INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS.

STEP 2

ONLINE MAGAZINE

GROUP: 518017_54

BY:

ROSALINDA PEREZ

CAMILA ALEJANDRA ROMERO

ANDRÉS DORIA LÓPEZ

UNAD

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

2020
ROSALINDA PEREZ:

1. Read the following two documents “An Introduction to Linguistics and Language

Studies” pages 1-13, by McCabe A, and “Linguistics”; and also, read the document

‘Linguistics’ by Bauer, Laurie. Pages 10-18, found in UNIT 1, in the Knowledge

Environment.

2. Based on the first document, do Exercise 1.4 in page 13. You have six phrases and

you have to identify them to whom the phrases might belong, “Attribute each of the…

phrases to Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky, or Michael Halliday.

‘If we could embrace the sum of word-images stored in the minds of all individuals, we

could identify the social bond that constitutes language. It is a storehouse filled by the

members of a given community through their active use of speaking, a grammatical

system that has a potential existence in each brain, or, specifically, in the brains of a

group of individuals. For language is not complete in any speaker; it exists perfectly

only within a collectivity.’

Ferdinan de Saussure

‘It seems clear that we must regard linguistic competence – knowledge of a language –

as an abstract system underlying behavior, a system constituted by rules that interact

to determine the form and intrinsic meaning of a potentially infinite number of

sentences.

Noam Chomsky

‘Every text – that is, everything that is said or written – unfolds in some context of use;

furthermore, it is the uses of language that, over tens of thousands of generations,

have shaped the system. Language has evolved to satisfy human needs; and the way it

is organized is functional with respect to these needs.’

Michael Halliday

‘Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-hearer, in a completely

homogeneous speech community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected

by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts

of attention and interest, errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge

of the language in actual performance.’

Noam Chomsky

‘Language is a system of interdependent terms in which the value of each term results

solely from the simultaneous presence of the others … [for example]. To determine

what a five-franc piece is worth one most know: (1) that it can be exchanged for a

fixed quantity of a different thing, e.g. bread; and (2) that it can be compared with a

similar value of the same system, e.g. a one-franc piece, or with coins of another

system (a dollar, etc.). In the same way a word can be exchanged for something

dissimilar, an idea; besides, it can be compared with something of the same nature,

another word. Its value is therefore not fixed so long as one simply states that it can be

‘exchanged’ for a given concept.’

Ferdinan de Saussure

‘Spoken and written language, then, tend to display different KINDS of complexity;

each of them is more complex in its own way. Written language tends to be lexically

dense but grammatically simple; spoken language tends to be grammatically intricate

but lexically sparse’ … ‘The value of having some explicit knowledge of the grammar of
written language is that you can use this knowledge, not only to analyze the texts, but

as a critical resource for asking questions about them.’

Michael Halliday

What motivates your response?

In the text I did not find literal answers, but it can be deduced to whom each phrase

was attributed.

What does the quote tell you about their perspective on the study and analysis of

language?

Although scholars conceive of language in slightly different ways and focus on different

aspects, it is not difficult to relate one theory to another and it is not difficult to realize

that the center of their exhausting studies have been: the acquisition of a second

language based on our original language and its study. In addition to giving us advice

and teaching us how to teach it, it also allows us to choose which theory we want to

work on.

3. Based on the second text ‘Linguistics’ in “Bauer, Laurie; The Linguistic Student's

Handbook” Answer the following question: why is Linguistics definitely considered a

science? In your answer, involve the other language areas such as semiotics, philology

and literature.

We can consider linguistics as a science because it is who is responsible for studying

language, its origins and how it has been its evolution. Since he is the one who studies

the variations of the language, he also plays an important role in acquiring the same.

As teachers, and teachers of foreign languages (that is, we have to learn it after having

learned and adapted to a set of previous grammar rules) we must focus on it and make

it our center of study and teaching.

Linguistics is defined by Ferdinan de Saussure as "a system of signs where each

element is distributed and organized to act in a unified way." Having knowledge of this
and what was said earlier (that linguistics studies the signs, which are part of language,

in the company of social factors to generate speech) then begins to talk about

Semiology, which is defined as "the science that studies the signs in social life. "

4. the following two questions you have to consult and then explain:

4.1 The concept of ‘double articulation’ is a classic one at identifying language,

please, explain it, and give examples.

It refers to the way in which language is organized, thus distinguishing between two

levels:

The first level is made up of monems or linguistic signs.

The second level is to which the individual sounds that lack meaning and that form the

components of the first level belong.

A monem is the smallest linguistic unit endowed with meaning and meaning. By

combining monem, higher linguistic units are obtained: words, phrases and sentences,

then there is the phoneme, which we will define as the smallest linguistic unit that has

a significant but no meaning.

