CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN NIGERIA, THE PROSPECT AND CHALLENGES

FOR PEACE. A CASE STUDY OF IFE MODAKEKE CRISES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 Background to the Study

Nigeria is a large multi-ethnic country where ethnic cleavages remain a

critical problem and ethnic violence has erupted periodically. Among

the prominent conflicts in Nigeria are: Ife-Modakeke Crisis in Osun

State; Yoruba-Hausa Clashes in Shagamu, Ogun State; Eleme-Okrika

Conflict in Rivers State; Zango-Kataf in Kaduna State; Tiv-Jukun in 

Wukari, Taraba State; Ogoni-Adoni in Rivers State; Chamba-Kuteb in

Taraba State;  Itsekiri-Ijaw/Urhobo in Delta State; Aguleri-Umuleri in

Anambra State; Ijaw-Ilaje  conflict in Ondo State; Basa-Egbura in

Nassarawa State; Hausa/Fulani-Sawaya in Bauchi, among others. These

conflicts have provided a pattern that makes scholars to attribute their

causes to greed, power and wealth distribution. The impacts of these

crises have led to loss of lives, displacement of people, destruction of

properties, etc. Thus, the greatest challenge facing the process of

conflict resolution in Nigeria is the issue of maintaining balance among

the conflicting parties by the third party (preferably the Nigerian

Government). This balance, however, can only be met if the roots of

the conflict(s) are traced and treated fairly. Going by this analysis, the

lessons from the Ife-Modakeke crisis makes a good study because of its

strategic importance in Yoruba history; and again, its prospect for

conflict resolution in Nigeria.

 Conflict resolution in Nigeria is multifaceted in that it refers to a

process aimed at resolving ethnic conflicts through constructive means.

In most cases, Panels/Committees set up to investigate communal

clashes often identify the underlying causes of the conflict and address

them through solutions that are mutually satisfactory, self-

perpetuating, and sustaining. While it is true that not all conflicts lend

themselves to conflict resolution techniques, the Ife-Modakeke crisis

makes an exception. In the words of A. R. Asiyanbola (2007), the Ife-

Modakeke crisis remains the oldest intra-ethnic conflict in Nigeria

which makes the process of peace making a realistic one.1

 The Ife and Modakeke are both Yoruba of Osun State in southwestern

Nigeria. According to oral tradition, both are descendants of Oduduwa,

the perceived progenitor of the Yoruba people.2The socio-cultural and

political systems of the two communities are essentially identical and

their geographical distribution largely overlaps. As related as Ife and

Modakeke are, however, both have engaged in protracted conflict for

over a century. The Modakeke people are generally considered

strangers, tenants, and migrants in Ife. On the other hand, the Ifes’

regard themselves as the ‘landlord’ over the people of Modakeke.

 Historical accounts suggest that the people of Modakeke migrated and

settled in Ile-Ife in the aftermath of the collapse of the Old Oyo empire
in the nineteenth century, causing a refugee crisis to the south and

resulting in the occupation of their contemporary location.3 Two

distinct categories of people were thus created: the original settlers

(landlords) and the migrants, tenants, farmhands, and a resettled group

considered as refugees (Modakeke).4 These categorizations form the

remote causes of the conflicts between the two groups.

  It is recognized that the causes of the conflicts between Ifesand

Modakekes are many and varied. Historians generally trace the crisis to

pre-colonial Nigeria especially during the Yoruba internecine wars of

the nineteenth century.5Some of the identified major conflicts that

broke out between the two groups include:

1. The two bloody battles of 1849.

2. The communal war of December 1882.

3. The conflict over selection of Imam by the Modakeke in 1934.

4. The Isakole (Land Rent) dispute of 1946 – 47.

 5. The confrontation over the reception of a British parliamentarian

(Rev. Sorenson) in January 1949.

6. The conflict over the establishment of Modakeke High School.

7. The conflict over the establishment of Olorunsogo Plank Market,

8. The opposition to self help development projects by a Fund

Raising activity of Modakeke in 1980.

9. And the request for a separate Local Government Council with

began in 1950s.6

Efforts of the Nigerian government (both the Federal and the State

Governments) in resolving these crises and the impact of the

resolutions taken have had on the peoples of Ife and Modakeke is

worth studying.

