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Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket): Biowaste Bin with Air and Tea
Monitoring and Extraction and Remote Notification

Engr. Mildred M. Martinez, Jan Karlo T. Borromeo, Carlo R. Noe, Nathaniel I. Parajas, Jonathan
C. Tolentino, Lemoree Anne F. Taclaoan, Angelica E. Tumulak, Rhodney T. Ungos and Rozel M.
Wage

Abstract

The current challenges in the biowaste disposal in the City of Baguio, and the benefits of the
Bokashi composting method as a convenient solution, although with its existing issues on the
Bokashi bucket, have led the researchers to propose this study. The aim of this study is to come
up with a simpler and yet efficient Bokashi bucket by automating it to aid in biowaste
management especially in places where controlled dumpsites and landfills are confronted with
tough challenges. The objective of the Bokashi method is to help households precompost their
biowaste to help enhance the growth of plants for sustainability. With the Bokashi method, a
bucket is an integral part of the procedure.

This project involves the Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket) which is a 19-liter bucket that
works much like a trashbin in the kitchen for biowaste. Almost all types of biowaste may be
dumped into the bin except for oil and liquid residues. The SmartBoket has two modes of
operation, namely manual and remote. The difference between these two modes of operations
lies on the display monitor used to show significant parameters such as the ability to daily
dispose of the bokashi tea, the ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the
biowaste, and the ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system. Manual mode of
operation displays these significant parameters on the 20x4 Liquid Crystal Display on the
bucket. Remote mode of operation uses a GSM module that is used to establish a
communication between the bucket and a mobile device.

The input for the project includes a selector switch for manual or remote operation. An air
extractor operates upon detection of air inside the bucket. The air extractor operates until
almost all air is out from the bucket. In case air is never depleted in the bucket after several
repetitions, the system stops extraction and instead generates an alarm to alert the owner.
After a successful air extraction, the system checks on the Bokashi tea or the liquid produced
during the fermentation process such that if its level reaches a set value, the system extracts
the tea. Air extraction is done every hour and tea extraction is done once a day. The air
extractor used is a Z512-604 3000N vacuum pump that operates at 9 to 12 volts DC. This
vacuum can extract 5 liters per minute, consuming 6 watts of power in an hour. An ACS712 ELC
30 bi-directional hall-effect current sensor chip that operates at 5V DC is used to detect if there
is air inside the bucket. The buzzer, used as an alarm, has a maximum sound pressure level of
85dB which is loud enough to be heard 15 meters away. A XKC-Y26-PNP level sensor is used for
tea level detection. This level sensor is a contactless type as it does not need to get in contact
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with the liquid for detection, thus preventing corrosion on the metal parts. The tea extractor
used is CWX – 25S brass motorized ball valve which operates from 3V up to 6V. The detection
of air extraction on an hourly and daily basis is done by a DS3231 RTC which operates at 2.3V
and has a backup battery of 500nA. The results were based on a similar study from the
University of Perpetual Help System in Laguna with a more elaborate automation on the
Bokashi bucket. The intention of this project, however, is to come up with a simpler bucket
design that can equally provide the same result as with the more elaborate ones.

Keywords: Bokashi, Bokashi bucket, biowaste, biowaste composting, automated Bokashi

bucket, urban waste management

Lead Researcher/Faculty Promoter: Engr. Mildred M. Martinez

Student Researchers: Jan Karlo T. Borromeo, Carlo R. Noe, Nathaniel I. Parajas, Lemoree Anne F.
Taclaoan, Jonathan C. Tolentino, Angelica E. Tumulak, Rhodney T. Ungos, and Rozel M. Wage

INTRODUCTION

. The Bokashi method is a fermentation known as anaerobic digestion. It is one of a range

of Effective Microorganisms (EM) products developed by Prof. Teruo Higa in 1982. Anaerobic
process involves the decomposition of organic material in an environment that is without air and
normally inside a sealed container. The Bokashi method is a fermentation process, not a
composting process, of food waste that can be fermented anaerobically and where unfavorable
by-products, such as the foul odor, can be avoided by using a specifically selected group of
micro- organisms that neutralize harmful bacteria and encourage the proliferation of beneficial
bacteria.

