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Solved Examples
JEE Main/Boards = 2 R = 2 x 40 = 80 m
Initial point to final point gives the direction of
Example 1: A person in his morning walk moves on displacement.
a semicircular track of radius 40 m. Find the distance
travelled and the displacement, when he starts from
one end of the track and reaches the other end. Example 2: A man walks 2.5 km from his house to the
market on a straight road with a speed of 5 km/h. He
Sol: Distance is length of the path travelled. instantly turns back home with a speed of 7.5 km/h
Displacement is the vector from initial point to final finding the market closed. Calculate the
point. (a) magnitude of average velocity and (b) the average
The distance covered = length of the semicircular track speed of the man over the interval of time.
(i) 0 to 30 min (ii) 0 to 50 min
40m
(iii) 0 to 40 min
Initial position Final position Sol: Average speed is distance covered divided by
time taken. Distance is length of the path travelled.
= π R = 3.14 x 40 m = 125.6 m
Average velocity is displacement divided by time taken.
Displacement = Final position - initial position Displacement is the vector from initial point to final
= diameter of semicircular track point.
P hysi cs | 2.31
Distance between market and home = 2.5 km Example 3: A particle moving with an initial velocity 2.5
m/s along the positive x direction accelerates uniformly
Speed of man from home to market = 5 km/h
at the rate 0.50 m/s2. (i) Find the distance travelled in
∴ Time taken by the man to reach the market the first 2 sec. (ii) Calculate the time taken to reach the
Dis tance 2.5 1 velocity of 7.5 m/s? (iii) Calculate the distance travelled
t1 = ;=
t1 = = h 30 min in reaching the velocity 7.5 m/s?
Speed 5 2
Speed of man during his return = 7.5 km/h Sol: This is the case of motion with uniform acceleration.
Time taken by man to return home Use the three equations of motion with uniform
acceleration.
2.5 1
t2
= = = h 20 min 1
7.5 3 (i) We have, = x ut + at2
2
Total time taken by the man returning home = 30 + 20
= 50 min 1
= (2.5m/ s)(2s) + (0.50m / s2 )(2s)2
2
(i) Over the interval 0 to 30 min:
= 5.0 m + 1.0 m 6.0 m
During this time, man goes from home to market.
Therefore, displacement s = 2.5 km. Since the particle does not turn back it is also the
distance travelled.
Displacement 2.5
Average velocity= = = 5km / h (ii) We have, v = u + at
Time 1
2 or 7.5 m/s = 2.5 m/s + (0.50 m/s2 ) t
Dis tance 2.5
Average speed = = = 5km / h =t 7.5m / s − 2.5m / s
= 10 s
Time 1
0.50m / s2
2
(iii) We have, v2= u2 + 2ax
(ii) For the time interval 0 to 50 min: In 50 min the man
goes from home to market and return back or , (7.5 m/s)2 = (2.5 m/s) 2 +2.(0.50 m/s2)x
Distance = 2.5 + 1.25 = 3.75 km Here, due to upward motion, u is positive and due to
downward motion, a is negative.
Average velocity
Velocity becomes zero at maximum height
Displacement 1.25 Time taken to reach maximum height (t0) = u/g;
= = = 1.875km / h
time 1
40x u 40
60 t=
0 = = 4s +−ve
ve
a 10
Dis tance 3.75
Averagespeed
= = = 5.625 km/h (i) t < t0. Therefore, distance and displacement are
time 1
40x 1 1
60 equal. d= s= ut + at2 = 40x2 − x10x4 = 60m
2 2
2 . 3 2 | Motion in a Straight Line
(ii) t=t0, then distance and displacement are equal. divided by time taken.
1 dx x(t2 ) − (x(t1 )
d= s= 40x4 − x10x16 = 80m Velocity, v = ; ⇒ v avg =
dt t2 − t1
(iii) t>t0. Hence, d> s;
Given, x = 8.0 + 2.0 t2
1
s=
40x6 − x10x36 =
60m
2 dx d
(i) Velocity
(a) Velocity v
= = (8.0 + 2.0 t2 )
dt dt
u2 1
While d = + | a(t − t0 )2 | = 0 + 2.0 x 2t; v = 4t
2a 2
Velocity at t = 0s, (v)t-0 = 4 x 0 ms -1
2
(40) 1 Velocity at t = 2s, (v)t-2 =4 x 2 ms-1
= + x10x(6 − 4)2= 100m
2x10 2
(ii) Average velocity
=
} 2
40 − 16
= 12ms−1
2 2
Sol: This is the case of motion with non-uniform
acceleration. Acceleration is given as a function of
Example 7: The motion of two bodies A and B
time. Change in velocity can be found by integrating
represented by two straight lines drawn on the same
the expression for acceleration with respect to
displacement-time graph, make angles 30º and 60º with
time. Displacement can be found by integrating the
time axis, respectively. Which body possesses greater
expression for velocity.
velocity? What is the ratio of their velocities?
dv
(i)=
a t2 dt
= t2 ⇒ dv =
dt Sol: The slope of the displacement time graph at an
v t instant gives the velocity at that instant.
2
Integration we get: ⇒ ∫ dv =
∫ t dt
u o The velocity of body = slope of displacement time
graph. Therefore the line having greater slope has
t3 t3 greater velocity, i.e. the body B has greater velocity.
⇒ v =u = ⇒v= +4
3 3 Ratio of their velocities,
dx 4 + t3 4 + t3 v A tan300 1 / 3 1
(ii) and =
v = ⇒ dx =
dt = =
dt 3 3 vB tan600 3 3
Integration we get
Example 8: Displacement–time graph S
x t t 3
t t4 of a particle moving in a straight line is
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ udt + ∫ dt ; ⇒ x = ut +
3 12 as shown in Figure. State whether the
o o o
motion is accelerated or not. Describe t₀
the motion in detail. Given s0=20 m -s₀
Example 6: The position of an object moving along and t0 = 4 s.
x-axis is given by x = 8.0 + 2.0t2, where x is in meter and
t is in second. Calculate: Sol: The slope of the displacement time graph at an
(i) the velocity at t = 0 and t = 2.0 sec. instant gives the velocity at that instant. If the slope is
constant, the velocity is uniform (zero acceleration). If
(ii) average velocity between 2.0 sec and 4.0 sec. the slope changes with time the motion is accelerated.
Sol: Here the position is given as a function of time. Slope of s–t graph is constant. Hence, velocity of
Differentiate this expression w.r.t time to get velocity particle is constant. Further at time t = 0, displacement
as a function of time. Average velocity is displacement of the particle from the mean position is –s0 i.e. –20 m.
P hysi cs | 2.33
Sol: The retardation of train is constant, so we can use Sol: (i) Find the initial velocity u in terms of t1 and t2.
the equations of motion with uniform acceleration. The Use the equations of motion with uniform acceleration.
acceleration is taken with a negative sign. The acceleration due to gravity is taken with a negative
sign.
(i) The distance covered by the body in nth second,
a C
Sn =u + (2n − 1)
2
B
a a t₂ H
S1 =24 =u − (2 − 1) =u−
2 2 t₁
a 3a
S2 =22 =u − (4 − 1) =u−
2 2 A
3a a
Subtracting, 2 = − ;a =2m / s2 Let u be initial velocity.
2 2
a Total time of flight from A to B and from B
u = 24 + = 24 + 1 = 25 m / s
2 2u g(t1 + t2 )
to C to A =t1 + t2 = ; u=
(ii) Time t taken by the train before coming to rest, g 2
1 g 1 gt t
v=u-at or 0 = 25 – 2t or t =12.5 sec. h =ut1 − gt12 = (t1 + t2 )t1 − gt12 = 1 2
2 2 2 2
(iii) If S is the distance before the train comes to rest i.e.
u2
u2 (25)2 (ii) Maximum
Maximum heightheight reached,
reached, AC
= H
=
v=0; 0 = u2 – 2aS; S = = = 156.25m. 2g
2a 2x2 g2 (t1 + t2 )2 g(t1 + t2 )2
=
(iv) The time t taken by the train to cover a distance of =
4x2g 8
1 2
100 m is given by S = ut − at , H
2 ( c )(iii)LetLetv vbebevelocity
velocityatatheight
height ,
2
1
= 25t − x 2 x t2 ; t2 -25t + 100 = 0.
100 H
2 v2 = u2 − 2g = u2 − gH
2
(t-20) (t-5) = 0.; t=20, t=5,
t = 20, is not possible as the train takes only 12.5 second g2 (t + t )2 g2 (t1 + t2 )2 g2
=1 2 − = (t + t )2
to stop. Therefore t=5 second Time t’ taken by the train 4 8 8 1 2
to cover a distance of 100 m plus length of the train, i.e,= g
v ( t1 + t2 )
1 2 2 2
44m, is given by S = 100 + 44 = ut’ − at'
2
1 2 2 Example 4: If v(s) = s2 + s where s is displacement. Find
25t'− x 2 x t' − 144 = 0 ; t' − 25t' + 144 = 0
2 acceleration when displacement is 1 m.
t'2 − 16t' + 9t + 144 =
0 ; ( t − 16)(t'− 9) =
0
Sol: Differentiate the expression for velocity with
=t 16
= s ,t' 9 s respect to time to get the expression for acceleration.
