Soils Tutorial Spreadsheet Vesion 3

Learning Outcomes and Capabilities of Spreadsheet
1. To aid students in understanding the theory of Mohr’s circles by presenting its derivation and highlighting its significance in
i. The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope (Sheet 2)
ii. Developing the Rankine coefficients of lateral earth pressure and the angles at which these occur. (Sheet 5)
iii. Formulating the equations for lateral earth pressure (Sheet 5).
2. To highlight the differences between the internal angle of friction (φ) and cohesion (c) when calculated using total stress vs
3. To show the practical application of the Mohr-Coulomb Failure envelope via the Direct Shear and Tri-axial Tests. These are u
4. To aid students in understanding how to calculate the horizontal stresses along the height of a retaining wall with (and/or w
Sheet 3: Direct Shear

•Can perform calculations for 3 load cases
•Plots the Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope and outputs the coeficient of dertermination (R²),
the internal angle of friction (φ) and cohesion (c).
•Plots the Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope with the corresponding Mohr's Circles and shear
strength (approximated to the line of best fit).
Mk. 11:24 Rom. 1:16
highlighting its significance in:
ccur. (Sheet 5)
calculated using total stress vs. effective stresses. (Sheet 4)
and Tri-axial Tests. These are used to calculate shear strength parameters, φ and c. (Sheets 3 & 4)
a retaining wall with (and/or without) a water table. (Sheet 6)
Sheet 4: Triaxial Sheet 6: Earth Pressures

• Can perform calculations for a maximum of 4 load cases. •Calculations applicable t
•Caters for a maximum o
•Plots the Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope
•Capable of applying a su
•Outputs its coefficient of determination (R 2), internal angle of friction (φ) and
cohesion (c) of the Envelope in terms of effective and total stresses.
•Caters for 1 layer of emb
or below the soil level (pa
•Comments for clarity of nomenclature (hover mouse over cells with red tips)
•Allows for the input of b

for increased accuracy of
•Highlights common erro

e.g.
i. The depth of "Backfill 1
ii. The water table cannot
iii. Neither the soil nor th
passive side can be excee
the active side
•Provides a visual of th
ii. The water table cannot
iii. Neither the soil nor th
passive side can be excee
the active side
•Provides a visual of th
•Plots graphs of total v

earth pressure and hor
Spreadsheet operates
Type "Ctrl + ↓" to see
Sheet 6: Earth Pressures
•Calculations applicable to horizontal backfill.
•Caters for a maximum of 2 layers of backfill with or without a water table (active case).
•Capable of applying a surcharge over the backfill.
•Caters for 1 layer of embedment/cut soil with (or without) a water table which can be either above
or below the soil level (passive case).
•Allows for the input of both typical and saturated unit weight (γ) and internal angle of friction (φ)
for increased accuracy of computations.
•Highlights common errors in the input of data.

e.g.
i. The depth of "Backfill 1" cannot be 0
ii. The water table cannot over the backfill
iii. Neither the soil nor the water level on the
passive side can be exceed that which is on
the active side
•Provides a visual of the layers of soil.

ii. The water table cannot over the backfill
iii. Neither the soil nor the water level on the
passive side can be exceed that which is on
the active side
•Provides a visual of the layers of soil.
•Plots graphs of total vertical stress, pore water pressure, vertical effective stress, lateral
earth pressure and horizontal stress.
Spreadsheet operates solely in metric units
Type "Ctrl + ↓" to see calculations
Derivation of Mohr's Circle Equation
Fy Force balance equation perpendicular to failure pla
〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑁∙𝐴 sec⁡𝜃= 〖𝜎′〗 _1 cos⁡𝜃∙𝐴+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3 sin⁡𝜃∙𝐴 ta
〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑁= 〖 σ′ 〗 _1 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗 ^2⁡𝜃+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡𝜃
〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑁= 〖𝜎′〗 _1/2∙(2 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗 ^2⁡𝜃 )+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/2∙(2 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^
〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑁= 〖𝜎′〗 _1/2∙[(2 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗 ^2⁡〖𝜃− 1 〗 )+1]+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/