 Objectives of the Study

This study seeks to achieve the following objectives:

(i)          Provide a historical background to Conflict resolution in

Nigerian using Ife-Modakeke Crisis as a case study;

(ii)    Examine the origin of the Ife-Modakeke Crisis;

(iii)   Analyse the various factors responsible for the continuous

mayhem between Ife and Modakeke despite the intervention of the

Nigerian Government (as the third party);

(iv)  Discuss the implications of Ife-Modakeke Crisis and the conflict

resolution adopted in the area on the future of peace making among

the various ethnic groups in Nigeria.

 Statement of the Problem

Conflict resolution in Nigeria is still in its developmental stage. The Ife-

Modakeke Crisis in Osun State; Yoruba-Hausa Clashes in Shagamu,

Ogun State; Eleme-Okrika Conflict in Rivers State; Zango-Kataf in

Kaduna State; Tiv-Jukun in  Wukari, Taraba State; Ogoni-Adoni in Rivers

State; among others all follow the same pattern of escalation. While the
Ife-Modakeke crisis remains the oldest of these conflicts, there is a

need to develop an adaptive conflict resolution model that would arrest

the situation before escalation. Using Ife-Modakeke as a case study, the

causes, course and effects of ethnic conflicts in Nigeria could be

understood and would have a long term implication for peace process

in Nigeria.

Literature Review

Scope of the Study

This study covers conflict resolution in Nigeria using Ife-Modakeke crisis

as case study. It also focuses on the various resolutions and peace

processes initiated by the Nigerian government, the various community

stakeholders, and the peoples of Ife and Modakeke in resolving the

crisis.

Limitation of the Study

While this study attempts to give a comprehensive detail on conflict

resolution in Nigeria, it does not attempt to historicize conflict

resolution in all the conflicting regions of the country.

Significance of the Study

This study is of practical importance to the indigenes of both Ife and

Modakeke who are the main actors in the crisis. This study will expose

their historical origin of these two communities which should unite

them rather than separate them.

It will also help both the indigenes of the two communities to

understand the history, traditions, customs, beliefs and taboos of the

other group in other to accommodate each other.

This study is useful to scholars’ especially historians, political scientists,

peace educators and conflict resolution experts.

Finally, this study is of strategic importance to the Nigerian government

especially in the area of conflict resolution. It will help policy makers to

detect early conflict, manage early escalation of conflict and ensure

peaceful relations among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria.

Research Methodology

This study adopts the historical research methodology. historical

research methodology is most appropriate in studying the history of a

particular society. It has a documentary value of the local achievements

and challenges faced by the people.

In regard to the above method, this research depends largely on

primary sources especially oral tradition, chants, war songs, official

documents (from the Osun State Government and from the Federal

Republic of Nigeria), pictures, and many more. Over twenty people

have been contacted in the two communities of Ife and Modakeke for

oral interview. Different modes of collecting data (mostly oral

interview) were adopted. Tape recorder was employed to collect data.

The language used in collecting data was Yoruba and later transcribed
to English language and then cross-examined to check their level of

objectivity and relevance.

In addition to the above, field work were carried out in the two

communities so as to get first such hand information as regards the

perceptions of the indigenes concerning the crisis.

Secondary sources were also sourced to enrich this research work.

Published works on the history of the peoples of Ife and Modakeke

were consulted to provide a scholarly guideline on the causes, course

and effects of the Ife-Modakeke crisis and its overall implication on

peace building in Nigeria.

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

Conflicts and crises are found at every stage of life. Individuals, groups,

ass ociatio ns, clubs, societies, loca l, national and even world

community continue to experience conflicts and crises in one way or

the other. Co nflicts and crises are features of life and they have been

since the beginning of creation-conflicts between darkness and light

and even between and among the first set of human beings created on

earth. So, conflicts and crises are permanent features of life which we

have come to live an d cop e w ith and resolve from time to time. T heir

existence cannot be terminated in life unles s we want to termin ate life

itself. However, a poorly handled conflict or crisis could become violent

or destructive which could hinder nation al pea ce an d sec urity. Th us,

effective strategies that can help to nib co nflict in the bud and to

prevent it from escalating if it erupts, as we ll as to su stain peace to

avert future occurrence of crises an d their attendant large scale effects

should be developed and sustained by an y natio n that se eks peace ,

growth and development. The objective of this article was to review

the antecedent, causes and management of conflicts and crises in

Nigeria with a view to propose a better strategies for conflicts and

crises management in Nigeria since the strategies being employed to

date have not been proactive, problem-solving and solution-oriented.