∴ Time taken by the train to pass the observer = 9 – 5 dv dv ds dv
= 4 second. a
We know= = = (v)
dt ds dt ds
dv dv
Example 3: A particle is projected vertically upwards ⇒a=v ; ∴ = (2s) + (1)
from a point A on the ground. It takes a time t1 to reach ds ds
a point B at a height h above the ground as it continues
dv
to move, it takes a further time t2 to reach the ground. and
and = s2 + s
= 3m ; v(s)
ds s =1m
Find
(i) The height h ∴ v(1)= (1)2 + 1= 2 ; ∴a(s = 1m) = (2) x(3) =6 m / sec2
a positive constant and v is the velocity of the particle. (ii) If total distance travelled by the particle is 4250 m
The velocity of the point mass at t = 0 is equal to v 0 . then find maximum speed.
Find the distance it will travel before it stops and the
(iii) Also, find the value of acceleration and retardation.
time it will take to cover this distance.
Sol: Area under the v-t graph in the given time interval
Sol: In the expression for acceleration separate the
is equal to displacement of the particle in the given
variables and integrate to get the desired quantity.
time interval.
dv dv
Acceleration = = −K v= Kdt. ; (i) v
dt − v
Let t0 be the time which the particle takes to come to
vmax
a stop.
Integrating
1
t0 0 −
1 v0
− 2
v 100 sec 400 sec 550 sec
∫ Kdt ∫
− v dv =
= v 2 dv ∫ [2v1/2 ]00
= t
0 v0 0
(ii) Distance travelled = Area under v – t graph
1
2v1/2
0
=Kt0 2v
= 0 or t0
2
1 1
k = (100) vmax + (400 − 100) (vmax ) + (550 − 400) vmax
2 2
dv dv ds dv dv
= = v ; ∴v −K v
= 1 1
dt ds dt ds ds 4250
⇒= x100 x vmax + 300 vmax + x150 vmax
2 2
v dv = −Kds ⇒ 4250 =
vmax ⇒ vmax =
10m / s
Let s0 be the dist nce covered when the velocity decrease ∆v
from v0 to zero. (iii) a =
∆t
s0
0 10 − 0
For
= t 0 to 100 sec =
⇒a = 0.1 m /s2
Integrating, ∫ − ∫ Kds =
v dv = −Ks0
100 − 0
v0 0
10 − 10
For t 100 to 400 =
= sec ⇒ a = 0
v 3/2
0
v 3/2 2v 3/2 400 − 1000
or = − 0 = −Ks0 ; ∴ s0 = 0 For t = 400 sec to 500 sec (retardation)
3 / 2 v 3 3k
0
2 0 − 10 10
⇒ a− = =− ⇒ 0.06 m/s2
550 − 400 150
Example 6: Is the variation of position, shown in Figure.
observed in nature? Example 8: A particle starts from rest at time t = 0 and
undergoes acceleration a, as shown in the Figure.
(i) Draw a neat sketch showing the velocity of the
Time (t) particle as a function of time during the interval 1 to 4
O seconds, indicating each second on the abscissa.
Position(x)
(ii) Draw a neat sketch showing the displacement of the
Sol: Time never decreases in a reference frame.
particle as a function of time during 0 to 2 second. In
No, since with increase of position x, time first increase both the cases, explain the various steps.
and then decrease, which is impossible (Time always 2
a(m/s )
increase)
+3
Example 7: A particle start from rest with constant
acceleration for 100 s, then move with constant velocity 1 4
2 3
for 5 min. Finally, particle retards uniformly and come
to rest in 150 s. t(sec.)
(i) Draw v-t graphs -3
2 . 3 6 | Motion in a Straight Line
Sol: Area under the a-t graph in the given time interval 1
is equal to the change in velocity of the particle in the distance travelled = 6 x 1 − x 3 x = 4.5m
2
given time interval. Thus v-t graph can be plotted if the
At t = 3, S3 = 6 + 4 ½ = 10.5 m
initial velocity is known. Area under the v-t graph in the
given time interval is equal to the displacement of the At t = 4, S4 = 6 + [6 x 2- ½ x 3 x 4] = 12 m
particle in the given time interval.
(i) The velocity is given by the area enclosed during the Example 9: A ball is dropped from a height of 19.6 m
time interval; and the velocity is constant from 0 to 2 above the ground. It rebounds from the ground and
sec. raises itself up to the same height. Take the starting
point as the origin and vertically downward as the
At t = 1 sec., velocity = 3 m/s positive X-axis. Draw approximate plots of x versus t, v
At t = 2 sec., velocity = 6 m/s. versus t and a versus t. Neglect the small interval during
which the ball was in contact with the ground.
At this instant the acceleration becomes negative, so
the velocity starts decreasing uniformly. Sol: From the first equation of motion for constant
acceleration, plot the v-t graph. From the second
equation of motion for constant acceleration, plot the
6 x-t graph.
5
v(m/s) 4 Since the acceleration of the ball during the contact
3
2
1 1 2 3 4 is different from ‘g’, we have to treat the downward
0 motion and the upward motion separately.
t(sec.) For the downward motion: a = g = 9.8 m/s2,
1 2
At t = 3 sec., velocity = 6 -3 = 3 m/s x =+ut at = (4.9m / s2 )t2
2
At t = 4 sec., velocity = 6 – 6 = 0 m/s. The ball reaches the ground when x = 19.6 m. This gives
(ii) The particle starts from rest, and the acceleration a t = 2 s. After that it moves up, x decreases and at t =
is constant from 0 to 2 sec. 4 s, x becomes zero, the ball reaching the initial point.
x
6 20 m
27/8 10 m
S(m) 1
3/8
1 2 3 4 t (second)
0 1/4 1 3/2 23 4
t in sec We have t = 0, x = 0
1 2 t = 1s, x=4.9 m
S= at The graph between S and t will be parabola,
2
1 1 1 1 1 31 3 t= 2s x =19.6 m
At=
= t At tsec sec
= , S1/2
= S1/2
= x 3 x=
x3x m m
2 2 2 2 4 84 8 t = 3s x = 4.9 m
1 3 t = 4s x=0
At t 1sec,=
= S1/2 = x 3 x1 m
2 2
Velocity: During the first two seconds
3 1 9 27
At t
= sec
= S1/2 = x 3x m V
2 2 4 8 20 m/s
1
At t 2=
= sec S2 x=
3 x 4 6m
2 10 m/s
Boat 1 hr
1 2 3 4 t (second)
JEE Main/Boards
4 m/s travel in straight line with uniform acceleration Q.14 The velocity–time graph of a particle moving
2m/s2 and a m/s2 respectively. What is the length of the along a straight line is as shown in Fig. Calculate the
path if they reach the final point at the same time? distance covered between t = 0 to t = 10 second. Also
find displacement in time 0 to 10 seconds.
Q.6 Brakes are applied to a train travelling at 72 kmh- v(in ms)
1. After passing over 200 m, its velocity is raced to 36 20
kmh-1. At the same rate of retardation, how much 10
further will it go before it is brought to rest? 0
2 46 8 10 t(s)
-10
-20
Q.7 On turning a corner, a motorist rushing at 44 ms-1
finds a child on the road 100 m ahead. He instantly Q.15 The position of an object moving along x-axis is
stops the engine and applies the brakes so as to stop given by x=a+bt2, where a = 8.5 m and b = 2.5 ms-2 and
it within 1 m of the child. Calculate time required to and t is measured in second. What is the velocity at t=0
stop it. s and t=2.0 s? What is the average velocity between t =
2.0 s and t = 4.01 s?
Q.8 A body starting from rest, was observed to cover
20 m in 1 second and 40 m during the next second. Q.16 The displacement x (in m ) of a body varies with
How far had it travelled before the first observation was time t (in sec) as x =- (2/3)t2 +16 t + 2. How long does
taken? the body take to come to rest?
Q.9 An automobiles starts from rest and accelerates Q.17 The height y and the distance x along the
uniformly for 30 seconds to a speed of 72 km h-1. It then horizontal, for a body projected in the vertical plane are
moves with a uniform velocity and it is finally brought given by y = 8t – 5t2 and x = 6 t. What is initial velocity
to rest in 50 m with a constant retardation. If the total of the body?
distance travelled is 950 m, find the acceleration, the
retardation and total time taken. Q.18 The displacement of a particle along X-axis
is given by x = 3 + 8t + 7t2 . Obtain its velocity and
acceleration at t = 2s.
Q.10 From the top of a tower 100 m in height a ball
is dropped and at the same instant another ball is
Q.19 The relation between time t and distance x is t
projected vertically upwards from the ground so that it
= αx2 + βx where α and β are constants. Show that
just reaches the top of tower. At what height do the two
retardation is 2α υ, where υ is the instantaneous velocity.
balls pass one another?
Q.12 A stone is dropped from a balloon at an altitude Q.21 A tennis ball is dropped onto the floor from a
of 300 m. How long will the stone take to reach the height of 4.0 ft. It rebounds to a height of 3.0 ft. If the
ground if (i) the balloon is ascending with a velocity of ball was in contact with the floor for 0.010 s, what was
5 ms-1. (ii) the balloon is descending with a velocity of 5 the average acceleration during contact?
ms-1. (iii) the balloon is stationary?
Q.22 A particle starts from rest with zero initial
Q.13 The velocity–time graph of a body moving in a acceleration. the acceleration increases uniformly with
straight line is shown in Fig. Find the displacement and time. Find the time average and distance average
the distance travelled by the body in 6 seconds. of velocity upto a certain instant when the velocity
becomes v.
v(in ms)
4
Q.23 A particle moves along a straight line such that
2
its displacement x from a fixed point on the line at time
-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 t(s) t is given by x2 = at2 + 2bt + c Find acceleration as a
-4 function of displacement x.