With the Bokashi method, food waste is placed in a sealed container that has a
perforated plate allowing excess liquid to drain away. As the food waste is placed in the
container, it is added with starter microorganisms that are inoculated onto wheat bran. The
container is then kept sealed to reduce the introduction of oxygen and it is also kept at room
temperature. As the fermentation proceeds, some components are broken down and are
leached out as fluid. This fluid has a high concentration of organic acids as well as nutrients.
After around 2 weeks the fermented food waste is mixed at about 50/50 into soil and the
degradation then proceeds faster, yielding a garden soil product. (Tambwe, n.d)

Bokashi’s method of fermenting organic matter anaerobically in a closed system has

numerous benefits: (1) it can compost all types of food waste except for oil; (2) it does not have
a specific ratio in mixing greens and browns; (3) no insect or rodent issues. (4) no putrid odors;
and (5) minimal greenhouse gasses are produced. (New Society Publishers, 2013)

The Bokashi method employs a tightly sealed bucket or bin where the biowaste are
deposited. The bucket must be tightly sealed so that air is prevented from getting in. However,
preventing air from entering the bucket is really impossible everytime a new batch of biowaste is
loaded in. Furthermore, fermentation of biowaste inside the Bokasi bin generates a leachate or
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tea which is liquid in form that is a mixture of everything that went into the bucket. The
Bokashi tea is acidic and contains organic acids, alcohols and other metabolites that accumulate
at the bottom of the bucket. This accumulated tea must be drained off daily to maintain
microbial activity and to prevent the formation of foul odor inside the bucket. The tea that is
drained is rich in nutrients and beneficial microbes which is highly nourishing for plants and can
even be used to combat limescale, sludge and odors.

On July 4, 2019, Karlston Lapniten from the Inquirer reported that about 30,000 metric
tons of biodegradable waste that had accumulated at the decommissioned Irisan dump would
be gone within three months after Mayor Benjamin Magalong ordered city officials to convert
the area into an ecological park. Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) stopped the operations of the machines in the dumpsite and suspended the
hauling of biodegradable waste to Irisan which lead to Baguio’s nearly plunged into garbage
crisis. To date, the temporary suspension of waste processing operations was lifted by Baguio
City’s Mayor Benjamin Magalong; however, no one really knows when the local government
will again impose the suspension of biowaste collection if the current means of disposing
biowaste is expended and if the concerned government agencies are not able to comply with
the mandate of the mayor.

Meantime, the Irisan dumpsite is still utilized to process biowaste but only for those from
the city market. According to the interview with Joe Guererro, supervisor of Irisan dumpsite,
Irisan dumpsite uses two (2) machines in processing compost, namely, the Environmental
Recycling System (ERS) machine and the Hammer-Mill. The output of the ERS machine
produces foul odor when piled in contrast to that of the new Hammer-Mill machine.
Nonetheless, both machines are active in the dumpsite. The dumpsite has limited facilities such
that even with the introduction of the Hammer-Mill machine, batch production which is
equivalent to about 13 to 14 tons of raw biowaste from the city market per day may take 1 to 2
days depending on the workload of the machine. The dumpsite facility does not allow both
machines to run continuously because of the greater power requirement. The ERS machine
requires both electric and diesel fuel to work, requiring up to 4000 gallons per month, which is
very expensive. The Hammer-Mill works on electric power and is operated up to 3 hours
straight, but needs to be stopped for at least 30 minutes, to prevent overheating and to prolong its
life. Furthermore, the storehouse of piled biowaste is not ventilated and covered so that the foul
odor stinks from both the inside and outside of the storehouse. During rainy days, soaked
biowaste is harder to process and will need the ERS machine, which in exchange, will halt the
operation of Hammer mill since the facility does not allow them to run simultaneously. With
the aforementioned limitations in the Irisan dumpsite, residents of Baguio are not assured that
their biowaste will continuously be collected by the city government. Somehow, an alternative
means to manage biowaste is significantly necessary.

The drawbacks of the aforementioned large scale methods for disposing of biowaste have
led to the advent of ways to manage biowaste in a smaller scale. However, the usual reason why
household owners are apprehensive with composting even on a smaller scale is because of the
notion that this method would still require a huge area of lot. This can be proven by the answers
of some of the household owners who were interviewed by the researchers . A sizable area of lot
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may be true for large scale composting. However, with small scale composting such as in the
home, a small backyard area with soil as mixture for the biowaste may suffice. Soil in pots may
also be utilized for this process. (Vanderlinden, 2019) If there is really no space available in the
home, then perhaps tit would be a good project for the barangay to come up with a common area
for composting which will eventually benefit the community.

