Dalmatian (language)

Dalmatian /dælˈmeɪʃən/[2][3] or Dalmatic /dælˈmætɪk/[2] (Dalmatian: langa

dalmata, dalmato; Italian: lingua dalmatica, dalmatico; Croatian: dalmatski) is
Dalmatian
an extinct Romance language that was spoken in the Dalmatia region of present- Region Eastern Adriatic
day Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro. The name refers to a tribe coast, Croatian
of the Illyrian linguistic group, Dalmatae. The Ragusan dialect of Dalmatian, the islands, Bay of
most studied prestige dialect, was the official language of the Republic of Kotor
Ragusa for much of its medieval history until it was gradually supplanted by Extinct 10 June 1898
other local languages. (death of Tuone
Udaina)
Dalmatian speakers lived in the coastal towns of Zadar (Jadera), Trogir (Tragur, Language Indo-European
Traù), Spalato (Split; Spalato), Ragusa (Dubrovnik; Raugia, Ragusa), and Kotor family
Italic
(Cattaro), each of these cities having a local dialect, and on the islands of Krk
(Vikla, Veglia), Cres (Crepsa), and Rab (Arba). Romance
Italo-
Dalmatian

Contents Dalmatian
Romance
Dialects Dalmatian
Ragusan dialect
Vegliot dialect Language codes
ISO 639-3 dlm
History
Extinction Linguist List dlm (http://multit
ree.org/codes/dlm)
Classification
Similarities to Romanian Glottolog dalm1243 (http://g
lottolog.org/resou
Vlachs/Morlachs from Dalmatia and their language
rce/languoid/id/da
Grammar lm1243)[1]

Vocabulary Linguasphere 51-AAA-t

Swadesh list
Literature
Sample
Parable of the Prodigal Son
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

Dialects
Almost every city developed its own dialect. Most of these became extinct before they were recorded, so the only trace
of these ancient dialects is some words borrowed into local dialects of today's Croatia and Montenegro.

Ragusan dialect
Ragusan is the Southern dialect, whose name is derived from the Romance
name of Dubrovnik, Ragusa. It came to the attention of modern scholars in
two letters, from 1325 and 1397, and other mediaeval texts, which show a
language influenced heavily by Venetian. The available sources include
some 260 Ragusan words including pen 'bread', teta 'father', chesa 'house',
and fachir 'to do', which were quoted by the Italian Filippo Diversi, the
rector of the Ragusan grammar school in the 1430s.

The Maritime Republic of Ragusa had a large and important fleet, by the Republic of Ragusa before 1808
15th century numbering about 300 ships.[4] The language was threatened by
the Slav expansion, as the Ragusan Senate decided that all debates had to
be held in the lingua veteri ragusea (ancient Ragusan language) and the use of the Slav was forbidden. Nevertheless,
during the 16th century, the Ragusan Romance language fell out of use and became extinct.

Vegliot dialect

Vegliot (the native name being Viklasun)[5] is the Northern dialect. Its name is derived from the Italian name of Krk,
Veglia, an island in Kvarner, called Vikla in Vegliot. On an inscription dating from the beginning of the 4th century CE,
Krk is named as Splendissima civitas Curictarum. The Serbo-Croatian name derives from the Roman name (Curicum,
Curicta), whereas the younger name Vecla, Vegla, Veglia (meaning "Old Town") was created in the mediaeval
Romanesque period.

History
Dalmatian evolved from the vulgar Latin of the Illyro-
Romans. It was spoken on the Dalmatian coast from Fiume
(now Rijeka) as far south as Cottora (Kotor) in Montenegro.
Speakers lived mainly in the coastal towns of Jadera
(Zadar), Tragurium (Trogir), Spalatum[6] (Split), Ragusa
(Dubrovnik) and Acruvium (Kotor), and also on the islands
of Curicta (Krk), Crepsa (Cres) and Arba (Rab). Almost
every city developed its own dialect, but the most important
dialects we know of were Vegliot, a northern dialect spoken
on the island of Curicta, and Ragusan, a southern dialect
spoken in and around Ragusa (Dubrovnik).

The oldest preserved documents written in Dalmatian are

13th century inventories in Ragusa (Dubrovnik). Dalmatian
is also known from two Ragusan letters, dated 1325 and
1397. The available sources include roughly 260 Ragusan Areas of Dalmatian dialects.
words. Surviving words include pen 'bread', teta 'father',
chesa 'house', and fachir 'to do', which were quoted by the
Dalmatian, Filippo Diversi, Rector of the republic of Ragusa in the 1430s. The earliest reference to the Dalmatian
language dates from the tenth century and it has been estimated that about 50,000 people spoke it at that time, though
the main source of this information, the Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli, may have exaggerated his figures.