Con cepts of conflicts and crises: These two words do not imply peace

rather they are anti-peace. As a matter of fact they stand for or

symbolize problem in human society. The W orld Bo ok E ncyclopedia

(200 4) see s crisis as “a turning point in the course of anything,

uncertain time or state of affairs, moment of great danger or difficulty”.

Conflict, on the other hand, is seen as “to be in opposition to another or

each other; disagree. C rises are sudden eruptions of unexpected even

ts caused by previous con flicts.

Kesterner and R ay (20 02) se e con flict as a social factual situation in

which at least two parties (individuals, groups, states) are involved and

strive for goals which can only be reache d by on e party, and o r want

to employ incompatible means to achieve a certain goal. It thus implies

struggle over values or claims to status, power and scarce resources in

which the aims of the groups or individuals involved are not only to

obtain the desired values but to n eutralize, injure or eliminate rivals.

The two words : crisis and conflict, as earlier stated are “foreign bod

ies” in h uma n society or re lationship. The two situations are

disturbance to peaceful co-existence in human society and they cause a

dent to harmonious relation ship within and without a g roup. H arks

(2000) throws more lights into these words as he gives synonyms of

crisis as “catastrophe, calamity, emergenc y, disaster” and that of co

nflict as “q uarrel, squabb le, disagreement, difference of opinion,

desertion, discord, friction”. Thus, a conflic t refers to a disagreement

or d ifferences in opinion as to how certain objectives could be

achieved. There is actually nothing wrong w ith con flict; no so ciety

that seeks to develop can absolutely do without it. What is often

questioned is how man responds to conflic t. A poo rly handled conflict

could become violent or destructive. It could become a crisis. A crisis is

said to exist when a conflict persists for too long a period of time and

seems to defy easy solution. A typical example is the Niger Delta crisis

which has been ragin g for over three decades with a little chance of a
batementun tilrecently when the regime of late President

UmaruYar’Adua initiated an amnesty programme.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Antecedents of conflicts and crises in Nigeria: Since independence,

Nigeria has never escaped a season that was free of crises both at

community level and beyond. The crises, each time they occurred

used to bring

calamities of monumental effects that often shook the country to its

foundations. In 1962, there was Action Group (AG) crises in the

Western part of N igeria, this culminated in January 15, 1966 coup

d’etat which led to the killings of some prominent Nigerians such as

Chief

S.L. Akintola, the P remier of W esternreg ion;

AlhajiAbubakarTafawaBalewa- Prime Minister, the Federal Re pub lic of

Nigeria, the Sadauna of Sokoto, and others. Consequent upon this was

the counter coup of July 27, 1967 whe re General AguyiIronsi, the then

Head of State, Brigadier General A dekun le Fajuyi, the military

administrator of W estern region, an d man y others w ere killed. This

climax ed in N igerian civil war which was fought between 1 967 -197 0.

The effects were unprecedented in the history of political crises in

Nigeria. There was wanton destruction of lives and property, and since

then Nigeria was never the same. The ‘June 12’ crisis is yet another

political crisis that rocke d N igeria to its foundation. This crisis was

orchestrated by the annulment of June 12, 1993 presidential election

believed to be won by Chief M .K.O Abiola of S ocial D emo cratic Party

(SDP ). This crisis also left bitter pill in the mouth of the Nigerian nation.
Apart from political crises, Nigeria also faces socio- religious crises. A

mon g suc h crises wa s Kafanch an crisis of 1978. This crisis was caused

by a provocation from a religious leader. A preacher, according to the

panel’s repo rt, came to preach to the Christian Students at Advanced

Teachers’ College, now College of Education, Kafanchan, and in the

course of his preaching the M uslimstudents who were close b

ybecameprovoke d. Th is led to a violen t clash betweenth e two

religiou s bod ies. Th is encounter led to the death of ma ny M uslim

students and burning of virtually all mosque s in the s chool. Th e riots

extended to Kafanchan tow n resulting in many casualities. This crisis

had a horizontal effect on neighbouring towns like Katsina, Funtua and

Zaria. When the information of the incidence filtered to such town s,

selective retaliatory attacks were launched on all available Kataf

people, Igbo traders and the others (Albert, 2001). One will not also

forget the so cio-religious c risis in Jos that bro ke up in early h our o f M

arch 7 , 2010 . The crisis was between the native Birompeop le wh o are
p redo mina ntly C hristians, and the Hausa, Fulani who are migrants

and belong majorly to the Islamic religion.

