Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
Dr. Beda Olabu:
Basic Embryology Lecture Series
BASIC EMBRYOLOGY
Dr. Beda Olabu:
Basic Embryology Lecture Series
3 INTRODUCTION
Embryology* is the study of morphological changes
or processes that occur prenatally
Spans from gametogenesis until birth
Focusses on both the normal and the abnormal
developmental processes
Helps us to understand the anatomical basis of
congenital anomalies
Systemic embryology*
Development of various body organs, according to their
organ systems
Spermatids Haploid
Spermatids Haploid
Spermiogenesis
Spermatozoa
Spermiation
Storage
Decapacitation
Capacitation
15 PARTS OF A MATURE SPERM
A = Head
B = Neck
C = Acrosome
X = Middle piece
Y = Principle
piece
Z = End piece
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
16 COMMON SPERM DISORDERS
Determined by semen
analysis
1. Teratospermia
2. Aspermia
3. Hypospermia
4. Oligospermia
5. Azoospermia
6. Asthenozoospermia
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
17 OOGENESIS
Takes place in the ovarian
cortex
The process begins prenatally
for all the developing oocytes
Oocyte’s meiotic cell division is
however arrested at Prophase I
The meiotic division proceeds in
“monthly” cycles after puberty
Development occurs
during the 1st half of
the woman’s cycle,
then ovulation occurs
Oogonia
Mitotic cell division
Primary oocytes
Surrounded by
the follicular cells
Formation of the
zona pellucida
Primary oocytes
1st Meiotic arrest [P1]
Meiosis I Birth → Puberty
Cyclic completion
Secondary oocytes
2nd Meiotic arrest [M2]
Meiosis II Ovulation occurs
Fertilization by a sperm
Mature ovum
PARTS OF THE MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLE
1.Secondary oocyte
2.Zona pellucida
3.Corona radiata
4.Cumulus oophorous
5.Granulosa cells
6.Follicular antrum
7.Theca interna
What is corpus luteum?
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
23 THE CORPUS LUTEUM
Remnants of the mature
follicle after ovulation
Consists of Granulosa
lutein & theca lutein cells
Secrete progesterone
hormone
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
24
OVERVIEW OF GAMETOGENESIS
SPERMATOGENESIS:
Takes place in the testis
Begins after puberty and takes
about 2 months, at 34 degrees
Supported by the Sertoli cells
Primordial germ cells →
spermatogonia → primary
spermatocytes → secondary
spermatocytes → spermatids →
spermatozoa
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
25 OVERVIEW OF GAMETOGENESIS
OOGENESIS:
Takes place in the ovary
Begins prenatally but is arrested,
and is completed in cycles after
puberty
Ovum is surrounded by follicular
cells and the zona pellucida
Primordial germ cells → oogonia
→ primary oocyte → secondary
oocyte → ovum
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
26 CLASS DISCUSSION
Teratomas:
Germ cell tumors arising from
ectopic pluripotent stem cells
Isthmus Ampulla
Body Intramural
segment
Infundibulum
Cervix Fimbria
34 THE PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION
1. Capacitation
2. Acrosome reaction
3. Penetration of the
oocyte coats
4. Zona reaction
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
35 FUNCTIONS OF ZONA PELLUCIDA
1. Prevents polyspermy
Abnormal “vesicular”
proliferation of placental tissues
✓Ovarian hormones
50
FSH FSH
Pituitary hormones
Thickening Glands
Endometrial events Proliferative Secretory Menstrual
phase phase phase
51 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES
OVARIAN CYCLES:
Follicular phase
Ovulatory phase
Luteal phase
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
52 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES
ENDOMETRIAL CYCLES:
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstrual phase
HORMONAL CYCLES:
Estrogen phase
Progesterone phase
Foetal period
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
INTRODUCTION
Pre-embryonic period of development:
1. The 1st 14 days (2 weeks) after conception
The conceptus:
1. Is propelled towards the
endometrial cavity
Cleavage Cleavage
Compaction
OOTID 2 CELLS 12-32 CELLS
Cavity formation
Fluid accumulation
12-32 CELLS CAVITY PRESENT
MORULA BLASTOCYST
STAGE STAGE
1 ST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
DAY 5-6 THE BLASTOCYST STAGE DAY 6-8
Hatching Process
EARLY LATE