The current challenges of biowaste disposal in the City of Baguio and the benefits of the
Bokashi method as a convenient solution, although with its existing issues on the Bokashi
bucket, has led the researchers to propose the Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket): Biowaste Bin
with Air and Tea Monitoring and Extraction and Remote Notification. The researchers aim to
come up with a simpler and yet efficient Bokashi bucket to aid in biowaste management
especially in places where controlled dumpsites and landfills are difficult to be realized.

The study aimed to design and construct a Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket):
Biowaste Bin with Air and Tea Monitoring and Extraction and Remote Notification and it aimed
to answer the question:

What are the minimum hardware requirements in the design and construction of the
Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket) in terms of:
a) its ability to monitor and extract the air inside the bucket,
b) its ability to daily dispose of the Bokashi tea,
c) its ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste,
d) its ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system,
e) its ability to remotely inform the owner on the status of air extraction, drain of
Bokashi tea and duration of fermentation.

METHODOLOGY

Methodology is the determination of a group of processes or steps that may be used to

achieve a certain goal. Due to the suspension of mass gatherings inclusive of which are school
functions and activities as brought about by the current pandemic, the researchers are only
able to consider a singular problem out of the original five problems. The answer to the chosen
problem was collected from literature available online and some in print. As the group will not
be able to gather any longer for the conduct of the actual experiment due to the enforced
community quarantine, the data in presentation is actually referred to a source who performed
actual experimentation on their project. It is assumed that this project will perform more or
less in the same way as the reference. Moreover, the researchers have selected the above-
mentioned problem because of availability of data.

Management Aspect

Management is essential for an organized life and necessary to run all types of
management. Management helps in acquiring group goals such as doing a project study. It
arranges the factors of production, assembles and organizes the resources, efficiently
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integrates the resources to achieve goals. Management processes include planning, organizing,
directing and controlling. An important aspect of management’s function is the allocation of
finite resources. The management of this project was led by the group promoter. Every week
the promoter met the group to talk about what happened during the past week concerning the
project. Also, the group was assigned tasks and agendas for the following week. The group
members performed their respective responsibilities and the tasks given by the group leader.

Planning

Planning is essential in research to be able to manage resources well. It is the stage

where various approaches to problems are laid out in order to determine the best possible
solutions or answers. The researchers have actually conducted initial interviews with the staff
from Irisan dumpsite, with the certain barangays in Baguio, and in General Services Office (GSO)
in order to have an overview on and to gain insight the current method of biowaste
management in the barangay level.

The researchers identified several problems that the study focused on and in this
planning stage, methods on how each of the identified problems is going to be laid out. To
answer these questions, extensive literature research was conducted in order to come up with
practical minimum hardware and software requirements for the proposed project.

Organizing

Organizing is the function of management which follows planning. It is the process of

grouping activities and identifying the responsibilities and achieving coordination among them.
The team together with their promoter held meetings for the discussion of the proposed
project.

Leading

Every researcher of the group has his own area of expertise. The researchers lead each
other with their own expertise. The team leader divided all of the work for the team and gave
deadlines so that the team will accomplish the work to give time for revisions. The promoter
ensured that each of the members of the team helps the others by giving tasks that are handled
by not just only one member but all of the members.

Controlling

The group met with the promoter on a regular basis for updates and distribution of a
new set of work assignments. The promoter sees to it that every member of the group does his
part and meets the target goals in terms of output and duration.
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Results/Findings

(as an introduction, let’s include a literature as our basis in specifying the minimum
requirements for the Bokashi bucket) (ROZ PERPETUAL) @ROZEL

a) Ability to monitor and extract the air inside the bucket

With the Bokashi method, food waste is placed into the plastic bucket. The food waste is
placed in a container and kept sealed to reduce the introduction of oxygen and kept at room
temperature. The vacuum pump that the researchers used is a Z512-604 3000N Vacuum that
operates at 9 volts to 12 volts DC. This vacuum pump can extract the air inside a 5-liter
container in a minute, consuming 6 watts of power in an hour; thus, reducing the oxygen inside
the bucket. In this project, the bucket is in hard plastic form that can hold up to 19 liters, which
will result into a consumption of at most 144 watts, if will be run continuously.