As a matter of fact, religious crises are the most recurring crises in

Nigeria today. There was hardly any year of rest from religious crisis in

the country since 1977. At times, two or three crises happened w ithin

some years. Nigeria therefore can count up to fifty (50) religious crises

from 1977 till date (Alabi, 2010). Presently, religious crisis in Jos is yet to

be settled, prominent among religious crises in Nigeria are: crises

between Muslims and Christians, M uslims and Muslims, Muslims and

Traditional W orshippers and Traditional Worshippers and

Christians. The com mun al clashes in Nigeria are also innumerable. One

cannot forget in a haste the 1997 Ife- Modakeke crises, the ArogboIjaw-

UgboIlaje crises of 1999, Aguleri-Umuleri communal crises of 1999-

2000.
The contact with the forces of W estern imperialism not only distorted,

disarticulated and underdeveloped the Nigerian nation, it also ensured

its structured incorporation into a system inconsistent with her culture,

which according to Alabi (2010) has led to:

• The creatio n of un stable a nd h egemonic s tate

• Dependence on the production and exportation of a narrow range

of cash crops for foreign exchange earnings

• Vu lnerability to price fluctuations, largely the precipitate of the

manipulative tactics and actions of multinational corporations and

their home governments

• Scientific and technological backwardness

• Dependence on foreign aid to sponsor development projects and

relianc e on fo reign ‘e xport’

• Domination of the various economies by pro fit seeking trans-

national corporations;

• A deepening process of rural-urban migration, rural decay and

urban dislocation

• An overextended, ineffective and inefficient bureaucracy

• Cultural alienation and the use of coercion to reproduce the

domination of society by the local ruling class (in most cases acting as

agent of the international bourgeoisie

• Near total irrelevance in world politics

• These conditions taken together with others have con veniently

pitched Nigeria nation in the valley of multi-various conflicts and hydra-

headed crises

Causes of conflicts and crises in Nigeria: The major causes of conflicts

and crises in Nigeria ac cord ing to Albert (201 0) is competition for

resources. Resources as a cause of conflict refers to all forms of human

possessions such as land, money, power and influence that are often in

limitedsup ply. T hiscau se co nflicts in three major ways:

• when it is not enough to go roun d eve rybody/people fight for th

e little that is available

• people fight over resources when wh at is availab le is unjustly

distributed or allocated

• it is believed that excessive lack (poverty) makes people to

become pliable instruments in the hands of conflict entrepreneurs

Poverty probably explains why unemployed youths are the canno n

fodders o f violent conflicts in different parts of Nigeria. People pay

them to fight their cause. The

Niger Delta crisis in Nigeria can be excellently u sed to illustrate the

differen t aspects of resource - b asedconflic t.

Another cause of conflicts, most especially religious and ethnic

altercations, is differences in our value systems. Values refer to our

inherited modes of behaviour or belief sy stem s: wh at a person

considers to be important or does not conside r to be importan t. It

refers to one’s philosophy of life; preferences or dislikes. Pundits often

blam e religiou s con flicts on this factor and the argument here is that

people are engaged in religious conflict because of religiou s

differences: one p erson is a M uslim and the other is a Christian.

However, the point must be made here that values do not cre ate

conflict automatically. It becomesan issue in co nflict when p eople try

to force their value systems o n others or w henvalues are politicized.

Psychological needs constitute another important cause of conflict. This

refers to all forms of human sentiments by which or without which a

gulf could be created between individuals or groups. For example,

everybody desires to be loved and respected. The absence of these

could make a person to become agitated and troublesome. Such other

human expressions such as arrogance, greed, lack of respect, lack of

self controlcould also lead to and in fact are believed to have caused

several conflicts and crises in Nigeria.

The last major cause of conflict is communication, that is, how man

exchange information. This has to do with what is said and what is not

said. In other words, how we exchang e information matters a lot in the

determination of wh ether a society will be peaceful or n ot. Our

consideration of communication styles requires that we call

specialattention to h ow the m ediare port co uld cause disagreement

between individuals or groups. Several minor conflicts in Nigeria hav e

esc alated to violent situations as a result of how they were reported by

the media.

Con flicts and crises manage ment strategies: Major con flicts and crises

re spon se m echanism s accordin g to Albert (201 0) are:

Avoidance/de nial: This has to do with doing nothing about the problem

w ith the ho petha t, with tim e, it would go away. Institutions and

individuals resort to these conflict response mechanisms for three main

reasons: fear of direct intervention, deliberate impunity, and bystander

synd rom e.