P hysi cs | 2.39
Q.24 A ball is dropped from a height of 19.6 m above Q.3 An object is tossed vertically into the air with an
the ground. It rebounds from the ground and raises initial velocity of 8 m/s. Using the sign convention
itself up to the same height. Take the starting point upwards as positive, how does the vertical component
as the origin and vertically downward as the positive of the acceleration ay of the object (after leaving the
X-axis. Draw approximate plots of x versus t, v versus t hand) vary during the flight of the object?
and a versus t. Neglect the small interval during which
(A) On the way up ay > 0, on the way down ay >0
the ball was in contact with ground.
(B) On the way up ay <0, on the way down ay < 0
Q.25 A train travelling at 72 km/h is checked by track (C) On the way up ay >0, on the way down ay < 0
repairs. It retards uniformly for 200 m covering the next
(D) on the way up ay <0, on the way down ay <0
400 m at constant speed and accelerates uniformly
to 72 km/h in a further 600 m. If the time at constant
lower speed is equal to the sum of the times taken in Q.4 If position time graph of a X
retarding and accelerating. Find the total time taken. particle is since curve as shown,
t
What will be its v-t graph?
Q.26 A point traversed half the distance with a velocity V V
v0. The remaining part of the distance was covered with (A) (B)
t t
velocity v1 for half the time, and with velocity v2 for
the other half of the time. Find the men velocity of the V V
point averaged over the whole time of motion. (C) (D)
t t
Q.27 A person sitting on the top of a tall building is Q.5 A man moves in x-y plane along the path shown.
dropping balls at regular intervals of one second. Find At what point is his average velocity vector in the same
the positions of the 3rd, 4th and 5th ball when the 6th ball direction as his instantaneous velocity vector. The man
is being dropped. starts from point P.
Q.28 A stone is dropped from a balloon going up with (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
a uniform velocity of 5.0 m/s. if the balloon was 50 m
high when the stone was dropped, find its height when Q.6 The greatest acceleration or deceleration that a
the stone hits the ground. train may have is a. The minimum time in which the
train reach from one station to the other separated by
Take g = 10 m/s2.
a distance D is
Exercise 2 (A)
d
(B)
2d
(C)
1 d
(D) 2
d
a a 2 a a
Single Correct Choice Type
Q.7 Acceleration versus velocity graph
Q.1 An object is moving along the x axis with position a
of a particle moving in a straight line
as a function of time given by x = x(t). Point O is at x = starting from rest is as shown in figure.
0. The object is definitely moving towards O when a a v
The corresponding velocity–time
graph would be v v
(A) dx/dt < 0 (B) dx/>dt>0 v v
(C) d(x2)/dt < 0 (D) d(x2)/dt > 0 v v v v (A) (B)
(A) (A) (B) (B) t t
v v
Q.2 A particle starts moving rectilinearly at time t t t t t
= 0 such as that its velocity ‘v’ changes with time ‘t’ v v v v (C) (D)
according to the equation v = t2 – t where t is in seconds (C) (C) (D) (D) t t
and v is in m/s. The time interval for which the particle t t t t
retards is
Q.8 Suppose a player hits several baseballs, which
(A) t < 1/2 (B) 1/2 < t <1
baseball will be in the air for the longest time?
(C) t> 1 (D) t < ½ and t>1
(A) The one with the farthest range.
2 . 4 0 | Motion in a Straight Line
(B) The one which reaches maximum height. Previous Years’ Questions
(C) The one with the greatest initial velocity.
(D) The one leaving the bat at 45º with respect to the Q.1 In the arrangement
ground. shown in the Figure. the ends A B
P and Q of an unstretchable
string move downwards with
Q.9 A ball is thrown from a point on ground at some
angle of projection. At the same time a bird starts uniform speed U. Pulleys A P O
from a point directly above this point of projection at and B are fixed. M
a height h horizontally with speed u. Given that in its Mass M moves upwards with s speed (1982)
flight ball just touches the bird at one point. Find the
distance on ground where ball strikes. (A) 2U cos θ (B) U/cos θ
(C) 2U/cos θ (D) U cos θ
h 2h 2h h
(A) 2u (B) u (C) 2u (D) u
g g g g
Q.2 A particle is moving eastwards with a velocity of 5
m/s. In 10 s the velocity changes to 5 m/s northwards.
Q.10 It takes one minute for a passenger standing on
The average acceleration in this time is (1982)
an escalator to reach the top. If the escalator does not
move it takes him 3 minute to walk up. How long will it (A) Zero
take for the passenger to arrive at the top if he walks up
1
the moving escalator? (B) m / s2 towards north-east
2
(A) 30 sec (B) 45 sec (C) 40 sec (D) 35 sec
1
(C) m / s2 towards north-west
Q.11 A body A is thrown vertically upwards with 2
such a velocity that it reaches a maximum height of
h. simultaneously another body B is dropped from 1
(D) m / s2 towards north
height h. It strikes the ground and does not rebound. 2
The velocity of A relative to B v/s time graph is best
represented by: (upward direction is positive) Q.3 A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5
m/min. A man on the south bank of the river, capable of
(A) VAB (A) VAB
(B) VAB (B) VAB swimming at 10 m/min in still water to swim across the
t t t t river in the shortest time. He should swim in a direction.
VAB VAB (1983)
(C) VAB (C) VAB (D) (D)
t t (A) Due north (B) 30º east of north
t t
(C) 30º west of north (D) 60º east of north
Q.12 Particle A and B are moving with constant
velocities along x and y axis respectively, the graph of Q.4 A boat which has a speed of 5 km/h still crosses
separation between them with time is a river of width 1 km along the shortest possible path
y in 15 min. The velocity of the river water in km/h is
A (1988)
x (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 41
B
Q.5 A particle P is sliding down a frictionless hemis-
s s
(A) (B) pherical bowl. It passes the point A at t = 0. At this
instant of time, the horizontal component of its velocity
t t is v. A bead Q of the same mass as P is ejected from
A at t = 0 along the horizontal string mass AB, with
(C)
s
(D)
s the speed v. Friction between the bead and the string
may be neglected. Let tp and tQ be the respective times
t t
P hysi cs | 2.41
taken by P and Q to reach the point B. Then (1993) Q.9 A small block slides without friction down an
inclined plane starting from rest. Let sn be the distance
Q
A B s
travelled from t = n. Then n is
n − 1 to t = (2004)
P sn + 1
C 2n − 1 2n + 1
(A) (B)
(A) tp < tQ (B) tp = tQ 2n 2n − 1
h
d
V V
Q.11 From a tower of height H, a particle is thrown
d d vertically upwards with a speed u. The time taken by
(C) h (D) h the particle, to hit the ground, is n times that taken by
it to reach the highest point of its path. The relation
between H, u and n is: (2014)
(A) 2gH = nu2(n -2) (B) gH = (n -2)u2
Q.8 A particle starts from rest. Its acceleration (a) versus (C) 2gH = n2u2 (D) gH = (n -2)2u2
time (t) is as shown in the Figure. The maximum speed.
The maximum speed of the particle will be (2004)
a
Q.12 Two stones are thrown up simultaneously from
the edge of a cliff 240 m high with initial speed of 10
10m/s²
m/s and 40 m/s respectively. Which of the following
graph best represents the time variation of relative
position of the second stone with respect to the first?
t(s)
11
(Assume stones do not rebound after hitting the ground
(A) 110 m/s (B) 55 m/s and neglect air resistance, take g = 10 m/s2) (The figures
are schematic and not drawn to scale) (2015)
(C) 550 m/s (D) 660 m/s
240 240
(A) (B)
2 . 4 2 | Motion in a Straight Line
t(s)
12 8 12
(A) (y2-y1)m (y2-y1)m (B) (y2-y1)m (y2-y1)m
240 240 240 (y2-y1)m 240
(y2-y1)m
(A) (B) (C) 240 (D)
240
(A) (B) t(s)
t(s) t(s)
12 8 12 8 12 8 12
(y2-y1)m t(s) (y2-y1)m t(s)
12 8 12
(C) 240 (y2-y1)m (y2-y1)m 240 (D) (y2-y1)m
(C) (D)
240 240 240
(B) (C) t(s) (D) t(s)
8 12 8 12
t(s) t(s) t(s) t(s)
8 12 8 12 8 12
(y2-y1)m
240
(D) JEE Advanced/Boards
t(s) t(s)
Exercise 1 8 12
the average velocity during the motion is 20 ms–2, then
the final value of t.
Q.1 A car moving along a straight highway with a speed
v m\s
of 126 km/h is brought to stop with in a distance of 200
m. what is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform)
O
and how long does it take for the car to stop? t 25 sec
Q.6 The velocity–time graph of the particle moving Q.10 Two particles are moving along two straight lines,
along the straight line is shown. The rate of acceleration in the same plane, with the same speed=20 cm/s.
and deceleration is constant and it is equal to 5ms–2, If The angle between the two lines is 60° , and their
P hysi cs | 2.43
intersection point is O. At a certain moment, the two (i) how far beyond the straight point will automobile
particles are located at distances 3m and 4m from O, overtake the truck?
and are moving towards O. Find the shortest distance
(ii) How fast will the automobile be travelling at that
between them subsequently?
instant? (It is instructive to plot qualitative graph of x
versus t for each vehicle.)