Dalmatian was influenced particularly heavily by Venetian and Serbo-Croatian (despite the latter, the Latin roots of
Dalmatian remained prominent). A 14th-century letter from Zadar (origin of the Iadera dialect) shows strong influence
from Venetian, the language that after years under Venetian rule superseded Iadera and other dialects of Dalmatian.
Other dialects met their demise with the settlement of populations of Slavic speakers.

Extinction

In 1897, the scholar Matteo Bartoli, himself a native of nearby Istria, visited a burbur ('barber' in Dalmatian) Tuone
Udaina (Italian: Antonio Udina), the last speaker of any Dalmatian dialect, to study his language, writing down
approximately 2,800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book that has provided much
information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. Bartoli
wrote in Italian and published a translation in German (Das Dalmatische) in
1906. The Italian language manuscripts were reportedly lost, and the work was
not re-translated into Italian until 2001.

Just one year later, on 10 June 1898, Tuone Udaina was accidentally killed at 74
in a roadwork explosion.[7][8]

Classification
In the most recent classification from 2017 it was classified by the Max Planck
Institute for the Science of Human History with the Istriot language in the
Tuone Udaina, the last speaker of
Dalmatian Romance subgroup.[9]
Dalmatian
It was once thought to be a language that bridged the gap between Romanian
and Italian, but it was only distantly related to the nearby Romanian dialects,
such as the nearly extinct Istro-Romanian spoken in nearby Istria, Croatia.

Some of its features are quite archaic. Dalmatian is the only Romance language that has palatalised /k/ and /ɡ/ before /i/,
but not before /e/ (others have palatalised them in both situations, except Sardinian, which has not palatalised them at
all): Latin: civitate > Vegliot: cituot ("city"), Latin: cenare > Vegliot: kenur ("to dine").

Some Dalmatian words have been preserved as borrowings in South Slavic languages, in Chakavian and the Dubrovnik
dialect of Shtokavian.

Similarities to Romanian

Among the similarities with Romanian, some consonant shifts can be found among the Romance languages only in
Dalmatian and Romanian:

Origin Result Latin Vegliot Romanian Italian English

/kt/ /pt/ octo guapto opt otto eight
/ŋn/ /mn/ cognatus comnut cumnat cognato brother-in-law
/ks/ /ps/ coxa copsa coapsă coscia thigh
/e/ /a/ septem sapto șapte sette seven

Vlachs/Morlachs from Dalmatia and their language

Vlachs (Aromanians) from Herzegovina and Dalmatia were known as "Caravlachs" during Turkish occupation. "Cara"
means black in Turkish and North in Turkish geography. Translated into Italian, the name became Morlachs (from
Mauro Vlachs).[10] Vlachs or Morlachs spoke a language close to Romanian.[11] Vlachs or Morlachs spread into all
Dalmatian areas including Adriatic isles and towns. The majority were Slavicized and many of them were Islamized or
Catholicized.[12] Today there are only a dozen Morlachs in Croatia and they have lost their maternal Romance spoken
language.

Grammar
An analytic trend can be observed in Dalmatian: nouns and adjectives began to lose their gender and number inflexions,
the noun declension disappeared completely, and the verb conjugations began to follow the same path, but the verb
maintained a person and number distinction except in the third person (in common with Romanian and several dialects
of Italy).

The definite article precedes the noun, unlike in the Eastern Romance languages like Romanian, which have it
postposed to the noun.
Vocabulary
Dalmatian kept Latin words related to urban life, lost (or if preserved, not with the original sense) in Romanian, such as
cituot "city" (in old Romanian cetate means "city"; in modern Romanian "fort"; compare also Albanian qytet, borrowed
from Latin, which, too, means "city"). The Dalmatians retained an active urban society in their city-states, whereas most
Romanians were driven into small mountain settlements during the Great Migrations of 400 to 800 AD.[13]

Venetian became a major influence on the language as Venetian commercial influence grew. The Chakavian dialect and
Dubrovnik Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian, which were spoken outside the cities since the immigration of the
Slavs, gained importance in the cities by the 16th century, and it eventually replaced Dalmatian as the day-to-day
language. Nevertheless, some words were loaned into coastal Serbo-Croatian varieties:

Dubrovnik: CL antemna > otijemna "sail pole"; columna > kelomna "pillar, column"; ficatum > pìkat "liver";
lucerna > lùk(i)jerna "oil lamp"; lixivum > lìksija "lye"; oculata > úkljata "black-tail sparus, Sparus
melanurus"; recessa > rèkesa "ebb tide";
Standard Croatian: arbor(em) > jȃrbor, jarbol (Slovenian jambor) "mast"; aurata > òvrata, obrata "gilt-
head bream"; canaba > kònoba "(wine) cellar, cellar bar"; lolligo, -inem > òliganj, lȉganj, lȉgnja "squid";
margo, -inem > mr̀gin(j), mrganj "furrow or ditch marking a border"; tracta > trakta "dragnet, trawl", etc.[14]

Swadesh list
No. English Dalmatian
1 I ju
2 you (singular) te
3 he jal
4 we nu, noi
5 you (plural) vu, voi
6 they jali, jale
7 this cost
8 that cost
9 here kauk
10 there luk
11 who ko
12 what ce
13 where jo
14 when kand
15 how kal
16 not na, naun
17 all tot
18 many un maur
19 some certioin
20 few un pauk
21 other jultro, jiltri
22 one join
23 two doi
24 three tra
25 four kuatro
26 five cenk
27 big maur, luarg
28 long luang
29 wide luarg
30 thick dais
31 heavy pesunt
32 small pedlo
33 short kort
34 narrow *strant
35 thin *subtir
36 woman femia
37 man (adult male) jomno, vair
38 man (human being) jomno
39 child kratoir
40 wife mulier
41 husband marait
42 mother njena
43 father tuota
44 animal *namail
45 fish pask
46 bird paserain
47 dog kun
48 louse pedoklo
49 snake *sarpa
50 worm viarm
51 tree jarbul
52 forest buask
53 stick stal
54 fruit froit
55 seed grun
56 leaf fualja
57 root radaika
58 bark (of a tree) *scorta
59 flower fiaur
60 grass jarba
61 rope kanapial
62 skin pial
63 meat kuarne
64 blood suang
65 bone vuas
66 fat (noun) gruas
67 egg juf, juv
68 horn kuarno
69 tail kauda
70 feather *puana
71 hair kapei
72 head kup
73 ear orakla
74 eye vaklo
75 nose nuas
76 mouth buka
77 tooth diant
78 tongue (organ) langa
79 fingernail jongla
80 foot pi
81 leg *jamba
82 knee denaklo
83 hand mun
84 wing jal
85 belly viantro
86 guts alaite
87 neck kual
88 back duas
89 breast *san
90 heart kuor
91 liver fekuat
92 to drink bar
93 to eat mancuor
94 to bite moscuar
95 to suck *suger
96 to spit spoit
97 to vomit gomituor
98 to blow sublar
99 to breathe *respirar
100 to laugh redro
101 to see vedar
102 to hear senter
103 to know sapar
104 to think imisuarmer
105 to smell *urdoarer
106 to fear taimo
107 to sleep dormer
108 to live *vivar
109 to die morer
110 to kill *ucider
111 to fight *luptar
112 to hunt *vaunar
113 to hit botur
114 to cut taljur
115 to split spartar
116 to stab *oinguar
117 to scratch *scarpinur
118 to dig pasnur
119 to swim *nuotar
120 to fly blairer
121 to walk kaminur
122 to come venir
123 to lie (as in a bed) *jaurer
124 to sit stur
125 to stand stur
126 to turn (intransitive) *girar
127 to fall kadar
128 to give duor
129 to hold tenar
130 to squeeze shtrengar
131 to rub jongar
132 to wash *lavar
133 to wipe *sterger
134 to pull truar
135 to push *pingar
136 to throw *trubar
137 to tie lijuar
138 to sew koser
139 to count embruar
140 to say dekro
141 to sing kantur
142 to play jukur
143 to float *plutir
144 to flow *scarer
145 to freeze glazir
146 to swell craseror
147 sun saul
148 moon loina
149 star stala
150 water jakva
151 rain pluaja
152 river fluaim
153 lake lak
154 sea mur
155 salt suol
156 stone pitra
157 sand sablaun, salbaun
158 dust pulvro
159 earth tiara
160 cloud *nueba
161 fog *cieta
162 sky cil
163 wind viant
164 snow nai
165 ice glaz
166 smoke *fuma
167 fire fuok
168 ash kanaisa
169 to burn ardar
 170 road kale
171 mountain muant
172 red ruas
173 green viart
174 yellow zuola
175 white jualb
176 black fosk, niar
177 night nuat
178 day dai
179 year jan
180 warm cuold
181 cold gheluat
182 full plain
183 new nuv
184 old vieklo
185 good bun
186 bad mul, ri
187 rotten muas, ri
188 dirty spuark
189 straight drat
190 round *runt
191 sharp (as a knife) *acu
192 dull (as a knife) *obtus
193 smooth *gliscio
194 wet joit
195 dry sak
196 correct drat, jost
197 near alic
198 far distuont
199 right diastro
200 left *sanest
201 at saupra
202 in in
203 with kon
204 and e
205 if *sa
206 because perko
207 name naum

[15]

Literature
As Dalmatian was mainly an oral language, there is not much literature preserved in it, only some fragments collected in
a book by Antonio Ive and a few unpublished texts in archives still unknown to the public. But there are some works
written in revived Dalmatian, as, for example, the short poetry book "Adi la raipa de mi jeuntut".

