Multimeter is the most useful electronic instrument which can measure quantities like voltage (AC &
DC), current (AC & DC) and resistance either in analog and digital mode
1. Rotary switch (knob), 2.Common point, 3.Voltage & resistance point, 4.&5.Current point and 6.Display
Here is a picture of a digital multimeter. When powered, numerical digits appear in that screen area,
depicting the amount of voltage, current, or resistance being measured. This particular brand and model of
digital meter has a rotary selector switch and four jacks into which test leads can be plugged. Two leads –
one red (+ve) and one black (-ve) are there. Red probe is connected to either voltage point or current point
which depends on the parameter to be measured. Black is always connected to common point.
Usage of Multimeter
5
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
To measure resistance in a multimeter, make positive lead (Red) to have contact with one end of the
resistor, negative lead (Black) with other end. Be sure not to hold the resistor terminals when measuring
resistance, or else your hand-to-hand body resistance will influence the measurement. Measure its resistance
with your multimeter setto the appropriate resistance range
Build a one-battery, one-resistor circuit. Set your multimeter to the appropriate voltage range and
measure voltage across the resistor as it is being powered by the battery. Record this voltage value along
with the resistance value previously measured. Set your multimeter to the highest current range available.
Break the circuit and connect the ammeter within that break, so it becomes a part of the circuit, in
series with the battery and resistor. Select the best current range: whichever one gives the strongest meter
indication without over-ranging the meter. If your multimeter is auto ranging, of course, you need not bother
with setting ranges. Record this current value along with the resistance and voltage values previously
recorded.
CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE
Cathode ray oscilloscope is a device which allows the amplitude of signals which are functions of
time to be displayed primarily as a function of time. It forms an integral part of electronic laboratories.
It is used to test component like transistors, to measure the strength of voltage and current signal, to
determine the modulation characteristics of AM wave.
6
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
To measure Peak-Peak value:

Connect the signal source output to be measured to Channel A. Peak –Peak value is measured by the
vertical separation from one positive peak to the adjacent negative peak. Number of vertical boxes
multiplied by the scale range indicated by the magnitude knob of the channel A gives the Peak-peak value of
the signal.
To measure time period or frequency:
Time period is measured by the horizontal separation from one positive peak to its adjacent positive
peak. Number of horizontal boxes multiplied by the scale range indicated by the time knob gives the time
period of the signal and its inverse represents frequency.
To measure RMS value:
Root mean square value can be easily found once we know the maximum value of the signal.RMS
value is 1/√2 times maximum value of the waveform.
RESULT:
7
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
Thus a study is made about resistance colour coding and usage of CRO and multimeter.
2. SOLDERING OF SIMPLE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

AIM:
To solder a sample electronic Component and sample electronic circuit and check their continuities.
Soldering kit:
The soldering kit consists of soldering paste (flux) and soldering wire (an alloy of tin and lead).
SOLDERING IRON:
Soldering iron are available in different sizes and wattage such as 25w, 35w, 100w, 150w, 250w etc.
The wastage depends upon the current consumption and requirement. There are 3 types of lit generally
available
• pencil lit
• oval lit
• bent lit
The selection of lit depends upon the place and heat requirement.
SOLDERING HEAT:
During soldering the paste of flux is used to present oxidation of molten solder. Production of heated
surface against oxidation, it helps the flow of molten solder.
Soldering materials:
. The percentage of tin and lead are kept really equally.
The following are the soldering materials used
1. Soft solder-57% of Pb and 43% of tin.
2. Medium solder-50% of Pb and 50% of tin.
3. plumbers solder-70% of Pb and 30% of tin
4. Electronic solder-58% of Pb and 42% of tin.
SOLDERING PROCEDURE:
For good soldering
• The melting point of solder should be 60 degree Celsius less than that of materials to be soldered.
• The solder must be melted with good flow. So that it can fill the gaps.
• A solder must have different sufficient corrosion resistance. So that it may not be opened due to
corrosion.
8
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
• The bit of iron should be always be kept clean and heat.

• Due to oxide formation the tip soldering iron becomes melt and directly on the tip has to be
cleaned periodically.
• The surface of wire is to be cleaned before soldering.
• The joint should be secured by removing the insulation on wires.
General purpose Printed Circuit Board
PCB soldered with transformer, resistor, diodes, capacitor for FWR
RESULT:
9
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
Thus the given sample of electronic components are soldered and checked.
3. GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL USING 555 Timer

AIM:
To generate a clock signal using 555 timer and plot its output waveform graph.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI.No Name Range Quantity

1 Operational IC 555 1
amplifier
2 Resistor 3.3k, 2.2 k 1
3 Capacitor 0.01 micro Farad 2
4 Dual power supply 0 to +5V 1
5 Breadboard -
6 Connecting Wires -
THEORY:
It is a circuit which produces square wave. Here the time of oscillations depends on the value of the
resistance and capacitance. Assume R1=R2=R .When power is on ,Vo automatically swings either to + Vsat
or to – Vsat. Since these are the only stable states allowed by the schmitt trigger. Assume it swings to + V sat
with Vo =+ Vsat. We have V+=1/2 Vsat and capacitor starts charging towards +Vsat through the feedback
path provided by the resistor R3 to the inverting input. As long as the capacitor voltage Vc is less than V+,
the output remains at + Vsat.
As soon as Vc changes to a value slightly greater than V+, the negative input goes positive with respect to
positive input. This switches the output voltage from + Vsat to
-Vsat and we have Vo=-Vsat & V+= -1/2 Vsat Vsat. Here capacitors starts discharging.When
Vc falls below V+, output voltage again change from – Vsat t to + Vsat.
PROCECDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the dual power supply.
3. Note down the output from CRO.
4. Plot the graph.
10
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Pin Diagram of IC 741:
1 8
GND +VCC
2 7
TRIGGER DISCHARGE
IC 555
3 6
OUTPUT THERSHOLD
4 5
RESET CONTROL VOLTAGE
Model Graph:
11
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
RESULT:
Thus the clock signal has been generated using 555 timer
4. STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