Q.11 A point mass starts moving in a straight line with a
constant acceleration a. At a time t, after the beginning
Q.18 Two bodies moves in a straight line towards
of motion, the acceleration changes sign, remaining
each other at initial velocities v1 and v2 and constant
the same magnitude. Determine the time t from the
accelerations a1 and a2 directed against the
beginning of motion in which the point mass returns to
corresponding velocities at the initial instant.
the initial position?
What must be the maximum initial separation lmax
th
1 between the bodies for which they meet during
Q.12 For of the distance between two stations,
m th motion? Motion in which the point mass returns to the
1
a train is uniformly accelerated and for of the initial position?
n
distance, it is uniformly retarded. It starts from rest at
Q.19 An ant runs from an ant-hill in a straight line so
one station and comes to rest at another. Find the ratio
that its velocity is inversely proportional to the distance
of its maximum velocity to its average velocity?
from the center of the ant-hill. When the ant is at point
A at a distance l1 = 1m from the center of the ant-hill,
its velocity v1 = 2cm / s , what time will it take ant to run
Q.13 The velocity of a particle moving in the positive from point A to point B, which is at a distance l2 = 2m
direction of the x axis varies as v= α v x , where α is from the center of the ant-hill?
positive constant. Assuming that at the moment t=0
the particle was located at the point x=0, find: (i) the
time dependence of the velocity and acceleration of Q.20 Distance between two points A and B is 33 m. A
the particle. particle P starts from B with velocity of 1m/s along AB
with an acceleration of 2m / s2 . Simultaneously another
(ii) the mean velocity of the particle averaged over the particle Q starts from A with a velocity of 9 m/s in the
time that the particle takes to cover the first s meter of same direction AB and has an acceleration 1m / s2 in
the path. the direction AB. Find whether Q will be able to catch P.
Q.3 A particle has initial velocity 10 m/s. It moves due (B) The ball will never return to him.
to constant retarding force along the line of velocity
(C) The ball will return to him if the cart moves with
which produces a retardation of 5 m / s2 . Then
constant velocity.
(A) the maximum displacement in the direction of initial
(D) The ball will fall behind him if the cart moves with
velocity is 10 m.
some positive acceleration.
(B) the distance travelled in first 3 seconds is 7.5 m.
(C) the distance travelled in the first 3 seconds is 12.5 m. Assertion Reasoning Type
(D) the distance travelled in the first 3 seconds is 17.5 m. (A) Statement-I is true, statement-II, is true and
statement-II is correct explanation for statement-I
Q.4 A bead is free to slide down a smooth wire tightly (B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and
stretched between points A and B on a vertical circle. statement-II is NOT the correct explanation for
If the bead starts from rest at A, the highest point on statement-I.
the circle
A (C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true.
B
Q.8 Statement-I: Positive acceleration in rectilinear
motion of a body does not imply that the body is
(A) Its velocity v on arriving at B is proportional to cos θ speeding up
(B) Its velocity v on arriving at B is proportional to tan θ Statement-II: Both the acceleration and velocity are
(C) Time to arrive at B is proportional to cos θ vectors.
(D) Time to arrive at B is independent of θ .
Q.9 Statement-I: A particle having zero acceleration
must have constant speed.
Q.5 The figure shows the velocity +v0
v
(v) of a particle plotted against T Statement-II: A particle having zero acceleration must
O have zero acceleration.
time (t) t 2T
-v0
Q.10 Statement-I: A student performed an experiment
(A) The particle changes its direction of motion at some by moving a certain block in a straight line. The velocity
point. position graph cannot be as shown.
(B) The acceleration of the particle remains constant. V
(C) The displacement of the particle is zero.
(D) The initial and final speed of the particle are the
V
same.
Statement-II: The rate of change of quantity which is Q.17 The v-t graph of the particle is correctly shown by
constant is always zero.
V V
(A) 0 (B) 0
Comprehension Type
(A) -52m (B) 5 m (C) 10 m (D) 15 m Q.20 Column I shows position versus time graph for an
object and column II shows possible graphs.
Q.15 The maximum displacement of the particle is
(A) 33.3 m (B) 23.3 m Column I Column II
t
X parabola
x
0 (r) A ball rolling away from the
T 2T (A) origin; hits a wall and bounces
straight back.
t
2 . 4 6 | Motion in a Straight Line
P Q
(i) the speed of the combined mass immediately after
135° the collision with respect to an observer on the ground.
45°
A B (ii) the length L of the string such that the tension in
the string becomes zero when the string becomes
Q.2 A body falling freely from a given height H hits an horizontal during the subsequent motion of the
inclined plane in its path at a height h. As a result of combined mass.
this impact the direction of the velocity of the body
becomes horizontal. For what value of (h/H) the body
Q.6 A particle of mass 10−2 kg is moving along the
will take maximum time to reach the ground? (1986)
positive x-axis under the influence of a force F(x)
= −k / 2x2 where k= 10−2 Nm2 . At time t=0 it is at x=0.1
Q.3 Two towers AB and CD are situated a distance d m and its velocity v=0.
apart as shown in Figure. AB is 20 m high and CD is
(i) Find its velocity when it reaches x=0.5 m.
30 m high from the ground. An object of mass m is
thrown from the top of AB horizontally with a velocity (ii) Find the time at which it reaches x=0.25 m. (1998)
of 10 m/s towards CD. Simultaneously other object of
mass 2m is thrown from top of CD at an angle of 60° to Q.7 A large heavy box is sliding without friction down
the horizontal towards AB with the same magnitude of a smooth plane of inclination θ . From a point P on the
initial velocity as that of the first object. The two objects bottom of the box, a particle is projected inside the
moves in the same vertical plane, collide in mid-air and box. The initial speed of the particle with respect to box
stick to each other. (1994) is u and the direction of projection makes an angle α
2m
60°
C with the bottom as shown in the Figure. (1998)
m
A
Q
P
d
B D
P hysi cs | 2.47
(i) Find the distance along the bottom of the box at the initial height. The acceleration of the train in
between the point of projection P and point Q where m/s2, is. (2011)
the particle lands (Assume that the particle does not
hit any other surface of the box. Neglect air resistance.) Assertion Reasoning Type
(ii) If the horizontal displacement of the particle as seen Mark your answer as
by an observer on the ground is zero, find the speed of
the box with respect to the ground at the instant when (A) If Statement-I is true, statement-II is true:
the particle was projected. statement-II is the correct explanation for statement-I.
(B) If Statement-I is true, statement-II is true: statement-
Q.8 An object A is kept fixed at the point x=3 and y=1.25 II is not a correct explanation for statement-I.
m on a plank P raised above the ground. At time t=0 (C) If Statement-I is true: statement-II is false.
the plank starts moving, along the +x-direction with
an acceleration 1.5 m/s2. At the same instant a stone (D) If Statement-I is false: statement-II is true.
is projected from the origin with velocity u as shown.
A stationery person on the ground observes the stone Q.11 Statement-I For an observer looking out through
hitting the object during its downward motion at an the window of a fast moving train, the nearby objects
angle of 45o to the horizontal. All the motions are in x-y appear to move in the opposite direction to the train,
plane, Find u and the time after which the stone hits while the distant objects appear to be stationary.
the object. (Take g=10 m/s2) (2000) Statement-IIIf the observer and the object are moving
y A at velocities v1 and v 2 respectively with reference to a
laboratory frame, the velocity
1.25m P of the object with respect
to the observer is v 2 − v1 (2008)
u
x
O 3.0m Q.12 A particle of mass m moves on the x-axis as follows:
it starts from rest at t=0 from the point x-0, and comes
Q.9 On a frictionless horizontal surface, assumed to be
to rest at t=1 at the point x=1. No other information
the x-y plane, a small trolley A is moving along a straight
is available about its motion at intermediate times
line parallel to the y-axis with a constant velocity of
(0<t<1). If α denotes the instantaneous acceleration of
( 3 − 1) m/s. At a particular instant when the line OA the particle, then (1993)
makes an angle of 45° with the x-axis, a ball is thrown
(A) α cannot remain positive for all t in the interval
along the surface from origin O. Its velocity makes an
0≤t ≤1
angle φ with the x-axis and it hits the trolley. (2002)
(B) α cannot exceeds 2 at any point in its path
y
A (C) α must be ≥ 4 at some point or points in its path
(D) α must change sign during the motion, but no other
assertion can be made with information given.
45°
O
Q.13 The coordinates of a particle moving in a plane
(i) The motion of the ball is observed from the frame of are given by x(t)= acos (pt) and y(t)=bsin(pt) where
the trolley. Calculate the angle θ made by the velocity a,b (<a) and p are positive constants of appropriate
vector of the ball with the x-axis in the frame. dimensions. Then
(ii) Find the speed of the ball with respect to the surface, (A) the path of the particle is an ellipse
if φ = 4θ / 3 . (B) the velocity and acceleration of the particle are
normal to each other at t= π / 2p
Q.10 A train is moving along a straight line with a
(C) the acceleration of the particle is always directed
constant acceleration a. A boy standing in the train
towards a focus.
throws a ball forward with a speed of 10 m/s, at an
angle of 60° to the horizontal. The boy has to move (D) the distance travelled by the particle in time interval
forward by 1.15 m inside the train to catch the ball back t=0 to t= π / 2p is a.