Strategicwithdrawa l: This response mechanism looks like avoid ance /

denial on the surface; but it is not. It has to do with not taking any

immediate action on the problem or taking a mild action but

seizing the opportunity to buy quality time an d spa ce to plan and

take a more decisive action.

Third party decision making: This has to do w ith having to refer the

conflict to a higher bod y w ith decision making power for settlement. In

most cases, this approach involves judicial settlement: a legal mode of

pacific dispute termination.

Confrontation: This has to do with the use of the police or military to

reverse an objectionable situation as we recentlywitnessed in

Maiduguri during the Boko Haram crisis and in Jos during the Jos crisis.

Joint problem solving: This has to do with the conflict parties working

together to find mutually satisfying solutions to the problem. It also

involves a neutral third party (usually a mediator) working with the

disputants to deal with the problem. This is where negotiation and

mediation find relevance.

Management of conflicts and crises in Nigeria: The wanton destruction

of lives and properties occasioned by incessant crises that Nigerian

nation experiences call for the need to look into the issue of conflicts

and crises man agement, a strategy that can help to nib conflict in the

bud and to prevent it from escalation if it erupts, as w ell as to susta in

peace to avert future occurrence of crises and their attendant large

scale effects. Suffice to state that though we do not have the option of

staying out of con flicts as human beings, unless we stay out of

relationship, family, work and community, all we need to do is to

imbibe conflict management strategies and sharpen our crises

management skills so that we can interact mean ingfully with on e

another.
In the words of Schmid (2000), conflict management is interference in

an ongoing conflict process in such a way as to contain and, if possible:

• Reduce the level of violence and destruction

• Prevent the vertical escalation towards the use of weapons of

mass destruction (WMD)

• Prevent the horizontal expansion into other areas

Crisis management according to him refers to the coordinated and

timelyap plication of politica l, econ omic military, and or security

measures taken in response to a situation threatening peace, with the

aim of defusing the tensed situation , preventing escalation, or

achieving a peaceful settlement of a dispute.

Successive Nigerian governments have managed Nigerian crises and co

nflicts in different but coercive and unconstructive ways. For instance,

Abacha’s administration used police and military to resolve Ife-

Modakeke crises in 1997, but all to no avail until peaceful intervention

of U nited S tates Agency for International Development/Office of

International Initiatives (USA ID/O TI). Soldiers were also drafted in

1999 to quell

theArogboIjaw-U gboIlaje crises by O basanjo’s administration. The sam

e administration , in its bids to settle and re solve Niger-Delta crises

sent Military Joint Task Force (JTF) to the area with ideological slogan -

‘Opera tion Restore Hope’, in order to win legitimacy. Also, in most of

the religious and tribal clashes , soldiers had been drifted to such areas

in order to quench crises and restore ‘peace’, little or no attention was

paid to restore perm anen t peace between and among the concerned

groups after temporary peace was restored (Albert, 2003 ).

All the coercive interventionist strategies employed to solve the m yriad

s ocio-p oliticalreligious crise s in Nigeria have yielded next to no

achievements. It was only the administration of late Alhaji Um aru

Musa Yar-Adua- the former President of Nigeria- that looked the other

way and employed alternative dispute resolution spectrum to resolv e

N iger-D elta crises, the crises that have become phenomenal albatross

round the neck of Nigeria. He took determined and strategic steps to

resolve the problem once and for all. He created Niger Delta Ministry

and granted amnesty to th e N iger D elta M ilitants. This has greatly

yielded a lot of results, and peac e is grad uallyreturnin g into the

religion.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Methodology and procedure

In this research the researcher among other methods used the

descriptive research method. The descriptive research is concerned

with the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data for

the purpose of describing vividly existing conditions, prevailing

practices and beliefs, attitudes, on-going procures etc. the descriptive

research goes beyond the description of the conditions or phenomena

to include discovery of meaning. It also focuses a discovery of trends

that are developing. The main objectives of descriptive research is to

get detailed and factual information about issues, events, problems and

describe the events as they are.

The descriptive research method enabled the researcher to describe in

a systematic manner conflict resolution in Nigeria, the prospect and

challenges for peace, a case study of ifemodakeke.The essentials of the

descriptive research cannot be over-looked, it is a research that gives

the true picture of the whole situation or problem. It gives the basis for

eliciting possible policies for alleviating problems. It also saves time.

The data for the descriptive analysis was generated through various

types of data collection; they are interviews, which are structured

interview and unstructured interview, also through an empirical

investigation. They all will be discussed below.