Example:

4.2 Human language is different from other semiotic systems, explain at least three

characteristics, that according to Linguistics, are unique to human language (give

references)
CAMILA ALEJANDRA ROMERO:

1. Read the following two documents “An Introduction to Linguistics and

Language Studies” pages 1-13, by McCabe A, and “Linguistics”; and also, read

the document ‘Linguistics’ by Bauer, Laurie. Pages 10-18, found in UNIT 1, in

the Knowledge Environment.

2. Based on the first document, do Exercise 1.4 in page 13. You have six phrases

and you have to identify them to whom the phrases might belong, “Attribute

each of the…phrases to Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky, or Michael

Halliday.

‘If we could embrace the sum of word-images stored in the minds of all

individuals, we could identify the social bond that constitutes language. It is a

storehouse filled by the members of a given community through their active use

of speaking, a grammatical system that has a potential existence in each brain,

or, specifically, in the brains of a group of individuals. For language is not

complete in any speaker; it exists perfectly only within a collectivity.’

Ferdinan de Saussure

‘It seems clear that we must regard linguistic competence – knowledge of a

language – as an abstract system underlying behavior, a system constituted by

rules that interact to determine the form and intrinsic meaning of a potentially

infinite number of sentences.

Noam Chomsky
‘Every text – that is, everything that is said or written – unfolds in some context

of use; furthermore, it is the uses of language that, over tens of thousands of

generations, have shaped the system. Language has evolved to satisfy human

needs; and the way it is organized is functional with respect to these needs.’

Michael Halliday

‘Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-hearer, in a

completely homogeneous speech community, who knows its language perfectly

and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory

limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, errors (random or

characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual

performance.’

Noam Chomsky

‘Language is a system of interdependent terms in which the value of each term

results solely from the simultaneous presence of the others … [for example].

To determine what a five-franc piece is worth one most know: (1) that it can be

exchanged for a fixed quantity of a different thing, e.g. bread; and (2) that it can

be compared with a similar value of the same system, e.g. a one-franc piece, or

with coins of another system (a dollar, etc.). In the same way a word can be

exchanged for something dissimilar, an idea; besides, it can be compared with

something of the same nature, another word. Its value is therefore not fixed so

long as one simply states that it can be ‘exchanged’ for a given concept.’

Ferdinan de Saussure
‘Spoken and written language, then, tend to display different KINDS of

complexity; each of them is more complex in its own way. Written language

tends to be lexically dense but grammatically simple; spoken language tends to

be grammatically intricate but lexically sparse’ … ‘The value of having some

explicit knowledge of the grammar of written language is that you can use this

knowledge, not only to analyze the texts, but as a critical resource for asking

questions about them.’

Michael Halliday

What motivates your response?

In the text I did not find literal answers, but it can be deduced to whom each

phrase was attributed.

What does the quote tell you about their perspective on the study and analysis of

language?

Although scholars conceive of language in slightly different ways and focus on

different aspects, it is not difficult to relate one theory to another and it is not

difficult to realize that the center of their exhausting studies have been: the

acquisition of a second language based on our original language and its study. In

addition to giving us advice and teaching us how to teach it, it also allows us to

choose which theory we want to work on.

3. Based on the second text ‘Linguistics’ in “Bauer, Laurie; The Linguistic

Student's Handbook” Answer the following question: why is Linguistics

definitely considered a science? In your answer, involve the other language areas

such as semiotics, philology and literature.

We can consider linguistics as a science because it is who is responsible for

studying language, its origins and how it has been its evolution. Since he is the
one who studies the variations of the language, he also plays an important role in

acquiring the same. As teachers, and teachers of foreign languages (that is, we

have to learn it after having learned and adapted to a set of previous grammar

rules) we must focus on it and make it our center of study and teaching.

Linguistics is defined by Ferdinan de Saussure as "a system of signs where each

element is distributed and organized to act in a unified way." Having knowledge

of this and what was said earlier (that linguistics studies the signs, which are part

of language, in the company of social factors to generate speech) then begins to

talk about Semiology, which is defined as "the science that studies the signs in

social life. "

4. the following two questions you have to consult and then explain:

4.1 The concept of ‘double articulation’ is a classic one at identifying

language, please, explain it, and give examples.

It refers to the way in which language is organized, thus distinguishing between

two levels:

The first level is made up of monems or linguistic signs.

The second level is to which the individual sounds that lack meaning and that

form the components of the first level belong.

A monem is the smallest linguistic unit endowed with meaning and meaning. By

combining monem, higher linguistic units are obtained: words, phrases and

sentences, then there is the phoneme, which we will define as the smallest

linguistic unit that has a significant but no meaning.