Fx Fx
〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑁= 〖𝜎′〗 _1/2∙[(2 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗 ^2⁡〖𝜃− 1 〗 )+1]+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/
ϴ
〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁= 〖𝜎′〗 _1/2∙[1+cos⁡2𝜃 ]+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/2[1−cos⁡2𝜃]
Fy
〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁= 〖𝜎′〗 _1/2+ 〖𝜎′〗 _1/2 cos⁡2𝜃+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3/2− 〖𝜎′〗 _3/2
Fig. 1: Soil mass with applied loads
〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2) cos⁡2𝜃+(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/
σ'1
ϴ 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2) cos⁡2𝜃+ 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒
τ
σ'3
σ'N 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁− 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2) cos⁡2𝜃...{1}
σ'N τ Asecϴ
σ'3
Atanϴ
( 〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑁− 〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒 )^2+
ϴ ϴ
σ'1 A
( 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁− 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒 )^2
Fig. 2: Element of soil along failure plane
( 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁− 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑎
Fig. 3: Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope
ϕ^′=sin^(−1) (tan⁡〖∝′〗 )
𝑐^′=𝑎′/cos⁡ϕ′
𝑐^′=𝑎′/cos⁡ϕ′
Reference: Craig, R.F. 2004. Craig's Soil Mechanics. Taylor and Francis Group.
Force, F = Stress, σ x Area, A (refer to Fig. 2)
pendicular to failure plane: Force balance equation parallel to failure plane:
s⁡𝜃∙𝐴+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3 sin⁡𝜃∙𝐴 tan⁡𝜃 τ∙𝐴 sec⁡𝜃+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3 cos⁡〖𝜃∙𝐴 tan⁡𝜃 〗 = 〖𝜎′〗 _1 sin⁡𝜃∙𝐴
〖 σ′ 〗 _3 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡𝜃 τ= 〖𝜎′〗 _1 sin⁡𝜃 cos⁡𝜃− 〖𝜎′〗 _3 sin⁡𝜃 cos⁡𝜃

+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/2∙(2 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡𝜃) τ=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2) 2sin⁡𝜃 cos⁡𝜃
− 1 〗 )+1]+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/2∙[(−1+2 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡𝜃 )+1]

τ=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2) sin⁡2𝜃…{2}
− 1 〗 )+1]+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/2∙[−(1−2 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡𝜃 )+1]
+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/2[1−cos⁡2𝜃]
+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3/2− 〖𝜎′〗 _3/2 cos⁡2𝜃
2𝜃+(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2)
os⁡2𝜃+ 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝜎′〗 _3)/2) cos⁡2𝜃...{1}

Summing and squaring {1} and {2}:
_𝑁− 〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒 )^2+(τ−0)^2=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2)^2 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2 2𝜃+(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2)^2 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗 ^2 2𝜃
〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁− 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒 )^2+ 〖 (τ−0) 〗 ^2=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2)^2 ( 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2 2𝜃+ 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗 ^2 2𝜃)
( 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁− 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒 )^2+(𝜏−0)^2=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2)^2
Equation of a circle with centre (σave, 0) and radius ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2
i.e. Mohr's Circle
INPUT data in BLUE cells See ORANGE cells for OUTPUT Instructions: The re
Sample: 1 2 3 R²: #DIV/0! are given below
σN (kPa) φ: #DIV/0! Please the input re
τf (kPa) c: #DIV/0!
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope

1
1
1
1
1
τ (kPa)
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
σN (kPa)
x y x-xbar y-ybar (x-xbar)² x-xbar*y-yb(σ₁-σ₃)/2 (σ₁+σ₃)/2 σ₃ σ₁
0.00 #DIV/0!
0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.00 #DIV/0!
0.00 0.00
m #DIV/0!
r
ϴ #DIV/0!
ϴ σN τ σN τ σN τ
0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Instructions: The results of direct shear tests on a silty clay of area = 3600 mm²
are given below
Please the input relevant values to determine the peak strength parameters.
(y-ybar)² (y-yi)² τfi
0.00E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

0.00E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.00E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.00E+00 #DIV/0!
INPUT data in BLUE cells See ORANGE cells for OUTPUT Insructions: Stress strain
Sample: 1 2 3 4 Effective Total consolidated undrained
measurements on a stiff
σ3 (kPa) 40 60 80 0 R2: 100.0% 100.0%
σd (kPa) Please input data to calc
50 55 60 0 φ: 6° 6° parameters for the soil a
u (kPa) c: 17.89 kPa 17.89 kPa
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope

35
30
25
20
τ (kPa)
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
σN' (kPa)
σ1 σ3' σ1'
90 40 90
115 60 115
140 80 140
0 0 0
1 2 3
ϴ σN σN' τ σN σN' τ σN σN' τ
0.00 90.00 90.00 0.00 115.00 115.00 0.00 140.00 140.00 0.00
0.20 88.10 88.10 9.57 112.91 112.91 10.52 137.72 137.72 11.48
0.39 82.68 82.68 17.68 106.95 106.95 19.45 131.21 131.21 21.21
0.59 74.57 74.57 23.10 98.02 98.02 25.41 121.48 121.48 27.72
0.79 65.00 65.00 25.00 87.50 87.50 27.50 110.00 110.00 30.00
0.98 55.43 55.43 23.10 76.98 76.98 25.41 98.52 98.52 27.72
1.18 47.32 47.32 17.68 68.05 68.05 19.45 88.79 88.79 21.21
1.37 41.90 41.90 9.57 62.09 62.09 10.52 82.28 82.28 11.48
1.57 40.00 40.00 0.00 60.00 60.00 0.00 80.00 80.00 0.00
x x' y x-xbar x'-x'bar y-ybar (x-xbar)2 (x'-x'bar)2 (x-xbar)(y- (x'-x'bar)(y

0 0
65.00 65.00 25.00 -22.50 -22.50 -2.50 5.06E+02 5.06E+02 5.63E+01 5.63E+01
87.50 87.50 27.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02E-28 2.02E-28 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
110.00 110.00 30.00 22.50 22.50 2.50 5.06E+02 5.06E+02 5.63E+01 5.63E+01
87.50 87.50 27.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
132 132
87.50 87.50 27.50 1.01E+03 1.01E+03 1.13E+02 1.13E+02
m 0.11 0.11
b 17.78 17.78
ϴc 0.84
Insructions: Stress strain relationships obtained from a
consolidated undrained triaxial test with pore water
measurements on a stiff clay are illustrated below.
Please input data to calculate the shear strength

parameters for the soil at the 10% strain level.
4
σN σN' τ
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
2
τ' τ (y-ybar)2 (y-yi) (y-yi')2
17.89 17.89
25.16 25.16 6.25 0.00 0.00
27.67 27.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
30.19 30.19 6.25 0.00 0.00
27.67 27.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
32.65 32.65
12.50 0.00 0.00
Derivation of Earth Pressure Coefficients Fig. 1: Active failure of cohesionless soil
45˚+φ'/2
45˚-φ'/2
Passive wedge Active wedge
sin⁡〖 ϕ′=(( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1− 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/2)/(( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/2) 〗 =( 〖 σ′ 〗sin⁡

_1− 〖 ((
ϕ′= 〗 σ′
σ′ 〖〖
〗 _3−
_3)/(
1+sin⁡〖 ϕ^′= 〗 ( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )+( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1− 〖 σ′ 〗

1+sin⁡
ϕ′=( 〖〖
_3)/( 〗〗
σ′ σ′ _1+ 〖〖
_1+ 〗〗
σ′ σ′
1−sin⁡〖 ϕ^′ 〗 =( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′

1−sin⁡ϕ′=( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )−( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1− 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3
σ′ 〗 _3〖
𝑲_𝒂=((2 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 ))/((2 〖 σ′ 〗 _1)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 𝑲_𝒑=( 2σ′〖〗σ′_3/(
))= 〖〖
〗 _3/ σ′ 〗
σ
ϕ′+180°−2ϴ=90°
ϕ′+90°=2ϴ
𝜭=𝟒𝟓°+𝝓′/𝟐 Hence active wedge develops at 45°+φ'/2
Fig. 3: Active and Passive Failu
sin⁡ϕ′=(1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3 ))/(𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1

sin⁡ϕ′=(1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3 ))/(𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1
𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗 +1/2 ( 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _1+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙

^′ 〗 =1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3 )
2𝑐^′ cos⁡ϕ′+( 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _1+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗

= 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3
〖𝜎′〗 _3∙(1+sin⁡ϕ′ )= 〖 σ′ 〗 _1 (1−sin⁡ϕ′ )−2𝑐′cos⁡ϕ′
〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ) )
〖 σ′ 〗 _1−2𝑐′cos⁡ϕ′/(1+sin⁡ϕ′ )
〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ) )
〖 σ′ 〗 _1−2𝑐′√(cos^2⁡ϕ/(1+sin⁡ϕ )^2 )
〖𝜎′〗 _3=((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ′ 〗 _1−2𝑐′√((1−sin^2⁡ϕ

