I.

Introduction

Water, a substance composed of the chemical

elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is
one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odour
less liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other
substances.
Although the molecules of water are simple in structure (H 2O), the physical and
chemical properties of the compound are extraordinarily complicated, and they are not
typical of most substances found on Earth. 
The water molecule is composed of
two hydrogen atoms, each linked by a
single chemical bond to an oxygen atom
(Figure 1). Most hydrogen atoms have a
nucleus consisting solely of a proton.
Two isotopic forms, deuterium and tritium, in
which the atomic nuclei also contain one and
two neutrons, respectively, are found to a
small degree in water.
Figure 1. Polar Covalent Bond in Water
Deuterium oxide (D2O), called heavy water,
is important in chemical research and is also
used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors.
Although its formula (H2O) seems simple, water exhibits very complex chemical
and physical properties. For example, its melting point, 0 °C (32 °F), and boiling point,
100 °C (212 °F), are much higher than would be expected by comparison
with analogous compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
In its solid form, ice, water is less dense than when it is liquid,
another unusual property. The root of these anomalies lies in
the electronic structure of the water molecule.
The water molecule is not linear but bent in a special way. The two
hydrogen atoms are bound to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.5° Figure 2: H-O Angle
(Figure 2).

Hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to regions of

high electron density and can form weak linkages, called hydrogen bonds, with those
regions. This means that the hydrogen atoms in one water molecule are attracted to the
nonbonding electron pairs of the oxygen atom on an adjacent water molecule. The
structure of liquid water is believed to consist of aggregates of water molecules that
form and re-form continually. This short-range order, as it is called, accounts for other
unusual properties of water, such as its high viscosity and surface tension.
 II. Body
Solutes Dissolving In Water
The most common examples of dissolving involve a solid and a liquid,
usually water. When a solid dissolve, the solid (solute) and the liquid (solvent) form a
very close intimate mixture called a solution. A solid will not dissolve in a liquid if its
particles are unable to form links to the liquid particles.
But not all solute can be dissolved in water. When a non-polar solute is mixed
with water (a polar solvent) such as oil, the results would be that the water can be
noticed under the oil without mixing.  In general, polar solvents dissolve polar solutes,
and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
Although some solute when dissolved in water produces distinct characteristics,
these solutes affect the structure of the water altering its boiling point as well as its
freezing points.
One of the best examples of everyday solute we use is rock salt. When a water is
mixed with rock salt, it becomes salt water and has different characteristics than water.
At the molecular level, salt dissolves in water due to electrical charges and due to
the fact that both water and salt compounds are polar, with positive and negative
charges on opposite sides in the molecule. The bonds in salt compounds are called
ionic because they both have an electrical charge—the chloride ion is negatively
charged and the sodium ion is positively charged. Likewise, a water molecule is ionic in
nature, but the bond is called covalent, with two hydrogen atoms both situating
themselves with their positive charge on one side of the oxygen atom, which has a
negative charge. When salt is mixed with water, the salt dissolves because the covalent
bonds of water are stronger than the ionic bonds in the salt molecules.
The positively-charged side of the water molecules are attracted to the
negatively-charged chloride ions and the negatively-charged side of the water
molecules are attracted to the positively-charged sodium ions. Essentially, a tug-of-war
ensues with the water molecules winning the match. Water molecules pull the sodium
and chloride ions apart, breaking the ionic bond that held them together. After the salt
compounds are pulled apart, the sodium and chloride atoms are surrounded by water
molecules, as this diagram shows. Once this happens, the salt is dissolved, resulting in
a homogeneous solution.
What Happens to the Boling Point and Freezing Point of Water?
Adding salt to water results in a phenomenon called boiling point elevation.
The boiling point of water is increased slightly, but not enough that you would notice the
temperature difference. The usual boiling point of water is 100 °C or 212 °F at 1
atmosphere of pressure (at sea level). You would have to add 58 grams of salt just to
raise the boiling point of a liter of water by one half of a degree Celsius.

Salt is sodium chloride, which is an ionic compound that breaks apart into its
component ions in water. The ions floating around in the water alter how the molecules
interact with each other. The effect isn't restricted to salt. Adding any other compound to
water (or any liquid) increases its boiling point.

In relation to this, ice forms when the temperature of water reaches 32 degrees
Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius), and that includes ice on roadways. Salt works by
lowering the freezing point of water via a process called freezing point depression. The
freezing point of the water is lowered once the salt is added, so it the salt makes it more
difficult for water to freeze. A 10-percent salt solution freezes at 20 degrees Fahrenheit
(-6 Celsius), and a 20-percent solution freezes at 2 degrees Fahrenheit (-16 Celsius).
Pure water freezes when water molecules of hydrogen and oxygen bond
together to form a crystalline ice structure. When salt is added, it is more difficult for
the molecules to bond. Saltwater has a much lower freezing temperature. The greater
the level of salt, the lower the freezing point gets. A salt solution at the point of
saturation – the point at which it's not possible to dissolve any more salt in the liquid –
reaches the freezing point at minus 6 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 21.1 degrees
Celsius). During the freezing process, the salt remains behind in the liquid. When you
begin with water that isn't saturated with salt, the remaining water becomes saturated
as it freezes. For example, if the water begins freezing at minus 10 degrees Celsius,
more water freezes as the temperature drops until the last of the water freezes at
minus 21.1 degrees Celsius. While pure water freezes at one exact temperature,
saltwater that is not saturated freezes across a range of temperatures. Because
frozen saltwater contains little salt, it can be melted down to use as drinking water.

Figure 3: Boiling PointFigure

Of Salt-Dissolved
4: Melting Point
Waterof Salt-Dissolved Water
 III. Conclusion

Through factual data, the investigators concluded that when a water is mixed with a polar
solute such as salt, the characteristic of water would change depending on the amount of solute
is dissolved in water. With the complex structure of the water and salt mixed together, the
intermolecular spaces inside the salt is filled with water.
In terms of boiling point, comparing a normal water to a salt-dissolved water, for every 58
grams of salt would be equivalent to an increase of half a Celsius in the boiling of the salt water
in reference to the boiling point of a liter water. This is called the boiling point elevation.
While in terms of the freezing point of a salt water, the freezing point decreased due to the
molecules of the salt affecting the molecules of the water. This is called the freezing point
depression.

IV. Reference & Links

https://www.britannica.com/science/water/Structures-of-ice
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/water-molecules-and-their-interaction-
salt-molecules
https://www.thoughtco.com/adding-salt-lower-boiling-point-water-607363
https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/road-
salt.htm
https://sciencing.com/freezing-point-water-compared-salt-solution-16047.html
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Farc.nesa.nsw.edu.au
%2Ffiles%2Fscience-act6-
ws3.pdf&psig=AOvVaw2dd08KcDIXcop8Zhy3kzt7&ust=1579094314504000&
source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCPD12JWXg-
cCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fastrocampschool.org
%2Fsalt-water%2F&psig=AOvVaw3icAp27-n-
FBUWtN948S7q&ust=1579093580607000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0C
AIQjRxqFwoTCJjr-uOYg-cCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
SIMPLE INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTS ON THE

BOILING POINT AND FREEZING POINT WHEN A

SOLID IS DISSOLVED IN WATER

S.T.E.M. – 12
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
 GROUP: PROTON

ROSALES, CHRISTIAN IVAN A.

GUIA, VINCENT PALM B.
OQUIA, EDUARDO
MACHATE, HANS JOSHUA
LENTEJAS, GERRY
QUITALLAS, DREXTER
ONREJAS, PAUL VINCENT