Example:
 4.2 Human language is different from other semiotic systems, explain at least

three characteristics, that according to Linguistics, are unique to human language

(give references)
ANDRÉS DORIA LÓPEZ:

• Each of the following phrases to Ferdinand de Sausurre, Noam Chomsky

or Michael Halliday. What motivates your response? What does the quotation

tell you about your perspective on the study and analysis of language?

1. ‘If we could cover the sum of images of words stored in the minds of all

individuals, we could identify the social bond that constitutes language. It is a

reservoir filled by members of a given community through its active use of

speech, a grammatical system that has a potential existence in each brain or,

specifically, in the brain of a group of individuals. Because language is not

complete in any speaker; it exists perfectly only within a collective”. Ferdinand

de Sausurre,

• What motivates your response?

• Sausurre expresses language in a natural way and reveals itself in a

significant way in our memory.

• What does the quotation tell you about your perspective on the study and

analysis of language?

A diachronic approach or study of overtime as it gave little importance to

understand how became as they were, emphasizing instead a synchronization

one that focuses on describing language at a given point in time as it exists as a

system. Saussure saw language as a system of which consist of two parts:

meaning and significance.

2. "It seems clear that we should consider linguistic competence -

knowledge of a language - as an abstract system that underlies behavior, a

system consisting of rules that interact to determine the intrinsic form and

meaning of a potentially infinite number of sentences." Noam Chomsky

1. What motivates your response?

• Demonstrates that the construction of meanings leads to an analysis of

nominal phrases such as verbs, nominal phrases, prepositional phrases, etc.

What does the quotation tell you about your perspective on the study and

analysis of language?

Of us has a mental repository of the rules by which our language or dialect

linguistic elements in well-formed chains; that is, each have the syntactic

experience in mind in terms of a set of finite rules, which allows us to generate

an infinite number of sentences, many of which have never heard before.

2. ‘Each text, that is, everything that is said or written is developed in some

context of use; furthermore, it is the uses of language that, for tens of thousands

of generations, have shaped the system. Language has evolved to meet human

needs, and the way it is organized is functional concerning these needs. ”

Michael Halliday

• What motivates your response?

• Expresses that language is a system that provides aspects that seek to

guarantee and provide better functions as time passes.

• What does the quotation tell you about your perspective on the study and

analysis of language?

Refers to the linguistic choices made in given situation contexts; that is, in a

particular context, people will tend to give appropriate meanings to the through

appropriate lexical-grammatical elections (i.e. elections to vocabulario and

grammar).

4. 'Linguistic theory deals primarily with an ideal listening speaker, in a

completely homogeneous speaking community, who knows his language

perfectly and is not affected by grammatically irrelevant conditions such as

memory limitations, distractions, changes in attention and interest, errors

(random or characteristic) when applying your knowledge of the language in

actual performance. Noam Chomsky

• What motivates your response?

• Can be said that Chomsky tries to refer to aspects in completely

homogeneous speech communication, who knows perfectly the language (of the

speech community) and is not affected by grammatically irrelevant conditions.

• What does the quotation tell you about your perspective on the study and

analysis of language?

• In this sense refers to an idealized grammar model that a speaker has in

his head. In science, idealizations are very common. It assumes that a speech

community shares many important characteristics of a language (speech

communication is "homogeneous").

5. ‘Language is a system of interdependent terms in which the value of each

term results only from the simultaneous presence of others ... [For example]. To

determine how much a five-franc piece is worth, one more knows: (1) that it can

be exchanged for a fixed amount of a different thing, p. bread; and (2) that can

be compared with a similar value of the same system, e.g. a piece of a franc, or

with coins of another system (a dollar, etc.). Similarly, a word can be exchanged

for something different, an idea; besides, it can be compared with something of

the same nature, another word. Therefore, its value is not fixed as long as one

simply says that it can be "exchanged" for a given concept. ” Ferdinand de

Sausurre,
• What motivates your response?

• Justifies a character where a psychological character of language is

demonstrated using images that can be expressed through a play of meanings.

• What does the quotation tell you about your perspective on the study and

analysis of language?

• Is the study of the system of a language To articulate the elements that

distinguish one functional form from another. This understanding of differences

is what constitutes the ability to give meaning to language. The structuralists

make

• inventories to delineate the language.

6. ‘Spoken and written language, then, tends to show different TYPES of

complexity; Each one of them is more complex in its way. Written language

tends to be lexically dense but grammatically simple; Spoken language tends to

be grammatically complex but lexically minded '...' The value of having an

explicit knowledge of the grammar of written language is that you can use this

knowledge, not only to analyze texts, but as a critical resource for ask questions

about them. ' Michael Halliday

• What motivates your response?