Figure 1. Flow Curve of the Vacuum Pump (not the same pump po ma’am but all specifications
are the same)

Where: 1 mbar = 0.1 kpa

. Referring to the flow curve of Figure 1, the maximum current drawn for the actual
operation(the figure 1 is an actual graph po ma’am from testing) is 0.62 Amperes at 12 volts,
which will make a higher power drawn than the manufacturer’s rated wattage of 6 watts(the 6
watts po maam is the rating of our pump). The flow curve shows the peak flow rate of the
vacuum pump (3.3 liters per minute). For the given parameters, it is computed that the vacuum
needs about 6 minutes to extract the air inside a 19-liter bucket.

Considering the same parameters of the bucket:

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Figure 2. Voltage and

Current relationship

In order to obtain the working function of the SmartBoket, the vacuum pump will need
a limit switch which would help the pump to be turned off when it reaches its limit through a
digital reading from the current that it consumes. Thus, the researchers used a current sensor,
ACS712 30A, that was used to measure and calculate the amount of current applied to the
conductor without affecting the performance of the system (this is quite vague, kindly make it
clearer). Based on the graph shown above (is that Figure 2?if so, kindly state the figure
number), voltage and current is directly proportional with each other. The current sensor
should detect the current spike within the vacuum pump. Moreover, the researchers observed
that absence of air inside the bucket results in a current spike since the motor is forced to suck
more air inside the bucket resulting in reaching the pump’s limit.

can you possibly include a picture of the actual set-up of the pump if you were able to
mount already. If not, then kayang bang ipakita kahit perspective lang nung set-up nung pump
sa bucket? Then provide ashort description lang.. You can probably place the photo on the
right side of Figure 2.)

b) its ability to daily dispose of the Bokashi tea,

The Bokashi tea is acidic and contains organic acids, alcohols and other metabolites that
accumulate at the bottom of the bucket. This accumulated tea must be drained off daily to
maintain microbial activity and to prevent the formation of foul odor inside the bucket. The
researchers used a touch sensor that is placed on two points, high and low, in order for the bucket
to monitor the tea (can you also show a picture clip of this or perpective of this portion lang in
the bucket with a brief description). The touching detection IC is designed for replacing
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traditional direct button keys with diverse pad size. Low power consumption and wide operating
voltage are the contact key features for DC or AC application. This touch sensor operates with an
external supply at 2V to 5.5V in order to function properly.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a CR01 CWX-2S

Figure 3 shows how the motorized ball valve works. If SW (Switch) is connected to
OPEN, the ball valve’s hole is open, rotating the ball 90 degrees, and in line with the flow.
Getting in the position automatically turns the power off, but the valve remains fully open in
position. The SW automatically connects in OPEN if the tea level is high; whereas the sensor
triggers the switch. And the ball valve will drain the tea until it reaches the low level sensor.

Draining the tea until it reaches the low level sensor triggers the switch which would
reverse the polarity of the circuit. SW will automatically connect to CLOSE and the ball will also
rotate 90 degrees back into its close position. The researchers used CWX – 25S motorized ball
valve which operates from 3V up to 6V. The ball valve used was a CR01 type of the CWX – 25S
which specifically a two wire ball valve. The maximum power of the valve is 2W which also has a
current of 100 ma that would drive the ball.

c) its ability to keep track of the duration of the fermentation of the biowaste,

With a 19-liter bucket, the researchers assumed that it would roughly take three
weeks for the SmartBoket to be filled by a family of three. With an addition of two weeks for
the fermentation of the food scraps, a total of five weeks will be needed for the SmartBoket to
function. With our chosen device, the DS3231 RTC, to keep track of time, our main minimum
requirement for this device is accuracy. Other minimum requirements that the researchers
looked for are power consumption and data storage. To save power, the device must have
minimal power consumption. To keep an organized data, the device must have the ability to
store data.

