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1. INTRODUCTION
Since the source properties can be obtained starting only from the effects
recorded at Earth's surface, the correction factors for focus – site path and local
structure response are fundamental to properly understand the rupture process in
the source. The correction becomes increasingly difficult when higher frequencies
are involved in the recordings because high frequencies are related to small-scale
inhomogeneities, difficult or impossible to be controlled. For this reason, most of
the source studies are limited to low frequencies and to a scale large enough so that
we can ignore the detailed processes in the source and the structure inhomogeneities of
small wavelength in the seismic wave path. Any extension in the upper frequency
range represents a challenge for seismologists.
Rom. Journ. Phys., Vol. 56, Nos. 1–2, P. 265–278, Bucharest, 2011
266 E. Popescu et al. 2
Ukraine
o o
48 48
Iasi
o
o 47
47
Legend
Tro
tus
fa ult Epicentres of the earthquake
Birlad sequence of 29 November-
3 December 2007
o o
46 46 Epicenter of the
Vrincioaia main shock
Focsani
faults
Gatati
Tulcea Cities
Buzau Ianca
o
o 45
45
Slobozia
Bucuresti
o o
44 44
Bulgaria
o o
43 43
o o o o o o o o o o
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Fig. 1. Epicentral distribution of the sequence of 29 November – 3 December, 2007. The positions of
Ramnicu Sarat source and Vrancea source are schematically drawn by empty and dashed ellipses,
respectively. The sequence analyzed in the present study is located to the north of the RS crustal zone.
3 Earthquake sequence occurred in the Ramnicu Sarat area 267
Table 1
Catalog of the located events of the Ramnicu Sarat sequence. The third event is the main shock.
Nr. Year/month/day hh:mm:ss Lat (oN) Lon (oE) h (km) MD
1 2007/11/29 16:01:26.80 45.979 27.080 39 2.2
2 2007/11/29 18:03:26.41 45.658 27.244 10 2.1
3 2007/11/29 18:50:06.03 45.615 27.024 19 3.9
4 2007/11/29 18:54:36.38 45.729 27.060 31 2.4
5 2007/11/29 19:02:02.72 45.885 27.231 37 2.0
6 2007/11/29 19:32:52.57 46.032 27.338 30 2.2
7 2007/11/29 19:42:50.69 45.922 27.136 38 1.8
8 2007/11/29 19:42:50.43 45.945 27.193 35 1.8
9 2007/11/29 19:59:03.29 46.009 27.182 33 2.1
10 2007/11/29 20:09:18.05 46.018 27.181 31 2.1
11 2007/11/29 20:23:09.27 45.776 27.074 35 1.9
12 2007/11/29 20:33:53.91 45.993 27.186 33 2.1
13 2007/11/29 21:19:55.29 45.685 27.039 28 2.3
14 2007/11/30 02:04:35.96 45.935 27.140 31 1.8
15 2007/11/30 05:05:40.28 45.345 26.447 4 2.2
16 2007/11/30 05:24:01.08 46.008 27.205 30 2.0
17 2007/11/30 06:30:30.89 45.775 27.074 35 2.4
18 2007/11/30 06:38:29.33 45.858 27.088 41 2.0
19 2007/11/30 08:56:31.24 45.988 27.175 32 2.0
20 2007/11/30 09:21:20.92 45.636 27.037 17 2.3
21 2007/11/30 13:12:03.23 45.905 27.139 43 2.1
22 2007/11/30 13:17:44.51 45.925 27.145 40 2.0
23 2007/11/30 19:23:54.05 45.879 27.117 33 2.0
24 2007/12/01 03:13:44.46 45.683 27.110 27 2.6
25 2007/12/01 03:14:42.48 45.647 27.046 18 2.6
26 2007/12/01 07:55:07.19 45.581 27.060 7 2.7
27 2007/12/01 11:10:40.18 45.813 27.265 18 2.5
28 2007/12/01 18:23:01.34 45.566 27.032 10 2.7
29 2007/12/01 19:44:29.66 45.719 27.025 27 2.5
30 2007/12/01 21:31:47.74 45.883 27.154 33 2.3
31 2007/12/02 00:08:13.97 45.844 27.087 30 2.2
32 2007/12/02 11:02:28.04 45.917 27.115 29 2.4
33 2007/12/02 14:13:20.00 45.969 27.180 34 1.8
34 2007/12/02 16:45:11.08 45.555 27.003 10 2.0
35 2007/12/02 16:45:11.29 45.719 27.008 31 2.0
36 2007/12/02 16:51:00.33 46.034 27.218 32 2.0