′)/((1+sin⁡〖 ϕ^′ 〗 )(1+sin⁡ϕ′)))
〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ))/(( 〖 1+sin 〗⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ

′ 〗 _1−2𝑐′√((1−sin⁡ϕ′ )(1+sin⁡ϕ′ )/(1+sin⁡ϕ′ )(1+sin⁡ϕ′ )
)
〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ
′ 〗 _1−2𝑐′√(((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ) ))
〖𝝈′〗 _𝟑=𝑲_𝒂 〖𝝈
′〗 _𝟏−𝟐𝒄′√(𝑲_𝒂 )
Fig. 2: Passive failure of cohesionless soil
〖 σ′ 〗sin⁡
_1− 〖 ((
ϕ′= 〗 σ′
σ′ 〖〖 σ′
〗 _3−
_3)/( 〖〗σ′_1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3〖) σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/2)=( 〖 σ′ 〗 _3− 〖 σ′ 〗 _1)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )
〗 _1)/2)/((
′〗
in⁡
ϕ′=( 〖〖
_3)/( 〗〗
σ′ σ′ _1+ 〖〖
_1+ 〗〗
σ′ σ′ _3)/( 〖 σ′〖
_3 )=(2 〗σ′ 〗〖
_1+ σ′ 〗
_1)/( 〖_3 〖 σ′
〗 _1+
σ′)+( 〖〗σ′_3− 〖)σ′ 〗 _1)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )= 〖 2σ′ 〗 _3/( 〖
〗 _3
ϕ^′ 〗 =( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )−( 〖 σ′ 〗 _3− 〖 σ′ 〗 _1)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )=(2 〖 σ′ 〗 _1

3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )=(2 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )
σ′ 〗 _3〖
𝑲_𝒑=( 2σ′〖〗σ′_3/(
))= 〖〖
〗 _3/ σ′ 〗 _1+_1〖
σ′ 〗 σ′ 〗 _3𝝓))/((2
=(𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 〖 σ′𝝓〗
′)/(𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ ′ )_1)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 ))= 〖 σ′ 〗 _3/ 〖 σ′ 〗 _1 =(𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝝓′)/(
ϕ^′+2ϴ+90°=180°
ϕ′+2ϴ=90°
wedge develops at 45°+φ'/2 𝜭=𝟒𝟓°−𝝓′/𝟐
Hence passive wedge develops at 45°-φ'/2
Fig. 3: Active and Passive Failure of Soil with Cohesion
3 ))/(𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3 ) ) sin⁡ϕ′=(1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _3− 〖𝜎′〗 _1 ))/(𝑐′cot⁡〖 ϕ^′
+1/2 ( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 ) 〗 )
𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′∙sin⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡ϕ′=1/2

( 〖𝜎′〗 _3− 〖𝜎′〗 _1 )
3 ))/(𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3 ) )
𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′∙sin⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡ϕ′=1/2

𝜎 ^′ 〗 _1+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _3− 〖𝜎′〗 _1 )
_3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗 2𝑐^′ cos⁡ϕ′+( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗

= 〖 σ′ 〗 _3− 〖𝜎′〗 _1
−sin⁡ϕ′ )−2𝑐′cos⁡ϕ′ 〖𝜎′〗 _3∙(1−sin⁡〖 ϕ^′ 〗 )= 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _1 (1+sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗
)+2𝑐′cos⁡ϕ′
〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ) )
〖𝜎′〗 _1+2𝑐′cos⁡ϕ′/(1−sin⁡ϕ′ )
+sin⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1−sin⁡〖𝜙 ^

+sin⁡ϕ )^2 ) ′ 〗 )) 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+2𝑐′√((cos^2
ϕ)/(1−sin⁡ϕ′ )^2 )
) 〖 σ′ 〗 _1−2𝑐′√((1−sin^2⁡ϕ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1+sin⁡ϕ′))/((1−sin⁡ϕ′)) 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+2𝑐′√((1−
〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡ϕ′)/((1−sin⁡ϕ′)(1−sin⁡ϕ′)))
1+sin 〗⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ

⁡ϕ′ )/(1+sin⁡ϕ′ )(1+sin⁡ϕ′ ) ′ 〗 _1+2𝑐√(((1−sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗 )(1+sin⁡ϕ′))/((1−sin⁡ϕ
′)(1−sin⁡ϕ′)))
sin⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1+sin⁡ϕ′))/((1−sin⁡ϕ′)) 〖 σ′ 〗
_1+2𝑐√(((1+sin⁡ϕ′))/((1−sin⁡ϕ′)))
+sin⁡ϕ′ ) ))
〖𝝈′〗 _𝟑=𝑲_𝒑 〖𝝈′〗 _𝟏+𝟐𝒄′√(𝑲_𝒑 )

/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )
〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )= 〖 2σ′ 〗 _3/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )
+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )=(2 〖 σ′ 〗 _1)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )
3/ 〖 σ′ 〗 _1 =(𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝝓′)/(𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝝓′ )
INPUT data in BROWN cells See GRAPHS for OUTPUT
Layer: Cut Soil Backfill 2 Error Total Vertical Stress
Condition: typical saturated typical saturated typical saturated 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
01 1
γ (kN/m3)
0.1
φ'
0.2
c'
z 0.3
Depth along wall

Surcharge N/A 0.4
hw
0.5
Cut Profile Backfill Profile 0.6

0 0 0.7
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.8
0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4 0.9
z (m)
z (m)
0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 1
0.7 0.7 σ = γz
0.8 0.8
0.9 0.9
1 1
Lateral Ea
Instructions: Please input data to plot stress 0 0 0 0 0
diagrams for the retaining wall shown below 01 4
Feel free to move to diagram/s, if necessary

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Depth along wall
γ' = 18 kN/m³ 0.5

φ' = 20°
c' = 0 kN/m²
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
γ' = 20 kN/m³
φ' = 38° 1
c' = 0 kN/m²
σ'p = kpσ'v+2
0.9
γ' = 20 kN/m³
φ' = 38° 1
c' = 0 kN/m²
σ'p = kpσ'v+2
hw 0
σ u σ'v ka σ'a σ'h h
0 0 1.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 1.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! 0 #DIV/0! 1.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.00 0.00 0.00 1.000 0.00 0.00 0
hw 0
σ u σ'v ka σ'a σ'h h
0.00 0.00 0 1.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0
#DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0! 1.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0! 1.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0.00 0 1.000 0.00 0.00 0
0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
Total Vertical Stress Pore water pressure Vertic
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2
01 2 01 1
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3
Depth along wall
Depth along wall

0.4 0.4
0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6
0.7 0.7
0.8 0.8
0.9 0.9
1 1
σ = γz u = γwhw
Lateral Earth Pressure Horizontal Stress

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
01 4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Depth along wall
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
σ'p = kpσ'v+2c√kp | σ'a=kaσ'a-2c√ka σ'h = σ'p+u | σ'h = σ

0.9
σ'p = kpσ'v+2c√kp | σ'a=kaσ'a-2c√ka σ'h = σ'p+u | σ'h = σ

σ u σ'v kp σ'a σ'h h
0 0 0 0 0 0
#DIV/0! 0 #DIV/0! 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! 0 #DIV/0! 1.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0 0 1.00 0.00 0.00 0
if hw<=H:
0 controls height of water
0 0 sets depth of soil
0 -1 blue
0 0
0 -1 white
0 0
0 -1 l. brown
if hw>H:
Other controls depth of soil
Other 0 controls height of water
Other -1 l. brown
#VALUE! 0
#VALUE! -1 white
Other 0
Other -1 blue
Vertical Effective Stress
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
01 1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Depth along wall
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
σ'v = σ-u
Horizontal Stress
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
σ'h = σ'p+u | σ'h = σ'a+u

σ'h = σ'p+u | σ'h = σ'a+u
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
#DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
Questionnaire
Please answer the 5 questions below
Q1. Did you find the overall spreadsheet useful?
Q2. What did you like most about the spreadsheet?
Q3. Did the derivations shown in Sheets 2 and 5 aid your understanding of the theory?
Q4. What did you like least about the spreadsheet?
Q5. Any other remarks?
Thank you for your tremendous participation

Soils Tutorial Spreadsheet Vesion 3

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Soils Tutorial Spreadsheet Vesion 3

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Learning Outcomes and Capabilities of Spreadsheet

Sheet 3: Direct Shear

calculated using total stress vs. effective stresses. (Sheet 4)

a retaining wall with (and/or without) a water table. (Sheet 6)

Sheet 4: Triaxial Sheet 6: Earth Pressures

•Plots the Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope

•Allows for the input of b

•Highlights common erro

•Plots graphs of total v

•Capable of applying a surcharge over the backfill.

