ENERGY PRINCIPLES

Principle of virtual Work and Energy

1. Principle of virtual work was developed by mohr.

State whether the above sentence is true or false.

a) True

b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: Principle of virtual work was developed by John Bernoulli.

2. What is the relation between work done by external loads and work done by
internal loads.

a) They are unequal

b) They are equal

c) Can’t say

d) Depends upon load

Answer: b

Explanation: External and internal displacements must be related by compatibility

of displacement.

3. Dummy unit load method and virtual work method are two different approaches.

State whether the above statement is true or false.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: They both are same methods.

4. To apply this method it is :-

a) Compulsory for external and internal forces to be in equilibrium

b) Not compulsory for external and internal forces to be in equilibrium

c) Compulsory for external and internal forces to be in equilibrium in higher loads

d) Compulsory for external and internal forces to be in equilibrium in lesser loads

Answer: a

Explanation: Since we are equating work done, it compulsory for them to be in

equilibrium.

5. This method can be applied when:-

a) Elastic limit is exceeded

b) Elastic limit is not exceeded

c) Doesn’t depend upon elastic limit

d) Can’t say

Answer: b

Explanation: As after elastic limit, work done can’t be equated.

6. This method can be applied when:-

a) Supports are moving

b) Supports are not moving

c) Can be applied in both case

d) Can be applied in neither cases

Answer: b

Explanation: It is required for structure to be stable for application of this method.

7. What is the shape of load-deformation curve for a linear elastic member?

a) Straight line with constant slope

b) Straight line with varying slope

c) Curve

d) Sine wave

Answer: a

Explanation: In these cases, both are directly proportional.

8. What is the shape of load-deformation curve for a non-linear elastic member?

a) Straight line with constant slope

b) Straight line with varying slope

c) Curve

d) Circle

Answer: c

Explanation: In these cases, each one has unique relationship between load and
deformation.

9. What is the relation between work done and complementary work done?

a) They are always equal

b) They are always equal

c) Can’t say

d) Depends upon loading

Answer: c
Explanation: They are equal only when Hooke’s law is applicable i.e. the material
is linearly elastic.

10. Conservation of energy will be applicable only when:-

a) Static load is applied

b) Dynamic load is applied

c) Can be anything

d) Large load is applied

Answer: a

Explanation: In cases of dynamic load, acceleration may occur and some of the
external work will be transferred into kinetic energy.

Method of Virtual Work: Trusses and Castigliano’s Theorem

1. Internal deformation caused by real loads will be in a linear elastic member:-

a) 1⁄4 NL/AE

b) 1⁄3 NL/AE

c) 1⁄2 NL/AE

d) NL/AE

Answer: d

Explanation: Since it is a linear elastic material, we can use various relationships.

2. What will be the value of Δ in a member:-

a) Σ 1⁄4 nNL/AE

b) Σ 1⁄3 nNL/AE

c) Σ 1⁄2 nNL/AE
d) Σ nNL/AE

Answer: d

Explanation: Just substituting the earlier equation in the main equation, we can get
it.

3. What is change in length of member if temperature increases by ΔT and

expansion coefficient is ά?

a) 1⁄4 ά ΔTL

b) 1⁄3 ά ΔTL

c) 1⁄2 ά ΔTL

d) ά ΔTL

Answer: d

Explanation: Change in length is directly proportional to change in temperature

and expansion coefficient with 1 as proportionality coefficient.

4. What will be the value of Δ in a member:-

a) Σ 1⁄4 nά ΔTL

b) Σ 1⁄3 nά ΔTL

c) Σ 1⁄2 nά ΔTL

d) Σ nά ΔTL

Answer: d

Explanation: Just substituting the earlier equation in the main equation, we can get
it.

5. What is the unit of virtual unit load?

a) N

b) Lb
c) kip

d) Anything

Answer: d

Explanation: Its unit can be anything as it will cancel with that of n.

Δ = displacement caused when force is increased by a small amount.

6. This theorem is applicable when temperature is varying. State whether the above
sentence is true or false.

a) True

b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: It is applicable only when temperature is not changing.

7. In which of the following cases, is this theorem applicable?

a) Yielding support, non-linear elastic material

b) Non-yielding support, linear elastic material

c) Yielding support, linear elastic material

d) Non-yielding support, non-linear elastic material

Answer: b

Explanation: It is applicable in cases of non-yielding support and non-linear elastic

material.

8. If any of the external forces acting increases, then internal energy would:-

a) Decrease

b) Increase
c) Not change

d) Become -ve

Answer: b

Explanation: Due to increase in force, external work done would increase which
would cause an increase in strain energy.

9. What will be Δ if change in force is DP and du is change in internal energy?

a) 1⁄4 du/dp

b) 1⁄3 du/dp

c) 1⁄2 du/dp

d) du/dp

Answer: d

Explanation: On equating internal energy after changing order of application of

forces.

10. This theorem is applicable when non-conservative forces are applied.

State whether the above statement is true or file.

a) True

b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: It is only applicable when forces are of conservative type.