INTERVIEWS:

Interviews involve eliciting information from the respondent through

some verbal interaction between the interview and the respondent. It

is a face to face interaction situation in which one person the

interviewer questions, which are responded to orally. The questions

which are properly framed, allows the respondent easy understanding

of the information that are being sort for.

3.2 The empirical investigation

The researcher conducted a detailed empirical investigation in

ifemodakeke. The method here was based on sustained participant

observation approach (Scott, 1965). Data were collected through

interviews, study of secondary material and observation. The

observation is an investigation method used to obtain direct

information method used to obtain direct information on the behavior

of individuals, objects or situations. It involves watching people,

situations phenomena and getting first-hand information relating to

particular aspects of such people, events, situations or phenomena.

Information relating to certain aspects of human behavior can only be

obtained in the particular settings where such behaviors are exhibited.

Use of interviews are discussed above. Secondary materials are those

source of information which other people did not participate or witness

the events. The author of a secondary source material tries to collect

and synthesize a pool of materials, which include encyclopedia,

dictionaries, textbooks, journals and periodicals, newspapers and

magazines as well as publications. Extensive use was made of personnel

interviews. In this research the researcher concentrated on focused

interviews. This involved the use of guided questionnaire sheet which

are designed to assist the researcher to obtain desired information

from the respondents. This technique was aimed at giving the

respondents the freedom to answer questions asked, while the

interviewer occasionally directed the discussion towards the course

that will enable him obtain the required information.

3.3 Reliability of data collected

interviews used where the structured interviews and unstructured

interview. The structured interview is a rigidly standardized and formal

kind of interview. The questions were presented to the different

respondents, in the same order and choice of alternative responses,

and it is restricted to predetermined list. The structured approach

allowed for reliable data analysis. In the unstructured interview, which

is a flexible type of interview which contains very few restrictions on

the respondent’s answers, the respondents were encouraged to

express their thoughts freely.

The secondary materials that were studies were those relating to

internal topic. These include textbooks, publications of government,

newspapers, journals and periodicals. The textbooks were gotten from

the library to provide detailed information and knowledge. Generally,

the textbooks provided interpretation in the topic. The government

publications like books, pamphlets, e.t.c. from different government

agencies and parastatals contain very rich information concerning the

topic, they included statistical reports, research reports, official reports,

laws and other materials that are not readily available elsewhere.

The newspapers on the other hand provided current information

concerning peoples’ views and opinions in the area of study. The

formed valuable sources of information from where good ideas have

been obtained to be helpful in designing and executing a very good

work
3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN

In this study, the research method had great emphasis toward the

descriptive sample survey. This approach was adopted here because

the researcher worked with a much number of potential variable of

interest with little previous knowledge of theory that would inform us

on where to begin. It is considered that a more flexible and exploratory

approach will be needed.

A possible compromise between the exploratory research of the single

participant observer and a much more systematic and standardized

approach is the descriptive sample survey. In this sample survey, a

premium is placed on certain kinds of standardization, here the

research was concerned with the methodology areas.

This final to collect data in such a way that all respondents are

confronted with rarely identical questions.This seems is concerned with

sampling are the question of generalization in making results. The third

is with specifying standard criterion for data analysis procedure so that

different analysis may reach similar conclusion based on the available

data.

3.5 Population of the study

The available population of the affected states is two hundred and

fourteen (200), the information was obtained from the records of

various sources.

3.6 Instrument for data collection

Two instruments where used in the study and it yields a lot of

contribution and contents.

i. Oral Interview: The research used face-to-face interview with

the interviews with the respondents to obtain the necessary

information needed from the organization.

ii. Questionnaire: The research used questionnaires to gather

information from the respondents. The questionnaire

 contains difference questions. Some option from which the

respondents were, required to choose

3.7 Validation of the instrument

The instrument was subjected to both content and face validity by

supervision, after all the corrections, the validated instrument was

taken back for conformation to ensure that suggestions and

observation were incorporated.

3.8 Reliability of the instrument

The instrument was subjected to test, retest reliability test. The result

showed a good internal consistency.

3.9 Methods of data collection

The data for this study where obtained from primary data where

obtained from respondents, through direct interview and questionnaire

method.
The secondary data were obtained through the stocks of material from

the researchers’ friends and associates and National library. More so,

an experience from observation was very helpful in this research work.

3.10 Methods of data analysis

The analysis of data was organized along the following lines.

Descriptive statistical analysis was used to indicate percentage scores of

all the respondents. The calculation of respondents were equally drawn

up on the table.