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Yasin Ali
Working Rule:
Step 1: Transform the give PDE of the first order in the standard form
𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 (1)
Step 2: Write down the Lagrange’s auxiliary equation for (1) namely
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= = (2)
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
Step 4: The general solution of (1) is then written one of the following three equivalent forms
Rule 1:
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝑐1 (4)
Assistant Professor
UITS
Md. Yasin Ali
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
3 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑑𝑧 = 0 (5)
𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 𝑐2 (6)
𝑦2𝑧
Ex. 02: Solve ( ) 𝑝 + 𝑧𝑥𝑞 = 𝑦 2 .
𝑥
𝑦2𝑧
Solution: Given, ( ) 𝑝 + 𝑧𝑥𝑞 = 𝑦 2 (1)
𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ =
𝑦2𝑧 𝑧𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ =
𝑦2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (3)
⇒ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑐1 (4)
𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑧
𝑧
Assistant Professor
UITS
Md. Yasin Ali
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐2 (6)
H.W.
Rule 2:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ =
𝑥 𝑦
1 1
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (3)
Assistant Professor
UITS
Md. Yasin Ali
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑧 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑧 𝑦𝑐1
⇒ 𝑐1 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 𝑐2
𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 𝑐2
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 2 = 𝑐2 (6)
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑥 = 0 (3)
𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 𝑐1 (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
= 3𝑥 2 sin 𝑐
1 1
Assistant Professor
UITS
Md. Yasin Ali
⇒ 3𝑥 2 sin 𝑐1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑧 = 0 (5)
H.W.
Rule 3:
Integrating,
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑐1
+ + =
2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐1 (3)
Assistant Professor
UITS
Md. Yasin Ali
𝑙𝑑𝑥+𝑚𝑑𝑦+𝑛𝑑𝑧
= 𝑙𝑚𝑧−𝑙𝑛𝑦+𝑚𝑛𝑥−𝑙𝑚𝑧+𝑙𝑛𝑦−𝑚𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑑𝑥+𝑚𝑑𝑦+𝑛𝑑𝑧
= 0
Therefore,
Integrating,
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑐2 (4)
Integrating,
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑐1
+ + =
2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐1 (3)
1 1 1
Again choosing 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 as multipliers, each fraction of (2)
Assistant Professor
UITS
Md. Yasin Ali
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥+ 𝑑𝑦+ 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= (𝑦 2 −𝑧 2 )+(𝑧 2 −𝑥 2 )+(𝑥 2 −𝑦2 )
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥+ 𝑑𝑦+ 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 0
Therefore,
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0.
𝑥
Integrating,
⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑐2 (4)
Assistant Professor
UITS