Sample
The following are examples of the Lord's Prayer in Latin, Dalmatian, Serbo-Croatian, Friulian, Italian, Istro-Romanian
and Romanian:

Serbo- Istro-
Latin Dalmatian Friulian Italian Romanian English Spanish
Croatian Romanian
Tuota Padre Tatăl Padre
Pater Oče naš, Pari nestri, Ciace nostru Our Father,
nuester, che nostro, nostru nuestro, que
noster, qui koji jesi na che tu sês car le ști en who art in
te sante che sei nei care ești estás en los
es in caelis, nebesima, in cîl, cer, heaven,
intel sil, cieli, în ceruri, cielos,
sia
sanctificetur sait che al sedi sfințească- hallowed santificado
sveti se santificato neca se sveta
Nomen santificuot santifiât il se numele be thy sea tu
ime tvoje. il tuo nomelu teu.
Tuum. el naun to. to nom. tău. name. nombre.
nome.
Adveniat dođi Che al Vie Thy Venga a
Vigna el Venga il Neca venire
Regnum kraljevstvo vegni il to împărăția kingdom nosotros tu
raigno to. tuo regno. craliestvo to.
Tuum. Tvoje. ream. ta. come. reino.
Che e sedi
Sia fatta la Facă-se
Fiat Sait fuot la budi volja fate la tô Thy will be Hágase tu
tua Neca fie volia voia ta,
voluntas voluntuot Tvoja, volontât done, on voluntad, en
volontà, ta, cum en precum în
Tua, sicut in toa, coisa in kako na sicu in cîl Earth as it la tierra
come in cer, așa și pre cer, așa și
caelo, et in sil, coisa in nebu tako cussì is in como en el
cielo così pemânt. pe
terra. tiara. i na zemlji. ancje in heaven. cielo.
in terra. pământ.
tiere.
Pâinea
Panem noastră
Duote costa Kruh naš Danus vuê Dacci oggi Give us
nostrum Pera nostre cea de Danos hoy
dai el pun svagdanji il nestri il nostro this day
quotidianum saca zi de toate nuestro pan
nuester daj nam pan pane our daily
da nobis nam astez. zilele, dă- de cada día.
cotidiun. danas. cotidian. quotidiano. bread.
hodie. ne-o nouă
astăzi.
E Și ne iartă
Et dimitte E remetiaj I otpusti E rimetti a And forgive Perdona
pardoninus Odproste nouă
nobis debita le nuestre nam duge noi i nostri us our nuestras
i nestris nam dutzan, păcatele
nostra, debete, naše, debiti, trespasses, ofensas.
debits, noastre,
Como
Sicu ancje Come noi Precum și As we también
Sicut et nos Coisa nojiltri Kako i mi Ca și noi
nô ur ai li noi le forgive nosotros
dimittimus remetiaime otpuštamo odprostim a
pardonìn rimettiamo iertăm those who perdonamos
debitoribus a i nuestri dužnicima lu nostri
ai nestris ai nostri greșiților trespass a los que
nostris. debetuar. našim. dutznici.
debitôrs. debitori. noștri. against us. nos
ofenden.
E no stâ Și nu ne No nos
Et ne nos E naun ne I ne uvedi E non ci Neca nu na tu And lead
menânus duce pe dejes caer
inducas in menur in nas u indurre in vezi en us not into
in noi în en
tentationem, tentatiaun, napast, tentazione, napastovanie, temptation,
tentazion, ispită, tentación.
miu nego ma neca na ci ne but deliver
sed libera ma liberaci y líbranos
deleberiajne izbavi nas liberinus zbăvește de izbăvește us from
nos a Malo. dal male. del mal.
dal mal. od zla. dal mâl. zvaca slabe. de cel rău. evil.
Amen! Amen! Amen! Amen! Amen! Amen! Amin! Amen! ¡Amén!