The DS3231 RTC covers all of these minimum requirements. Firstly, the DS3231 RTC has
accuracy of ±2ppm (parts per million) from 0°C to +40°C (2013, Maxim Integrated Products,
Inc.). It can keep track of time with ease without having a noticeable difference from more
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accurate time keeping devices since it only has 2 seconds delay every 12 days. It also has a
battery for backup power to keep track of time even when the main power to the device is
interrupted. Second is that the RTC maintains seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and
year information. The date at the end of the month is automatically adjusted for months with
fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The clock operates at either the 24-hour
or 12-hour format with an AM/PM indicator (2013, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.). Lastly, the
DS3231 apparently consumes about 300µA under 5.5V conditions (2013, Maxim Integrated
Products, Inc.). Computing for the power consumed will result to a very small value, making the
DS3231 low power consuming.

(can you also show a picture clip of this or perpective of this portion lang in the bucket with a
brief description).

d) its ability to alert the owner in case of air leak in the system,

For the manual mode operation,. the researchers used a buzzer to inform the
SmartBoket user either when there is an air leak in the bucket or the 14-day fermentation is
over, given that the bucket is in manual mode. The buzzer that was used was a 13.8mm
diameter piezoelectric buzzer with a height of 7.5mm. The buzzer has a rated voltage of 12Vdc
but operates within the range of 3-16 Vdc. The maximum rated current for the piezo buzzer is
7mA. The buzzer was chosen mainly because of its sound intensity. The buzzer has a maximum
Sound pressure level (SPL) of 85dB at 12Vdc/10cm. The 85dB level is loud enough to be heard
15 meters away from the buzzer.

Where:
r1=reference distance from the buzzer
r2=second distance from the buzzer
L1=SPL at distance r1
L1=SPL at distance r2
The SPL at a distance 15 meters from the buzzer is 21.47dB which is on average, still an audible
sound based on the graph below.

Other factors that were considered in choosing this buzzer is that the rated current is
low at only 7mA and also because it was cheaper than other types of buzzers.
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In remote mode operation, when the bucket has an air leak, it will immediately inform
and notify the owner via SMS to the owner that the bucket has a malfunction, especially air
leak. A GSM module is used to establish communication between the arduino and the mobiles
device.

The GSM module that the researcher used is SIM800L GSM module and shield. SIM800L
is a quad-band GSM/GPRS module, that works on frequencies GSM850MHz, EGSM900MHz,
DCS1800MHz and PCS1900MHz, features GPRS multi-slot class 12/class 10 (optional) and
supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. SIM800L GSM module operates
at a voltage between 3.4 V and 4.4 V but the typical value is a 4.0V. This module used external
power supply in order for the SIM800L GSM module to function properly.

The power consumption of the module if its on power down mode was at 264 pW.
When the GSM module was at sleep mode, the power consumption was at 4.4 mW. When the
GSM module was at standby mode , the power consumption was at 79.2 mW. The average
power consumption in GSM transmission was at 1.54 W and its peak power consumption was
at 8.8 W.
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Table.1. The current consumption table in different modes of SIM800L GSM module

Table 1 shows the table of current consumptions in different modes of the SIM800L
GSM module. The maximum current when the GSM transmits and sends messages was at 2A.
And it shows that the GSM module consumes small current except when the GSM transmits
and sends messages to the owner. When converted to power consumption by the formula
P=IV, the power consumption is low and it means that it would consume small power.

(can you also show a picture clip of this or perpective of this portion lang in the bucket with a
brief description).
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e) its ability to remotely inform the owner on the status of air extraction, drain of Bokashi tea and
duration of fermentation.

In remote mode operation, when the bucket has an air leak, it will immediately inform
and notify the owner via SMS to the owner that the bucket has a malfunction especially air leak.
A GSM module is used to establish communication between the arduino and the mobiles
device.

The GSM module that the researcher used is SIM800L GSM module and shield. SIM800L
is a quad-band GSM/GPRS module, that works on frequencies GSM850MHz, EGSM900MHz,
DCS1800MHz and PCS1900MHz, features GPRS multi-slot class 12/class 10 (optional) and
supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. SIM800L GSM module operates
at a voltage between 3.4 V and 4.4 V but the typical value is a 4.0V. This module used external
power supply in order for the SIM800L GSM module to function properly.

The power consumption of the module if its on power down mode was at 264 pW.
When the GSM module was at sleep mode, the power consumption was at 4.4 mW. When the
GSM module was at standby mode , the power consumption was at 79.2 mW. The average
power consumption in GSM transmission was at 1.54 W and its peek power consumption was
at 8.8 W.