2 . 4 8 | Motion in a Straight Line
14. A rocket is moving in a gravity free space with a relative to the rocket. The time in seconds when the two
constant acceleration of 2 ms–2 along + x direction (see balls hit each other is (2014)
figure). The length of a chamber inside the rocket is
4 m. A ball is thrown from the left end of the chamber a = 2ms
-2
4m
Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.3 Q.4 Q.7 Q.4 Q.17 Q.18
Q.12 Q.19 Q20
Answer Key
Q.6 66.67m
Exercise 1
Q.7 4.5 s
Q.1 110m
Q.8 2.5 m
Q.2 0.25 ms–2
Q.9 2/3 ms–2, 4 ms–2, 65 sec
Q.3 136 m
Q.10 75 m from ground
Q.4 2/3 ms–2
Q.11 3 sec
P hysi cs | 2.49
Q.12 (i) 8.36 s (ii) 7.33 s (iii) 7.82 s Q.21 Approximately, 3000 ft/s2 (in the upward direction)
Q.28 68.5 m
Q.20 18 ms–1
Exercise 2
JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1 Q.11=t t1 (2 + 2)
1 1
Q.1 11.43 sec,-3.06 ms−2 Q.12 1 + + : 1
m n
Q.2 105 m/s
α2 t α2 α S
Q.13=
(i) v = ,a (ii) v =
Q.3 1:3:5 2 2 2
Q.4 25m Q.14 2 m
( v1 + v 2 )
2
Q.8 h / 8g
Q.18 lmax =
−1 2(a1 + a2 )
Q.9 tan (3)
Q.19 t=75 s
Q.10 50 3cm
Q.20 Q can not catch P
2 . 5 0 | Motion in a Straight Line
Exercise 2
Q.6 A, B, C Q.7 C, D
Comprehension Type
Q.20 A → p, s; B → r ; C → q ; D → s
Q.5 (i) 2.5 m/s (ii) 0.32 m Q.6 (i) -0.1 m/s (ii) 1.48 s
Q.11 B Q.12 A, C
Q.13 A ,B, C
Solutions
1 v= u2 + a(20)
Sol 3: Sn =+
u an − 2
2
u=
2 v=
1 u1 + a(30)
1 3
12 =u + a 2 − ⇒ 12 =u + a......................(1)
… (i) ⇒ v 2 = u1 + a(30) + a(20)= u + 50a
2 2 1
1 7 Substituting in (iii)
20 =u + a 4 − ⇒ 20 =u + a......................(2) … (ii)
2 2
(u1 + 50a − u1 )(u1 + u1 + 50a) =
4as
Eq (2) – Eq (1) 7 3
20 − 12 = u + a − u + a 50a ( 2u1 + 50a) = 4as
2 2
7 3 ⇒ 50(2u1 + 50a) =
4s
⇒ 20 − 12 = u7+ a − u3+7−a3
20 − 12 = u + a2 − ⇒ u=+8 a2 = 2a
2 2 2 s = 1000m
73− 3 8
⇒= ⇒
8 =87 −= =2a 2a⇒ a= = 4ms−2
2 2 2 ⇒ 50 ( 2u1 + 50a) =
4 × 1000
a
=8 8= 4ms −2
−2
a= = 24ms in (i)
Substituting 4000
2 ⇒ 2u1 + 50a= = 80
50
3
12= u + .4 ⇒ 2u1 + 50a =
80
2
3 Dividing by 2 on both sides
u = 12
=
12 u−+ .4 = 12-6 ms−1 =6 ms−1
2
u1 + 25a =
40 ....................(4)
… (iv)
3
u 12 − .4
=
2 st = u(t2 ) + 1 at22 − u(t1 ) + 1 at12
∆s= st − v12 − u12 =
2as
2 1
2 2
∆=
1
s u(t2 − t1 ) + a(t22 − t12 ) ( v1 − u1 )( v1 + u1 ) =
2as
2
v1 =
u1 + 30a , s=
1000
1 1
∆s= st
2
− st = u(t2 ) + at22 − u(t1 ) + at12
1
2 2
(u1 + 30a − u1 )(u1 + 30a + u1 ) =2a × 1000
30a(2u 1 +30a) =
2000a
1
∆=s u(t2 − t1 ) + a(t22 − t12 ) 200
2 2u1 + 30a =
t2 a,=
= t1 5 3
1 1 100
∆s = u(9 − 5) + a(92 − 52 ) = 6(9 − 5) + 4(92 − 52 )
u1 + 15a = ..................(5) … (v)
2 2 3
= 6(4) + 2(56)
∆s =136m Subtracting (iv)-(v)
Here v1 = u2 1
Sol 5: s=
1 u1 t + a1 t2 ………..for car 1
2
∴ adding (i), (ii)
1
s= u2 t + a2 t2 …….....for car 2
v12 − u12 4as
= 2
2
s1 = s2
( v 2 − u1 )( v 2 + u1 ) =
4as .................(3) … (iii)
2 . 5 2 | Motion in a Straight Line
1 1 1
∴ u1 t + a1 t2 = u2 t + at2 20 a t1 − .............(1)
= … (i)
2 2 2
−1
=u1 2ms
= a1 2ms−2
1 1
−1 40 =
40
a =
t2a− t2 − , Also t2 =
tt21 =
+ t11 + 1
=u2 4ms
= a2 1ms−2 2 2
1 1 (body travels 40 m in here 1 second)
⇒ 2(t) + 2t2 =4(t) + 1(t2 )
2 2
1
1 1 ⇒ 40
= a t1 + 1 −
⇒ (4 − 2)t = (2 − 1)t2 ⇒ 2t = t2 2
2 2
1 1
⇒ 2= t ⇒ t = 4s ⇒=40 a t1 + ...................(2) … (ii)
2 2
1 1 Subtract (ii) – (i)
⇒ s=
1 u1 t + a1 t2 = 2(4) + 2(4)2 = 8 + 16 = 24m
2 2
Length of path is 24m 1 1
40 − 20= a t1 + − a t1 −
2 2
Sol 6: We know that v 2 − u2 =
2as , Given that
1 1
−1 −1 −1 −1 20 = a t1 + − a t1 −
=u 72kmh
= 20ms
= , v 36kmh
= 10ms 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
1 ⇒ s1 = at = . .30 = 300m
Sol 8: s =+
u a t − 2 2 3
2
Let distance travelled in uniform velocity and retardation
∵ body starts from rest, u=0 be s2 ,s3 respectively
1 s3 =50m
20 =0 + a t −
2
P hysi cs | 2.53
Retardation
retardation = r
v2
=
202
= 4ms−2
Sol 11: ∆s =
1
2
( )
g t22 − t12 t2 = 2 + t1
2s3 2 × 50
∆s is distance between travelled between t2 and t1.
v 20
⇒ t3= = = 5s 1
r 4 ⇒
= ∆s g ( t2 − t1 )( t2 + t1 )
2
1
∴ Total
∴ total timetime t = t1 + t2 + t3 = 30 + 30 + 5 = 65s = g ( t1 + 2 − t1 )( t1 + 2 + t1 )
2
2 −2
∴ acceleration
∴ Acceleration is
is ms , Retardation is 4 ms−2
3 1
= g ( 2 )( 2t1 + 2 )
2
Total time taken is 65 s.
⇒=∆s g ( 2t1 + 2 ) and we are given that ∆s =78. 4
For ball thrown from top, let distance travelled be s, Sol 12: (i) Given that h = 300 m. We know that
time taken t, 1
= ut + gt2
h
1 2
s1 = gt2
2 If balloon is ascending ⇒ initial velocity of stone is
−5ms−1
For ball thrown from bottom, let initial velocity be v,
given it just reaches top. 1
⇒ 300=-5(t)+ ( 9.8) t2 ⇒ 4.9 t2 -5t-300=0
=⇒v 2gs = 2
(s 100m)
2
It is a quadratic equation in t
−1
⇒ v = 2g(100) ⇒ v = 10 2g ms
−b ± b2 − 4ac
∴t = ; b=-5, a = 4.9, c=-300
Let s2 be distance travelled by ball 2, when it meets ball 2a
1,
1 2 1
s= vt −= gt 10 2g t − gt2 −( −5) ± 52 − 4(4.9)( −300) 5 ± 25 + 5880
2
2 2 ⇒ t= =
2(4.9) 9.8
s1 + s2 =
100m 5 ± 76.844
⇒ t=
9.8
1 2 1
∴ 100 = gt + 10 2gt − gt2
2 2 For solution to be real, t>0
100 10
=t = 5 + 76.844
10 2g 2g t= = 8.36s
9.8
1
s=
2 vt − gt2
2 (ii) If balloon is descending ⇒ initial velocity of stone
2 is 6 ms−1
10 1 10
= 10 2g − g. v
2g 2 2g
2 . 5 4 | Motion in a Straight Line
1 v(2)=2b(2)=4b=4(2.5) = 10 ms−1
2
⇒ 300 =5t + 9.8t2 ⇒ 4.9t + 5t − 300 =
0
2 v(2)= 10 ms−1
displacement
−5 ± 52 − 4(4.9) − (300) Average velocity =
⇒t= time
2(4.9)
x(4.01) − x(2) a + b(4.01)2 − (a + b(2)2 )
For t > 0 = =
4.01 − 2 4.01 − 2
⇒t=
−5 + 25 + 5880
= 7.33 s b 2
2.5 (16.0801 − 4 )
( 4.01 ) − 2 =
2
9.8 =
2.01 2.01
(iii) If balloon is stationary ⇒ initial velocity is 0 ms–1 = 15. 025 ms-1 ≅ 15 ms-1
1 1
s1 = × 6 × 20 (area of triangle = x base x height) dy d
2 2 Sol 17: v y = = (8t − 5t2 ) =−
8 10t
dt dt
=60m
1 v y (0) = 8 ms−1
s2
For 6 < t < 8,= (2)( −20) =-20m
2
dx d
For 8 < t < 10, s3 =2 × 10 =20m v=
x = = 6 ms−1
(6t)
dt dt
3
Displacement = ∑ si v= v 2x + v 2y = 82 + 62 = 10
i=1
= | s1 | + | s2 | + | s3 | =|60|+|(-20)|+|20| dx d
Velocity
velocity(v) = = (3 + 8t + 7t2 )
dt dt
= 60+20+20 = 100m
v(t)
= 8t + 14t
∴ Distance travelled is 100 m and displacement is 60 m
v(2) = 36 ms−1
8 + 14(2) =
Sol 15: x(t)= a + bt2 dv d
a = = (8 + 14t) =14ms−2
dt dt
dx d
(
v = = a + bt2 =2bt
dt dt
) ∴ Velocity = 36 ms−1
Acceleration =14 ms−2
V(t)=2bt
Body is having a constant acceleration.