Parable of the Prodigal Son

Dalmatian: E el daic: Jon ciairt jomno ci avaja doi feil, e el plé pedlo de louro daic a soa tuota: Tuota
duoteme la puarte de moi luc, che me toca, e jul spartait tra louro la sostuanza e dapù pauch dai, mais
 toich indajoi el feil ple pedlo andait a la luorga, e luoc el dissipuat toich el soo, viviand malamiant. Muà
el ju venait in se stiass, daic: quinci jomni de journata Cn cuassa da me tuota i ju bonduanza de puan e
cua ju muor de fum.

English: And He said: There was a man who had two sons, and the younger of them said to his father:
"Father give me the share of his property that will belong to me." So he divided the property between
them. A few days later the younger son gathered all he had and travelled to a distant country, and there
he squandered his property in dissolute living. But when he came to himself he said: "How many of my
father's hired hands have bread enough and to spare, but here I am dying of hunger."

See also
Istriot language
Chakavian

References
1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Dalmatian" (http://glottolog.org/r
esource/languoid/id/dalm1243). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of
Human History.
2. Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
3. Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, ISBN 9780521152532
4. Appendini, Francesco Maria (1803). Notizie Istorico-Critiche Sulla Antichita, Storia, e Letteratura de'
Ragusei [Historico-critical news on antiquity, history and literature of Ragusei] (in Italian). Ragusa:
Martecchini.
5. Bartoli, 2000
6. Colloquia Maruliana, Vol. 12 Travanj 2003. (http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik
=12100) Zarko Muljacic — On the Dalmato-Romance in Marulić's Works (hrcak.srce.hr). Split Romance
(Spalatin) are extant by the author. Zarko Muljacic has set off in the only way possible, the indirect way of
attempting to trace the secrets of its historical phonology by analysing any lexemes of possible Dalmato-
Romance origin that have been preserved in Marulić's Croatian works.
7. Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la
Romania (https://books.google.com/books?id=hMdz09HGd8kC&pg=PA138) [Towards the Sources of the
Romance Languages: A Linguistic Route Through Romania] (in French). ACCO. p. 138. ISBN 90-334-
6094-7.
8. Brahms, William B. (2005). Notable Last Facts: A Compendium of Endings, Conclusions, Terminations
and Final Events Throughout History (https://books.google.com/books?id=wIwYAAAAIAAJ). Reference
Desk Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-9765325-0-7.
9. "Dalmatian Romance" (https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dalm1244). Glottolog.
10. Cicerone Poghirc, Romanizarea lingvistică și culturală în Balcani. In: Aromânii, istorie, limbă, destin.
Coord. Neagu Giuvara, București, Editura Humanitas, 2012, p.17, ISBN 978-973-50-3460-3
11. Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 19.
12. Silviu Dragomir, Vlahii și morlacii. Studiu din istoria românismului balcanic, Ed. Imprimeria Bornemisa,
1924, p.64
13. Florin Curta (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 (https://archive.org/details/south
easterneuro0000curt). Cambridge medieval textbooks. Cambridge University Press. p. 100 (https://archiv
e.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/100). ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0. Retrieved 20 November
2009.
14. Manfred Trummer, “Südosteuropäische Sprachen und Romanisch”, Lexikon der Romanistischen
Linguistik, vol. 7: Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen. Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie, eds.
Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin & Christian Schmitt (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1998), 162.
15. l antico dialetto di veglia - l antico dialetto di veglia.pdf (https://dalmata.webs.com/l%20antico%20dialett
o%20di%20veglia.pdf)
Bibliography
Bartoli, Matteo Giulio. (1906). Das Dalmatische: Altromanische Sprachreste von Veglia bis Ragusa und
ihre Stellung in der Apennino-balkanischen Romania. 2 vols. Vienna: Kaiserliche Akademie der
Wissenschaften.
Italian translation: Il Dalmatico: Resti di un'antica lingua romanza parlata da Veglia a Ragusa e sua
collocazione nella Romània appennino-balcanica. Trans. Aldo Duro. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia
Italiana, 2000.
Fisher, John. (1975). Lexical Affiliations of Vegliote. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
ISBN 0-8386-7796-7.
Hadlich, Roger L. (1965). The phonological history of Vegliote, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina
Press
Maiden, Martin. “Dalmatian”, in The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages, eds. Adam Ledgeway &
Martin Maiden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 126–38.
Price, Glanville. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
ISBN 0-631-22039-9.
Ive, Antonio. L' Antico dialetto di Veglia (https://archive.org/stream/archivioglottolo09fireuoft#page/114/mo
de/2up)

External links
Dalmatian website (http://dalmatian.yolasite.com/)
Dalmatian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database (http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.c
gi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0)

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