• Would say that Halliday explains the grammar in a systemic way where

you can understand the language with new methods that provide a better

understanding of a constructive critical form.

• What does the quotation tell you about your perspective on the study and

analysis of language?

• Raises a systemic framework of functional choices in its linguistic

theory. Thus, language is a system of choices at different levels, and each choice

provides an aspect of meaning.

Based on the second "Linguistics" text in "Bauer, Laurie; The Linguistic Student

Handbook" Answer the following question: why is linguistics considered a

science? In your answer, involve the other areas of language, such as semiotics,

philology and literature.

Is linguistics definitely considered a science?

Although for many linguists it is controversial to consider this as a science

because to refer to this word there are certain doubts about certain policies that

express it as a prestigious fear of financing. But this is not the case since,

through its progress in time, theories have been released that show that this is a

science that seeks the potential study of languages based on their linguistic

structure, so it is usually considered as the science in charge of human language.

On the other hand it is very useful to keep in mind that linguistic tools are

essential for cultural development within human cultures, in fact they have

objectives such as the understanding of activities and signs and great

Aspects that are constituted in society. It should also be emphasized that thanks

to the principles that occurred in mid-history as the customs of science as a

language For the beginner linguist, to say that it is a science where it can be

interpreted as a careful observation of the relevant phenomena of the world real,

the classification of these phenomena and the search for useful patterns in the

observed and classified phenomena that teach us all societies.

• the following two questions you should consult and then explain:

• Concept of "double articulation" is classic to identify the language,

explain it and give examples.

The double articulation is considered as a linguistic feature, which consists of

the decomposition of the linguistic sign into minimal units with meanings

(monemas) and without significant (phonemes). In other words, double

articulation is considered as a common characteristic in all languages.

In fact, this concept is very important and to be able to identify the language

because you can have a more efficient conversation when generating a sign

system.

Examples:

In the monema, it is formed by signs for meanings and signifiers that are

articulated in other signs.

La palabra SEÑOR es un lexema del que se desprenden palabras como:

Señor-a

Señor-as

Señor-es

Señor-ita

Señor-itas

- El + perr/o + jug/aba + con + la niñ/ita

Phonemes are those units of meanings that articulate themselves to form signs or

words.

BILABIAL: Mamá, Perro, Patín, Pelota etc.

-LABIODENTAL: Finalización, Financiación, Fin, Fábula etc.

-DENTAL: Diente, Tren, Dedal, Doncella

E/l + p/e/r/r/o + j/u/g/a/b/a + c/o/n + l/a + n/i/ñ/i/t/a

4.2 Human language is different from other semiotic systems, explain at least

three characteristics that, according to linguistics, are unique to human language

(provide references).

• The components of the linguistic activity:

• In this section, we offer two schemes: one corresponding to human

linguistic activity and another corresponding to human language levels. Schemes

and figures are very powerful teaching instruments, which help to visualize in a

global and holistic way a certain set of relationships that, through oral and

written language, can only express sequentially and consecutively, thus making

it difficult to capture this series of interrelationships. Sequential or consecutive

that characterize complex systems.

• The visibility of the indicated languages:

• Say that the indicated languages are visible seems to be a truism, but this

fact is sometimes used to underestimate these languages against the oral ones,

which are much less obvious. It must be said that spoken languages are also

physically performed, although in a medium that is not primarily visible, but

audible. The two modalities are carried out by physical means and transmit

physically recordable and parsable signals. Therefore, the two modalities are

equally materially explicit. The indicated languages are visualizable, but that

does not mean that they are more material and concrete and, therefore, more

primitive than the oral ones.

• in a spoken language and in a designated language:

• Look at a very simple and elementary concrete example to illustrate this

definition. Suppose we want to express the UNO concept in Spanish. The first

thing we will do is go to the component of the linguistic form and, more

specifically, to the lexicon to give linguistic form to this concept. In the

languages of vocal gestures, we have the word <uno>, which is done through

two coordinated and successive gestures. First, we have the gesture of raising the

back of the tongue towards the back of the palate while we extend or take out the

lips. This produces the sound [u]. Next, we place the tip of the tongue over the

alveoli while allowing air to enter the nasal cavity, keeping the uvula separated

from the pharyngeal wall, to immediately remove the tip of the tongue and

slightly raise the back of the tongue towards the back of the palate, while

extending the lips. This produces the syllable [no].

References: http://www.euphoniaediciones.com/plataforma/libros/el-lenguaje-

humano-y-la-actividad-linguistica-29-250-1-2-1