v(0)=0
P hysi cs | 2.55
−1
6
∫ dt t
∫0 dt t 0t
⇒C=
2 ms
c1 t2 c1 t2
t0 Substituting in (ii)
∫0 . .dt
∴ v
x
=2
t0 c t
2
2
a−
(ax 2
− ac + b2 )
∫0 12 .dt ac = x 2
=
ax2 − ax2 + ac − b2
x x3
c1 2
t0 4 t5 t0 t05
2 ∫0 t .dt
c1 5 0 c1 ac − b2
= 4 = . = . 5 ∴ ac =
c1 t0 2 2 t3 t 0 2 t 3 x3
2 ∫0 t .dt
3 0
0
3
3 1 2
v = v h= gt
x 5 2
3 h = 19. 6 m
Distance average of velocity is v
5 g =9. 8 m
a − v2
⇒ ac = ...............(2) … (ii) 9.8
x
Coming back to (i)
at + b 0 t
v= 4
x
Squaring on both sides =v gt 0≤t<2
at + b
2
a2 t2 + 2a + b + b2 For ascent uint = − v(2) = - g(2)
2
v = =
x x2 u = 19.6 ms−1
v = u+g(t-2) = 19. 6 + g(t-2); 2 < t < 4
2 a(at2 + 2abt) + b2
v = .............(3)
… (iii)
= v gt; 0≤t<2
x2
= 19.6 + g(t − 2); 2<t≤4
x2 = at2 + 2bt + c
Substituting in (iii)
a(x2 − c) + b2
v2 =
x2
P hysi cs | 2.57
v
202 − v 2 v 2 − u2
=200 = .............(2) s … (ii)
19.6 2a1 2a
202 − v 2 v 2 − u2
=200 = .............(2) s
2a1 2a
0 t
202 − v 2
600 = ..............(3) … (iii)
2a
-19.6
Divide (ii) by (iii)
1 2 202 − v 2
S gt 0≤t<2
2 200 2a1 1 a
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ a1 = 3a
The motion of ball is symmetric about t=2 i.e., if we 600 202 − v 2 3 a1
make t=4 as initial point, and reverse the motion of 2a
time ascent looks like decent.
Substitute in (i)
x
400 1 1 400 4
⇒ (20 − v) + ⇒ = (20 − v)
=
v 3a a v 3a
19.6
⇒ (20 − v)(v) =
300a............(4) … (iv)
From eq (iii)
0 t
2 4 202 − v 2
600 =
2a
Graph is symmetric about 2
1 2 (20 − v)(20 + v)
S gt 0≤t<2 a=
2 1200
1 Substitute in (iv)
g(4 − t)2 2<t≤4
2 300(20 − v)(20 + v)
(20 − v) =
1200
Sol 25: Let r = retardation = −a1
1
v
⇒= (20 + v) ⇒ 4v = 20 + v
Let a = acceleration 4
Let t1 = retardation time 20 400
⇒ v = ms−1 ⇒ t2 = = 60 s
t2 = uniform velocity time 3 20
t3 = acceleration time 3
Total time=2 t2 = 120 s = 2 min
Let v = uniform velocity
1 2 1
Sol 27: s = gt (s is distance from top) For < t < 1 , body is trying to go back to original
2 2
position.
Time of flight of 5th ball = 1 sec
Time of flight of 4th ball = 2 sec
Sol 3: (D) The acceleration on the ball is acceleration
Time of flight of 3th ball = 3 sec due to gravity which is always pointed downward,
1 2 2 2 1 towards the earth.
s= g 1 2 3 = g 1 4 9
2 2 Hence ay < 0 always.
−2
take g = 10 ms
Sol 4: (C) Here x (t) = - sin (t)
s = 5 1 4 9 = 5 20 45
dx
∴ 3rd , 4th , 5th ball are at 45, 20 , 5 m from top v(t) = = − cos(t)
dt
Sol 28: initial velocity of stone = 5 ms−2 Sol 5: (C) Average velocity vector is along the direction
Height = 50 m of the line joining the instantaneous point and the
starting point.
1
−5(t) + 10t2
⇒ 50 = Instantaneous velocity vector is along the slope at the
2
instantaneous point.
⇒ 5t2 − 5t − 50 =
0 ⇒ t2 − t − 10 =0
Both are same for point C.
1 ± 1 + 4(10)(1) 1 ± 41
⇒t= =
2(1) 2 Sol 6: (D) Here we use the symmetry of motion. i.e.
from ending point if you go reverse in time, it looks like
1 + 41 train is accelerating.
for t > 0 t =
2
So here for minimum time, train should accelerate for
Distance travelled by balloon in this time = 5(t) half the distance and then decelerate.
Total height of balloon 50 + 5t
d 1 2 d
=∴ d 1 at= ; t d
41 = 2
∴ 2 2 at= ; t a
=50 + 5 1 + = 68.5 m 2 2 a
2 d
=T 2t=
; T 2 d
=T 2t=
; T 2 a
a
Exercise 2
Sol 7: (D) The equation of line is
Single Correct Choice Type
a + kV= C, where k is slope of line, C is y intercept.
d(x2 ) dx dv
Sol 1: (C) = 2x − <0 a=
dt dt dt
2x − v < 0 dv dv
⇒ =C − kv; =dt
if x > 0 ⇒ v < 0 dt C − kv
if x , 0 ⇒ v > 0
P hysi cs | 2.59
2h
Time of flight (t) = 2 y
g
2h
∴ Dis tance =
2u
g
R
M
Sol 10: (B) We may use the formula U U
L et (A − ax t)2 + (B − ay t)2 =
f(x)
D(t) = f(x)
2 . 6 0 | Motion in a Straight Line
N
Displacement
Sol 6: (B) |Average velocity| =
time
AB 2
W E = = = 2m/s
time 1
v2 = u2 ± 2gh
V
vf=5m/s
i.e., v-h graph will be a parabola (because equation is
5 2 m/s quadratic).
(b) Initially velocity is downwards (–ve) and then after
collision it reverses its direction with lesser magnitude,
45° i.e., velocity is upwards (+ve). Graph (a) satisfies both
-vi=5m/s these conditions.
→
Note that time t = 0 corresponds to the point on the
∆ v = 5 2 m/s in north-west direction.
graph where h = d
→ 5 2 1
aav = = m/s2 (in north-west direction) at t=0, h=d
10 2
2
Sol 3: (A) To cross the river in shortest time one has to d
h
swim perpendicular to the river current. 3 1
ω ω
t= = Sol 9: (C) Distance travelled in tth second is,
vb 2
v br – v r2
1
s1 = u + at – a
1 1 2
∴ =
4 Given, u = 0
25 – vr2
1
sn an – a
2 2n – 1
Solving this equation, we get vr = 3 km/h ∴ = =
sn+1 1 2n + 1
a(n + 1) – a
2
Sol 5: (A) For particle P, motion between AC will be
an accelerated one while between CB a retarded one. Sol 10: (A) The v-x equation from the given graph can
But in any case horizontal component of its velocity be written as
will be greater than or equal to v. On the other hand,
in case of particle Q, it is always equal to v. Horizontal v
v = – 0 x + v0 … (i)
displacement for both the particles are equal. Therefore, x
0
tP < tQ.