AIM:
To study various types of Logic Gates and to verify their truth tables
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI.NO Apparatus Quantity
1 ICμA7432 1
2 IC μA7408 1
3 ICμA 7404 1
4 ICμA 7486 1
5 IC Trainer Kit 1
6 Breadboard -
THEORY:
AND GATE:
The output Q is true if input A AND input B are both true: Y = A AND B (Y=A.B). An AND gate
can have two or more inputs, its output is true if all its inputs are true.
Symbol Truth Table
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
Pin Diagram of IC 7408
1 0 0
1 1 1
12
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
OR GATE:
The output Q is true if input A OR input B is true (or both of them are true): Y = A OR B (Y=A+B).
An OR gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if at least one input is true.
Symbol: Truth Table
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT GATE:
The output Q is true when the input A is NOT true, the output is the inverse or complement of the
input: Q = NOT A . A NOT gate can only have one input. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.
Symbol Truth Table
13
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
A B
0 1
1 0
XOR GATE:
The output Q is true if either input A is true OR input B is true, but not both:
Y = (A AND NOT B) OR (B AND NOT A) [Y=A B]. This like an OR gate but excluding both inputs
being true. The output is true if inputs A and B are different. EX-OR gates can only have 2 inputs.
Symbol Truth Table
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
14
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
RESULT:
Thus the various types of Logic Gates have been studied and verified.
5. MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR HWR AND FWR
AIM:
To study half wave rectifiers and full wave rectifiers and measure their ripple factors with and without
capacitor filter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI.NO Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Centre tapped transformer (15-0-15)V 1
2 Transformer (0-6V) 1
3 Resistor 1kΩ 1
4 Capacitor 100µF 1
5 PN Diode 1N4001 2
6 CRO (0-20)MHZ 1
7 Breadboard 1
THEORY:
The process of converting AC voltage and current to direct current is called rectification. A rectifier
is an electronic device that offers a low resistance to current in one direction and a high resistance in other
direction is capable of converting a sinusoidal waveform into unidirectional waveform. In order to achieve a
constant/pure DC voltage at the output, filtering should be done to the pulsating DC output of the rectifier.
15
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
The output varies with the variation in AC mains. Hence a voltage regulator is used to maintain the output
voltage at the same value. Diodes are used in a rectifier circuit to convert AC into DC. When only one half
of the AC cycle is rectified, it is known as half wave rectifier. When both the half-cycles are rectified, it is
known as full wave rectifier.
PROCEDURE:
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:
Without Capacitor Filter:
1. Connect the primary side of transformer to 230V, 50Hz AC source and observe the output at the
secondary circuit with the help of a CRO or multimeter.
2. Connect the Circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect the CRO across the load. Set the CRO switch to ground mode. Observe the horizontal line
and adjust it to the centre of the screen.
4. Change the CRO mode to DC and observe the waveform. Record its Amplitude (Vm) and frequency.
5. Calculate the average DC value (Vdc) using the relation Vdc= Vm /π.
6. Calculate Vrms using the relation Vrms=Vm/ 2
7. Find the ripple factor from the formula γ=Vrms/Vdc
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:
Without Capacitor Filter:
1. Connect the primary side of transformer to 230V, 50Hz AC source and observe the output at the
secondary circuit with the help of a CRO or multimeter.
2. Connect the Circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect the CRO across the load. Set the CRO switch to ground mode. Observe the horizontal line
and adjust it to the centre of the screen.
4. Change the CRO mode to DC and observe the waveform. Record its amplitude (Vm) and frequency.
5. Calculate the average DC value (Vdc) using the relation Vdc= 2Vm /π
6. Calculate Vrms using the relation Vrms=Vm/ Sqrt 2
7. Find the ripple factor from the formula γ=Vrms/Vdc
16
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
HWR- WITHOUT CAPACITOR:
HWR- WITH CAPACITOR:
17
LECT/ECE
Rev. No :
FWR: WITHOUT CAPACITOR
FWR: WITH CAPACITOR
RESULT:
The HWR and FWR are studied and ripple factors with and without capacitor filter are obtained.
18
LECT/ECE

EPlab

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

EPlab

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

S.K.P Institute of Technology Doc No : 7.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

GROUP B (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS)

IV.ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE 13 hours

1. Study of Electronic components and equipments-resistor, color coding, measurement

2. Study of Logic Gates AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT

3. Generation of Clock signal.

5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.

1. STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

Resistor colour coding:

Color band A -Brown

To measure Peak-Peak value:

2. SOLDERING OF SIMPLE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

• The bit of iron should be always be kept clean and heat.

PCB soldered with transformer, resistor, diodes, capacitor for FWR

3. GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL USING 555 Timer

SI.No Name Range Quantity

Pin Diagram of IC 741:

4. STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

Pin Diagram of IC 7432

Symbol Truth Table

Pin Diagram of IC 7404

Symbol Truth Table

Pin Diagram of IC 7486

SI.NO Apparatus Range Quantity

HWR- WITHOUT CAPACITOR:

HWR- WITH CAPACITOR:

FWR: WITHOUT CAPACITOR

FWR: WITH CAPACITOR

Potrebbero piacerti anche