37 2007/12/02 19:10:18.62 45.834 27.050 33 2.0
38 2007/12/02 19:17:55.04 45.638 26.971 27 2.3
39 2007/12/03 01:13:44.76 45.717 27.006 30 2.0
40 2007/12/03 07:16:50.71 45.744 27.017 33 2.0
41 2007/12/03 13:57:33.29 45.963 27.158 35 2.0
268 E. Popescu et al. 4
46.0
45.9
Lat. o N
45.8
45.7
45.6
45.5 BRD
26.9 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4
Lon. oE
Fig. 2. Epicentres of the study sequence events. The solid line represents the large axis of the
associated ellipse distribution, oriented N28oE; red star is the main shock;
the green cross is the foreshock; the blue cross is the first event generated after the main shock.
The BRD station is the closest station.
46.1
46.0
2007
45.9
Vrincioaia
45.8
45.6
2004
1991
45.5 1986
45.4
Ramnicu Sarat
45.3 1983
45.2
2005
Buzau Ianca
45.1
Fig. 3. The epicentral distribution of the seismic sequences produced in the Ramnicu Sarat region in
the last 25 years. For each sequence the epicenter of the associated main shock is represented by red
stars. Triangles are cities. In all cases the main shocks are located at the SW edge of the aftershock
clusters, except the sequence on 10 September 2005.
N
D TUD
D CFR GRE D
D MDB ISR D
C BMR MLR D
D BZS KIS D
P
P
PP
PPP
P
P
P
PPP
PP
PP
P
C GZR T
T
T
T TIRR C
T
TT
T
C AR1 T
TTT
T CVD C
TT
TT
T
D VOIR TLCR C
C VAR HARR C
C GHR TES D
C PET PLOR D
D ODB VRI D
Fig. 4. The solution of the fault plan of the main shock of the Ramnicu Sarat 29 November 2007
sequence obtained from the polarities of the first P-wave arrivals. All the possible nodal planes
and principal axes are plotted [5].
270 E. Popescu et al. 6
To apply the relative methods to estimate the source parameters we use the
database of waveforms recorded during the sequence by the Kinemetrics K2 digital
stations of the Romania seismic network for the earthquakes in Table 1. Only the
recordings with satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio are selected.
The relative methods (such as spectral ratios or empirical Green’s function
deconvolution) belong to a class of techniques conceived to efficiently remove the
undesired effects of path, site and instrument in order to constrain the source
parameters [7–10]. The clue of such techniques is to analyze together pairs of
events generated close each other and recorded by common stations. The conditions
required are:
– to be located as close as possible
– to have similar waveforms
– to show similar focal mechanisms
– to have differences among the magnitudes in a cluster of co-located events
of at least one unit
In the case of the empirical Green’s function deconvolution, the smaller event
in a pair should approximate a Green’s function and therefore the pulse width
should be significantly smaller than for the main event. This restriction is not
compulsory in the spectral ratios technique which allows the simultaneous estimation
of source parameters for the selected pair of events, as long as the instrument is
broadband and the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficiently high in frequency band of interest.
For a source model with uniform rupture and high-frequency spectral decay
of ω-2, the spectral ratio can be approximated by the theoretical function:
1/ 2
Ω0M 1 + ( f / f cG )
2γ
R( f ) = (1)
1/ 2
ΩG0 1 + ( f / f cM )
2 γ
where Ω0M, Ω0G are low-frequency asymptotes of the amplitude spectra for the
principal and Green’s function events, fcM, fcG are the corner frequencies, γ is the
spectral decay at the high frequencies.