dv v 0 dx v
a= =– = – 0 v
dt x0 dt x
0
Substituting v from Eq (i) we get,
P hysi cs | 2.61
1 1 1 g
y1 10t − gt2 and =
Sol 12: (B) = y 2 40t − gt2 =S2 = g(2)2 (4)
2 2 2 2
y2 − y1 = 30t (straight line)
1 g
but stone with 10 m/s speed will fall first and the other = S3 = g(3)2 (9)
2 2
stone is still in air. Therefore path will become parabolic g
till other stone reaches ground. Distance travelled in 1st second D1 =
2
Distance travelled in 2nd second D2 = S2 –S1
JEE Advanced/Boards g 3g
= (4 − 1)=
2 2
Exercise 1
Similarly D3 = S3 − S2 = g (9 − 4) = g (5)
Sol 1: Initial velocity
5 =126
−1 km/h 2 2
= 126of×car ms
18
5
= 126 × ms−1 = 35ms−1 g 3g 5g
18 D=
1 : D 2 : D3 =: : 1:3:5
2 2 2
= 35ms−1
Distance =200 m
∴ Ratio is 1: 3: 5
v2 35 × 352
=r2 = v 35 × 35 = 3.0625 ms–2
v =2s 2rs ⇒2
= ×r 200=
2s 2 × 200 Sol 4: Locomotive stops when V=0
= 3.0625ms−2
= 3.0625ms−2
v 35 given u = 54 km/hr=15 ms-1
E= = =v 11.43s
35
r 3.0625 E= = = 11.43s retardation (r)= 0.3 ms-2
r 3.0625
∴Retardation = 3.06 ms-2 uu 15 15
Hence =t === == 50
t= 50s s
r r 0.3
0.3
Time taken = 11.43 s
Distance travelled
30 × 5 −1 1 1
Sol 2: Velocity of police van (V1) = 30 km /h = ms ut − rt2 =
S= 15(50) − (0.3)(50)2 =
375m
18 2 2
Velocity of bullet with respect to police van =150 ms-1 Distance of traffic light (L) =400 m
2 . 6 2 | Motion in a Straight Line
Hence final distance of Locomotive= Now is you observe the graph, region I ( 0 < t < t1) is
symmetric to region II ( (t2 < t < 25)
L – S = 400-375=25 m
5 2
∴Locomotive is 25 m from traffic light. ∴ for t2< t < 25 area = t
2 1
∴ total Displacement
Sol 5: initial position = 3 cm
Final position =-5 cm 5 5
= t12 + 5t1 (25 − 2 t1 ) + t12 =5t12 + 125t1 − 10t12
2 2
Displacement = -5-(3)=-8 cm
= 125t1 − 5t12
Time =2 s
Avg velocity =20 ms-1
Initial velocity = 12 cms-1
1 125t − 5t12
= ut + at2
S ⇒ 20 = 1
2 25
1 2
⇒ 5t1 − 125t1 + 100 =
0
−=8 12(2) + a(2)2
2 ⇒ (t1 − 5)(t1 − 20) =
0
⇒ a =−16cms−2 ⇒ t= 5 , t= 20
1 1
Acceleration is −16cms−2
for t1=5 , ⇒ t2=20 or t1=20 , ⇒ t2=5
⇒ t1 < t2 ⇒ t1=5
Sol 6:
Hence the value of t is 5 sec.
Sol 7:
v
I II III
20
0 t a₂
t₁ t₂ 25
total Displacement a₁ I II
Average Velocity =
total time
total time (t) = 25 s 20 25
25
total displacement = area under v-t. graph = ∫=
v.dt
a2 =
0 − 20
a
∆ν
0 25 − 20 t
V0=5(t1)
a2 = −4ms−2
Final acceleration equal declaration,
∵ Particle returns to initial position, its displacement is
V0 -5 (25 – t2)=0
zero
⇒ 5t1-5(25-t2) =0
∴ ∫ v.dt =
0
⇒ t2=25-t1
t1
For 0 < t =
< t1 area 1
∫=
5 t.dt (v at) for 0 < t < 20, area = × 20 × 20 =200m
2
0
t1
5t12 for t > 0 V = 20 - 4 ( t -20)
= ∫=
5 t.dt (v at) =
2
0
∵ v = u –at and its starts for t =20 s
5t2
For t1
= 1
< t < t2 area t t
2
t2 = ∫ [20 − 4(t − 20)].dt= ∫ (100 − 4t).dt
= ∫ 5t1 .dt= 5t1 ( t2 − t1=
) 5t1 ( 25 − 2t1 ) 20 20
t1 4
= 100(t − 20) − (t2 − 202 ) = 100t − 2t2 − 1200
2
P hysi cs | 2.63
total area = 0 3
⇒ cos θ1 =
⇒ 200 + [100t -2t2 -1200] = 0 10
1
⇒ 2t2-100t +1000 =0 ⇒ sin θ2 =
10
⇒ t2-50t+500=0
⇒ tan θ2 =3
⇒ t = 36.2 s ⇒ θ2 = tan−1 3
Sol 8: ∵the stone can reach height (H) = 4h, Hence wind stream is inclined at tan-13° with vertical.
It initial velocity
Sol 10: for particle 1
ν 2(4h)g
= v ( 2Hg ) S1= (300 - 20t) cm
1 2 S2 = (400- 20t) cm
Distance travelled by upper stone D1 = gt
2 Let S1 have unit vector î
Distance travelled by lower stone
1 3
D=
1
vt − gt2 ⇒ S=
2 (400 − 20t)iˆ − (400 − 20t) ˆj
2
2 2 2
D1 + D2 =
h
= (200 − 20t)iˆ − 3(200 − 10t) ˆj
1 1
⇒ gt2 − vt − gt2 = h
2 2 Separation = S1 - S2
⇒ h = vt ⇒ h = 8hg.t
= [(300 − 20t) − (200 − 2t)] ˆi + 3(200 − 10t)ˆj
h h
⇒
= t = = (100 − 10t) ˆi + 3(200 − 10t)ˆj
8hg 8g
= 10[(10 − t)iˆ + 3(20 − t)ˆj]
h
Hence time when two stone cross is . = 10 (10 − t)2 + 3(20.t)2
dist ance
8g
= 10 1300 − 140t + 4t2
d(t)
Sol 9: Let vertical direction limit vector be ˆj , for a quadratic equation, min occurs at − b = 140= 35
horizontal î 2a 2 × 8 2
Drop
2
35 35 35
d = 10 1300 − 140 + 4 = 50 3cm
2 2 2
₂
₁ ∴ min separation is 50 3cm .
₁ + ₂ = 90
Sol 11: Final velocity (u) = at1
Let it further travel for t seconds, acceleration a.
Vcar = 2 î
Let initial displacement be S1.
Vdrops=6 ˆj
1 2
S1 = at
Vdrops w. r.t car = Vdrops - Vcar =−2iˆ + 6ˆj 2 1
1 1 α2
∴ at12 + at1 t − at2 = 0 dv = dt
2 2 2
⇒ t2 − 2t1 t − t12 = 0
α2
⇒v= t
2t1 ± 8t12 2
⇒t= =( ± 2 + 1)t1
2
α2 α2
∴
= a ,v
= t
t>0 2 2
∴t1= ( 2 + 1)t1 t
t
(ii) s = ∫ v.dt
s = ∫ v.dt
Total Time = t +t1 0
0 t
t α2 2
Total Time
= ( 2 + 2)t1 s =α ∫ t.dt
s=∫ t.dt
2
0
20
2 2
Sol 12: Let max velocity = V, total distance = S 2 α t 2 s
sα t2
= ⇒= t2 s
s
= 4⇒= t α
s 4 α
V 2 = 2a ; a=acceleration s s α s
m Average velocity=s =s =α s
Average velocity= = t 2= s 2
mv 2 t 2 s 2
⇒a= α
2s α
nv 2
Similarly retardation r = α s
2s ∴ Mean velocity <v> =
2
Here we again used the principle, retardation is
acceleration in reverse time. V V
Sol
Time14:of Time
flightof=flight
2 = 2 g
v 2s g
∴Time of acceleration t1= =
a mv 1= 4v22 2av 2
11 at24v 2 1 .a.2av
dispalcement
dispalcement = = at2 2= .a. =2 =
v 2s 2
g2
Time of deceleration t2= = 2 2 g2 gg2
r nv 2 ×21 × (9.8)2
= 2 × 1 × (9.8)
= 2m
= = 2m
2
1 s s (9.8)2 (9.8)
Time of uniform velocity = s − −
v m n
It falls 2m behind him.
s
Avg. Velocity =
2s 2s 1 s s Sol 15: Let distance be S
+ + s − −
mv nv v m n s
Vman =
V 90
=
1 1 s
1+ + Vescalator =
m n 60
Max
Max Velocity
Velocity 11 11
= 11+ +m + +n : 1 : 1
= Vman on moving escalator w. r. t ground= Vman+ Vescalator
Avg.
Avg. Velo city
Velocity m n 1 1 s
= s + =
90 60 36
Sol 13: (i) v = α x s s
Time= = 36
=
dv α dx α s v
= = . .v 36
dt 2 x dt 2 x
He can reach in 36 seconds.
v
= α
x Sol 16: Total distance to be covered= 180+180=360m
dv α α2 Let V1, V2 be velocities of trains
∴ = α= = a
dt 2 2 It they move in same direction, relative velocity = V1-V2
Opposite direction, relative velocity = V1+V2
P hysi cs | 2.65
He observes both moving with velocity –v. Sol 17: (B) For
dx
0 , t < T dx >0
Sol 7: (C, D) While throwing, the horizontal component 0, t < T > dt
0
dt dx
of the velocity of ball (with respect to earth) is equal to T < t < 2T <0
velocity of cart. dt
d2 x dv
<0∀t ⇒ <0∀t
dt2 dt
P hysi cs | 2.67
dv 20(u cos 45°) – 40(u cos 45°) = 40(v) – 20(u cos 450°)
Sol 18: (D) <0
dt \ v=0
Sol 19: (C) Speed is |v|. Apply |v| to v-t graph. i.e., particle Q comes to rest. So, particle Q will fall
vertically downwards and will strike just midway
Match the Columns between A and B.