•Highlights common errors in the input of data.

•Provides a visual of the layers of soil.

•Provides a visual of the layers of soil.

〖 σ′ 〗 _𝑁= 〖𝜎′〗 _1/2∙[(2 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗 ^2⁡〖𝜃− 1 〗 )+1]+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/

σ'N 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁− 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2) cos⁡2𝜃...{1}

Fig. 3: Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope

〖 σ′ 〗 _3 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡𝜃 τ= 〖𝜎′〗 _1 sin⁡𝜃 cos⁡𝜃− 〖𝜎′〗 _3 sin⁡𝜃 cos⁡𝜃

− 1 〗 )+1]+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/2∙[(−1+2 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡𝜃 )+1]

− 1 〗 )+1]+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3/2∙[−(1−2 〖𝑠𝑖𝑛〗 ^2⁡𝜃 )+1]

+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3/2− 〖𝜎′〗 _3/2 cos⁡2𝜃

2𝜃+(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1+ 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2)

os⁡2𝜃+ 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝜎′〗 _3)/2) cos⁡2𝜃...{1}

( 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑁− 〖𝜎′〗 _𝑎𝑣𝑒 )^2+(𝜏−0)^2=(( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3)/2)^2

Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope

0.00E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope

x x' y x-xbar x'-x'bar y-ybar (x-xbar)2 (x'-x'bar)2 (x-xbar)(y- (x'-x'bar)(y

Please input data to calculate the shear strength

Passive wedge Active wedge

sin⁡〖 ϕ′=(( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1− 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/2)/(( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/2) 〗 =( 〖 σ′ 〗sin⁡

1+sin⁡〖 ϕ^′= 〗 ( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )+( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1− 〖 σ′ 〗

1−sin⁡〖 ϕ^′ 〗 =( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′

Fig. 3: Active and Passive Failu

sin⁡ϕ′=(1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1− 〖𝜎′〗 _3 ))/(𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖𝜎′〗 _1

𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗 +1/2 ( 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _1+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙

2𝑐^′ cos⁡ϕ′+( 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _1+ 〖𝜎 ^′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗

〖𝜎′〗 _3=((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ′ 〗 _1−2𝑐′√((1−sin^2⁡ϕ

〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ))/(( 〖 1+sin 〗⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ

ϕ^′ 〗 =( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )−( 〖 σ′ 〗 _3− 〖 σ′ 〗 _1)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )=(2 〖 σ′ 〗 _1

Fig. 3: Active and Passive Failure of Soil with Cohesion

𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′∙sin⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡ϕ′=1/2

𝑐^′ cot⁡ϕ′∙sin⁡ϕ′+1/2 ( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡ϕ′=1/2

_3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗 2𝑐^′ cos⁡ϕ′+( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )∙sin⁡〖𝜙 ^′ 〗

+sin⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1−sin⁡〖𝜙 ^

1+sin 〗⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3=((1+sin⁡ϕ′ ))/((1−sin⁡ϕ′ ) ) 〖 σ

〖𝝈′〗 _𝟑=𝑲_𝒑 〖𝝈′〗 _𝟏+𝟐𝒄′√(𝑲_𝒑 )

〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )= 〖 2σ′ 〗 _3/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )

+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )=(2 〖 σ′ 〗 _1)/( 〖 σ′ 〗 _1+ 〖 σ′ 〗 _3 )

Depth along wall

Cut Profile Backfill Profile 0.6

Feel free to move to diagram/s, if necessary

γ' = 18 kN/m³ 0.5

Depth along wall

Depth along wall

Lateral Earth Pressure Horizontal Stress

σ'p = kpσ'v+2c√kp | σ'a=kaσ'a-2c√ka σ'h = σ'p+u | σ'h = σ

σ'p = kpσ'v+2c√kp | σ'a=kaσ'a-2c√ka σ'h = σ'p+u | σ'h = σ

σ'h = σ'p+u | σ'h = σ'a+u

Please answer the 5 questions below

Q1. Did you find the overall spreadsheet useful?

Q2. What did you like most about the spreadsheet?

Q4. What did you like least about the spreadsheet?