The function that best approximates the observed spectral ratio is obtained
through a nonlinear regression procedure. The free parameters are: the ratio of the
seismic moments (equal with the ratio of low-frequency levels) and the corner
frequencies of the pair of events. As it is well known [11], the corner frequency is
directly related to the size of the rupture area, according to the relation:
r = 0.28Vs/fc (2)
where r is the equivalent radius of the source and Vs is S waves velocity. With
relation (2) we determine the radius of the source from the corner frequency
7 Earthquake sequence occurred in the Ramnicu Sarat area 271
(rG sr – radius of the Green’s function from spectral ratios, rMsr the radius of the
main event from spectral ratios).
We applied the spectral ratios and empirical Green’s function techniques to
the events given in the Table 2. The seismograms (vertical component) for the ‘main’
and ‘empirical Green’s function’ earthquakes are presented in Fig. 5: the main
shock of 29 November 18:50 and the aftershocks of 29 November 18:54, 1 December
03:14, 1 December 07:55.
Table 2
The earthquakes considered in the present study for application of relative methods.
The parameters for the main shock are represented by bold characters
Nr Data hh:mm lat (0N) lon (0E) h (km) MD
P 2007/11/29 18:50:06.03 45.615 27.024 19 3.9
1 2007/11/29 18:54:36.38 45.729 27.060 31 2.4
2 2007/12/01 03:14:42.48 45.647 27.046 18 2.6
3 2007/12/01 07:55:07.19 45.581 27.060 7 2.7
50000
main shock-29/11/2007, 18:50
40000
30000
Amplitude [nm/s]
20000
10000
0
-10000
-20000
-30000
-40000
-50000
0 10 20 30 40
1500 t [s]
1200 empirical Green's function - 29/11/2007, 18:54
900
600
300
0
-300
-600
-900
-1200
-1500
-1800
0 10 20 30 40
2000
1600
1200 empirical Green's function- 01/12/2007, 3:14
800
400
0
-400
-800
-1200
-1600
-2000
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
Fig. 5. The waveforms of the main event of 29 November 18:50 and the associated empirical
Green’s functions of 29 November 18:54, of 1 December 03:14 and 1 December 07:55
as recorded at Vrincioaia station (VRI).
272 E. Popescu et al. 8
4. RESULTS
First, we applied the spectral ratios method to estimate the seismic moment
and corner frequency for the selected events using the recordings at Vrincioaia
station (for the station location see Figs. 1 and 3) alone because the waveforms for
Greens’s events at other stations are too noisy. The spectra are computed for
windows of P-wave train of 5 s for all events. The resulted spectral ratios are
plotted in Fig. 6.
The seismic moment ratio (a) and the corner frequencies (fcM and fcG) for each
pair are obtained by approximating the observed spectral ratio with the theoretical
function (1). The resulted values are given in the Table 3. The corner frequency of
the main event determined for the three pair ratios is quite stable (2.42–2.58 Hz).
Because the method is relative, it does not allow simultaneous estimation of the
absolute values of seismic moments for both earthquakes (but only their ratio).
Choosing the seismic moment of the main event as reference (for the main shock
we estimated seismic moment by using spectral methods), we estimate the absolute
values of the seismic moments of the Green’s functions associated. The results are
presented in Table 4. On the basis of the resulting corner frequency the source
radius (rsr) is computed using equation (2).