BLASTOCYST Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
BLASTOCYST
SUMMARY OF THE 1ST WEEK
1. Movement of the conceptus towards the endometrial
cavity (site of implantation)
ENDOMETRIUM STRATUM
FUNCTIONALIS
STRATUM BASALE
MYOMETRIUM
PERIMETRIUM
IMPLANTATION PROCESS
Hatching of the blastocyst Attachment of the blastocyst
2. Abdominal
3. Tubal (commonest)
4. Cervical
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
ABNORMALITIES OF IMPLANTATION
Placenta previa:
Low lying placenta
2. Cytotrophoblast
3. Syncitiotrophoblast
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
TWO PARTS OF THE CHORIONIC LAYER
Chorion frondosum & chorion laeve
2 poles
2 Embryonic layers
2 Cavities
2 Trophoblastic layers
Abnormal “vesicular”
proliferation of placental
tissues
2. Monozygotic
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
DYZYGOTIC TWINNING
Two ova are ovulated, & subsequently fertilized by
different sperms
Separate Separate
placentas amniotic sacs
DICHORIONIC-DIAMNIOTIC TWINS
Separate Separate
placentas amniotic sacs
MONOCHORIONIC-DIAMNIOTIC TWINS
Shared Separate
placenta amniotic
sacs
MONOCHORIONIC-MONOAMNIOTIC TWINS
PRIMITIVE STREAK
STAGE
CONJOINED (SIAMESE) TWINS
1. Conjoined twins
2. Prematurity
4. Parasitic twins
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
COMPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE GESTATION
Parasitic twins
Primitive groove
Primitive node
Primitive pit
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Appendicular skeleton
Dermis
Smooth musculature
Cardiac musculature
Visceral C.T
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
THE GERM LAYERS & THEIR DERIVATIVES
3. Induce neurulation
Primordium of CNS
Leads to formation of
neural tube & neural crest
Primordium of CNS
Leads to formation of
neural tube & neural crest
4. Cardiac malformations
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
FOETAL MEMBRANES
AMNION, YOLK SAC, ALLANTOIS & CHORION
diffusion)
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
Amnioblast Maternal Foetal Foetal
Cells Fluid Urine Secretions
AMNIOTIC
AMNIOTIC FLUID FLUID CIRCULATION
WITHIN THE AMNIOTIC CAVITY
Foetal swallowing Foetal urine
Intestinal absorption Foetal kidneys
PLACENTAL CIRCULATION
FUNCTIONS OF THE AMNIOTIC FLUID
Protective/shock Permit symmetrical growth
absorption of the foetus
Lubricates the fetal skin Thermoregulation
to prevent drying
Lubricate the birth canal
Musculoskeletal
Promote expansion of the
development
lung alveoli
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
FATE OF THE AMNION
Tears around the time of delivery during
“rupture of membranes”
2. Oligohydramnios
3. Polyhydramnios
Screening for
fetal anomalies
1. Pulmonary
hypoplasia
2. Foetal limb
anomalies
3. Foetal demise
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
POLYHYDRAMNIOS
Amniotic fluid volume is
more than expected for
the gestational age
As the embryo folds, the dorsal part of the yolk sac is
longitudinally incorporated into the developing baby
Contribute to formation of
the umbilical vessels
Urachal fistulas
Urachal cysts
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
THE CHORIONIC PLATE
COMPONENTS:
1. Extraembryonic
mesoderm (somatic L)
2. Cytotrophoblast
3. Syncitiotrophoblast
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
TWO PARTS OF THE CHORION
Chorion frondosum & chorion laeve
Haemopoietic centre
antibodies
Metabolic – Glycogen
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
STRUCTURAL ANOMALIES OF THE PLACENTA
Excess penetration/invasion into the uterine wall:
4. Fat deposition
Fundal height:
the uterus
Fetoscopy:
Measures the
Ultrasonography:
Use of ultrasound
Provides a more
elaborate assessment
Many indications
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
ASSESSMENT BY ULTRASOUND
FL BPD & HC AC
Wide spectrum
Developmental arrest
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
COMMON MECHANISMS OF CONGENITAL
ANOMALIES
Incomplete/partial separation
Failure to fuse/merge
Abnormal union/merging
Idiopathic - 50%
Environmental factors - 7%
Mechanical factors
Chemicals/drugs
Physical factors
Genetic susceptibility
of the embryo
2. Malformation
5. Normal newborn
Dr. Beda Olabu: Basic Embryology Series
CONSEQUENCES OF EXPOSURE TO A TERATOGEN
THE END