(ii) Maximum height,
Sol 20: A → p,s; B → r; C → q; D → s
u2 sin2 θ (49)2 sin2 45°
H= = = 61.25 m
dx 2g 2 × 9.8
(A) < 0, x>0 , 0<t<T
dt Therefore, time taken by Q to reach the ground,
⇒ Ball rolling towards origin. (p)
2H 2 × 61.25
t= = = 3.53 s
dx g 9.8
= 0 t>T
dt
So it suddenly stops (s) Sol 2: Let t1 be the time from A to B and t2 the time
dx from B to C
(B) There is a sudden change in slope i.e.
dt Then
A
Hence it had bounced of something (r)
H h
(C) There is a sudden change in slope. The particle was
going to origin and went back (q) H
B
dx h
(D) < 0, x > 0 ⇒ Object going towards origin.
dt
C
dx
= 0; t>T
dt 2(H – h) 2h
t1 = and t2 =
dx g g
< 0; 0<t<T
dt
Then, the total time
⇒ Sudden change in velocity.
2
dx T = t1 + t2 = [ H–h + h ]
Also = 0 ⇒ ball stops (s) g
dt
dt
For t to be maximum =0
dh
Previous Years’ Questions
2 –1 1
or + =0
g 2 H – h 2 h
Sol 1: (i) Range of both the particles is
1 1
u2 sin2θ (49)2 sin90° or = or 2h = H
R= = h H–h
g 9.8
By symmetry we can say that they will collide at highest h 1
∴ =
point. H 2
5m/s C
60°
A VAX
10 m/s P 2
t= s
5 3m/s 3
B F D
A 10m/s d₁ d₂
vCx = 5 m/s 2
|vCx| t = (5) = 5.77 m
vCy = 5 3 m/s 3
Therefore, position from B is d1 i.e., 11.55 m and from
(v CA )yCE 10
∴ = = D is d2 or 5.77 m.
(v CA )x AE d
v Cy – v Ay Sol 4: u = 5 3 m/s
10 5 3–0 10
or = or = 1
v Cx – v Ax d 5 – (–10) d ∴ u cos60° = (5 3 ) m/s = 2.5 3 m/s
2
∴ d = 10 3 m = 17.32 m 3
and u sin 60° = (5 3 ) m/s = 7.5 m/s
2
AC
(ii) Time of collision, t =
→
| v CA | y u 2
→ 60°u
| v CA | = (v 2CAx ) + (v CAy )2 Q
h
2 2
= {5 – (–10)} + {5 3 – 0} = 10 3 m/s 10m
x P
y=10-h
CA = (10)2 + (10 3)2 = 20 m x
0
20 2
∴t= = s Since, the horizontal displacement of both the shots
10 3 3 are equal. The second should be fired early because it’s
horizontal component of velocity u cos 60° or 2. 5 3
P hysi cs | 2.69
m/s is less than the other which is u or 5 3 m/s. Therefore, velocity of stone at highest point will be
→
Now let first shot takes t1 time to reach the point P and v = ( 4iˆ + 3ˆj ) m/s
the second t2.
or speed at highest point,
Then, x = (u cos 60°)t2 = ut1 →
v=|v|= (4)2 + ((3)2 m/s = 5 m/s
or x = 2.5 3 t2 = 5 3 t1 … (i)
Now, applying law of conservation of linear momentum,
or t2 = 2t1 … (ii) let v0 be the velocity of combined mass after collision.
1 2 1 Then, mv = (2m)v0
and h = |(u sin 60°)t2 – gt | = gt12
2 2 2
v 5
1 1 ∴ v0 = = m/s = 2. 5 m/s
or h = gt22 – (u sin 60°)t2 = gt12 2 2
2 2
∴ Speed of combined mass just after collision is
Taking g = 10 m/s2 2. 5 m/s
h = 5t22 – 7.5 t2 = 5t12 … (iii) (ii) Tension in the string becomes zero at horizontal
position. It implies that velocity of combined mass
Substituting t2 = 2t1 in Eq. (iii), we get also becomes zero in horizontal position. Applying
conservation of energy, we have
5(2t1)2 – 7.5(2t1) = 5t12
or 15t12 = 15t1 ⇒ t1 = 1 s T= 0
v= 0
and t2 = 2t1 = 2 s
L
x = 5 3 t1 = 5 3 m [From Eq. (i)]
This is the absolute velocity of stone (with respect to x =0.5m 0.5 0.5
1 –k –k dx
ground). At highest point of its trajectory, the vertical ∴
2
mv2 = ∫ F(dx) = ∫ 2x2 (dx) = 2 ∫ x2
x =1.0m 1.0 1.0
component (z) of its velocity will become zero, whereas
the x and y-components will remain unchanged
2 . 7 0 | Motion in a Straight Line
0.5
k 1 1 Acceleration of particle with respect to block
k 1 – k
= = =
2 x 1.0 2 0.5 1.0 2 = acceleration of particle – acceleration of block
= (g sin θ î + g cos θ ˆj )–(g sin θ) î = g cos θ ˆj
k
∴v=± Now motion of particle with respect to block will be a
m
projectile as shown
Substituting the values
10 –2 Nm2
v=± = ± 1 m/s u O
10 –2 kg
P R
Therefore, velocity of particle at x = 1.0 m is
v = – 1.0 m/s g cos
Negative sign indicates that velocity is in negative
x-direction. The only difference is, g will be replaced by g cos θ
(ii) Applying work-energy theorem between any u2 sin2α
∴ PQ = Range (R) =
intermediate value x = x, we get gcos θ
x x
1 –k dx k 1 k 1 (ii) Horizontal displacement of particle with respect
2
mv2 = ∫ 2x 2
= = – 1
2 2 1.0 2 x
to ground is zero. This implies that initial velocity
1.0
with respect to ground is only vertical, or there is no
horizontal component of the absolute velocity of the
k 1 1 1–x
∴ v2 = – 1 ∴v= –1 = particle.
m x x x
u
^
k 10 –2 λ Nm2 j
= u cos(+)
m ^
10 –2 kg i
dx 1–x
but v = – =
dt x
0.25 x v cos
x x
∴ ∫ 1–x
dx = – ∫ dt or ∫ 1–x
dx = – ∫ dt
1 0
Sol 7: (i) Accelerations of particle and block are shown Let v be the velocity of the block down the plane.
in figure.
Velocity of particle
= u cos (α + θ) î + u sin(α + θ) ˆj
Velocity of block = – v cos θ î – v sinθ ˆj
g sin
g cos ∴ Velocity of particle with respect to ground
= {u cos (α + θ) – v cos q} î +
^
i ^
i {u sin (α + θ) – v sin q} ˆj
Now, as we said earlier that horizontal component of
g sin absolute velocity should be zero.
Therefore, u cos (α + θ) – v cos θ = 0
ucos(α + θ)
or v = (down the plane)
cos θ
P hysi cs | 2.71
Sol 8: Let t be the time after which the stone hits the Sol 9: (i) Let A stands for trolley and B for ball.
object and θ be the angle which the velocity vector u
Relative velocity of B with respect to A ( vBA ) should be
makes with horizontal. According to question, we have
following three conditions. Vertical displacement of along OA for the ball to hit the trolley. Hence, vBA will
stone is 1.25 m make an angle of 45° with positive x-axis.
1 2 Q = 45°
1.25 = (u sin θ)t – gt
2 (ii) Let v = absolute velocity of ball.
where g = 10 m/s2 4θ 4
φ= = (45°) = 60° → with x-axis
or (u sin θ)t = 1.25 + 5t 2
… (i) 3 3
→
v 3v ˆ
Horizontal displacement of stone ∴ v B = (v cos θ) î + (v sin θ) ˆj = î + j
2 2
= 3 + displacement of object A →
v A = ( 3 – 1) ˆj
1 2
∴ (u cos θ)t = 3 + at , → 3v
2 v
∴ v BA = î + – 3 + 1 ˆj
where a = 1.5 m/s2 2 2
→
or (u cos θ)t = 3 + 0.75 t2 … (ii) Since v BA is at 45°
Horizontal component of velocity (of stone) = vertical
v 3v
component (because velocity vector is inclined at 45° ∴ = – 3 + 1 or v = 2 m/s
2 2
with horizontal)
∴ (u cos θ) = gt – (u sin θ) … (iii) 2usin θ 2 × 10 × sin60°
Sol 10: t = T = = = 3s
g 10
(The right hand side is written gt – u sin θ because the
stone is in its downward motion. Therefore, gt > u sin θ. 1 2
Displacement of train in time t = at
In upward motion u sin θ > gt) 2
Multiplying Eq. (iii) with t we can write Displacement of boy with respect to train = 1.15 m
or (u cos θ)t + (u sin θ)t = 10 t2 … (iv) ∴ Displacement of boy with respect to ground
> 4 m/s2 y
Hence, |a| ≥ 4 at some point or points in its path.
t=
2p Vy
Sol 13: (A, B, C) b
a x
x
x = a cos (pt) ⇒ cos (pt) = … (i) O ax
a
y
y = b sin (pt) ⇒ sin (pt) = … (ii)
b
Squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x2 y2
+ =1
2
a b2
a x
O ax
P hysi cs | 2.73
t=0
y = 0 = vx = ay
x=a
vy = by and
ax = – ap2