Table 3 a
Source parameters obtained for the event pair 2007/11/29, 18:50 – 2007/11/29, 18:54
Station a fcG fcM rGsr rM sr τ1/2 r Mrt
(Hz) (Hz) (m) (m) (s) (m)
VRI 1.84 5.10 2.44 194 405 0.09 1102
Table 3 b
Source parameters obtained for the event pair 2007/11/29, 18:50 – 2007/12/01, 3:14
Station a fcG fcM rGsr rM sr τ1/2 r Mrt
(Hz) (Hz) (m) (m) (s) (m)
VRI 2.20 6.09 2.42 163 408 0.095 1164
Table 3 c
Source parameters obtained for the event pair 2007/11/29, 18:50 – 2007/12/01, 07:55
Station a fcG fcM rGsr rM sr τ1/2 r Mrt
(Hz) (Hz) (m) (m) (s) (m)
VRI 1.63 4.54 2.58 198 348 0.1 1094
log sr
1
-1
-1
Fig. 6. Spectral ratios (sr) in the case of pairs of the main earthquake of 29 November 2007 and
empirical Green’s functions of 29 November 2007 18:54, of 1 December 03:14 and
of 1 December 2007 07:55.
Table 4
The source parameters of the main event (average values) and of the selected aftershocks
Nr Data <fc> <rsr> <τ1/2 > <∆σrsr> <Mo >
(Hz) (m) (s) MPa (Nm)
P 2007/11/29 2.48 ± 0.09 387 ± 34 0.095 ± 0.005 9.0 7.40 × 1014
1 2007/11/29 5.10 194 - 2.5 4.02 × 1014
2 2007/12/01 6.09 163 - 4.0 3.36 × 1014
3 2007/12/01 4.54 198 - 2.6 4.54 × 1014
274 E. Popescu et al. 10
relative amplitude
1
0
τ =0.18s
-1
-2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
t [s]
4
3
2
1 τ =0.19s
0
-1
-2
-3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0
τ = 0.20s
-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
The source duration (τ) or the rise time (τ1/2) provides an alternative way to
estimate the radius of the source according to [12]:
r = (τ1/2v)/(1-v/αsinθ) (3)
where τ1/2 can be approximated by half of the pulse width, v is the rupture velocity
in the source (we adopt the value v = 0.9 β, where β is the S – wave propagation
11 Earthquake sequence occurred in the Ramnicu Sarat area 275
0.8
0.6
τ = 0.19 s
0.4
relative amplitude
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
t [s]
Fig. 8. Average source time function for the main earthquake of 29 November 2007 resulted from
deconvolution with the three selected Green’s function events. The dashed lines represent the
standard error. The individual source time functions deconvolved using the three
empirical Green’s functions are normalized before averaging.
After the estimation of seismic moment and source radius we calculate the
Brune’s stress drop using:
7M 0
∆σ B = (4)
16r 3
Finally, we interpret the behavior of the acceleration spectra at high
frequencies as a function of theoretical modeling. For a source of ω-2 type (Brune’s
source), the acceleration spectrum is given by:
R (θ ,φ ) M 0 ( 2π f )
2
S( f ) = ⋅ A( f ) (5)
4πρβ 3 1 + ( f / f c )2
6
log A
Fig. 9. The acceleration spectra and the best approximating theoretical functions
for the study earthquakes.
13 Earthquake sequence occurred in the Ramnicu Sarat area 277
Table 5
The spectral parameters estimated from the acceleration spectra recorded by the Vrincioaia
(VRI) station for the study earthquakes
Nr. Ev. h MW a0 fc fmax m
(km) (Hz) (Hz)
1. 2007/11/29 19 3.9 6.60 2.51 7.52 2.65
2. 2007/11/29 31 2.4 4.84 4.32 10.15 2.88
3. 2007/12/01 18 2.6 4.34 4.08 15.32 2.50
4. 2007/12/01 7 2.7 4.87 4.67 11.45 2.80
5. CONCLUSIONS
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of Bergen, Norway, 256 p. (2001).
6. M. Radulian, N. Mândrescu, G. Panza, E. Popescu, A. Utale, Pure Appl. Geophys., 157, Nos. 1–2,
57–77 (2000).
7. C.S. Mueller, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 33–36 (1985).
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10. G.T. Lindley, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84, 1051–1057 (1994).
11. J.N. Brune, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 4997–5009 (1970)
12. J. Boatwright, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 70, 1–28 (1980).