The table ___ shows the table of current consumptions in different modes of the
SIM800L GSM module. The maximum current when the GSM transmits and sends messages
was at 2A. And it shows that the GSM module consumes small current except when the GSM
transmits and sends messages to the owner. When converted to power consumption by the
formula P=IV, the power consumption is low and it means that it would consume small power.

(can you also show a picture clip of this or perpective of this portion lang in the bucket with a
brief description).

DISCUSSION
Lem
The Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket) implies an anaerobic process of fermentation of
organic matter. Anaerobic process is achieved by the use of a Z512-604 3000N. Vacuum pump
that extracts and reduce the amount of oxygen inside the bucket. The results demonstrate that the
pump with 5 liters per minute extraction consumes 6 watts of power in an hour. And with the 19
liters bucket, maximum of 144 watts power is consumed within 6 minutes. This could be lower
as the air inside the bucket varies depending on the amount of biowaste inside the bucket. This
change is monitored using current sensor. The current sensor, ACS712 30A detects the changes
on the current drawn by the vacuum pump. An increase in the current read by the ACS712 30A
means overloading of the device. The pump forces to extract more air that causes overloading
and current spike of the component which indicates an air free container.
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The Bokashi tea accumulated at the bottom of the bucket causes development of foul
odor that must be monitored and drained off. The use of touch sensor monitors the level of tea
with the high and low levels. The high level touch sensor triggers the ball valve which drains the
tea until the low level. The RTC module ensured the daily tea extraction even with a low level
touch sensor to maintain the microbial activity inside the bucket.

(the first two paragraphs summarized the content of the findings. So it’s kind of a
repetition lang. Based on the guidelines sent by our UGRC, what you can replace these two
paragraphs with is an assumption or probably more of an intelligent guess that based on the
response or rating of the components that were selected, they can actually satisfy the minimum
requirements set for operation. But of course, you have to include findings for subproblem c, d
and e as well)

The greatest problem with this study, however, was changes in the behavior of the
variables. For theoretical purposes variables are controlled, biowaste used is pre-set and
comment to cause an effect. Components specifications are based on the manufacturer’s data and
are accurate. Practical implication subject to changes and may affect the expected output. The
components are prone to slight reading errors which could change the desired measurements.
This means that the researchers cannot always be certain on the changes of the variables.

Even then, the Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket) is still a feasible solution to the
challenges with biodegradable waste management in areas with very limited space for biowaste
disposal. As can be seen from the data of Perpetual Help,the phosphorus test from PHILCOA
(Philippine Coconut Authority) shows that the sample of Bokashi tea from automated process
has 0.271% amount of phosphorous compared to manual process Bokashi tea with 0.236%
amount of phosphorous Phosphorus is important for root development and growth,
establishing new plants and productive flowers, fruits and vegetables. Moreover, it was also
seen on their data that Automated Bokashi is efficient in avoiding the growth of unwanted
bacteria that leads to the production of efficient fertilizer for crops and plants and it is effective
in notifying the owner whenever the Bokashi end-products are ready to be harvested. (Wala po
data tungkol sa waste management)

CONCLUSION

This project study aimed to design and construct a Smart Bokashi Bucket (SmartBoket):
Biowaste Bin with Air and Tea Monitoring and Extraction and Remote Notification. The
SmartBoket can help solve the current challenges in the biowaste disposal in the city of Baguio.
And because of the advance technology installed on the bucket, this can be an aid to easy
composting on houses in the City of Baguio. Based on the findings and though limited by the
current social restrictions, it can be concluded that the expected minimum hardware
requirements identified are satisfactorily met by the SmartBoket. However, it would have truly
been better if an actual experimentation on the entire project was conducted in order to come
up with a more accurate conclusion. Nonetheless, the SmartBoket could still be one practical
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solution to biowaste problems in a smaller scale as in the case of households in urban areas
where biowaste collection is sometimes deferred. It is also one important advocate of kitchen
waste recycling in small and contained system that is suitable indoors.

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from https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2018/06/introduction-to-arduino-uno.html
US $17.72 25% OFF: CWX 25S DN15 1/2. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32598159685.html